Chapman's Southern Flora Third Khition Issued March la, 1S97. FLORA SOUTHERN UNITED STATES FLORA SOUTHERN UNITED STATES: CONTAINING AN ABRIDGED DESCRIPTION OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF TENNESSEE, NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, AND FLORIDA: ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM. BY A. W. CHAPMAN, M.D., LL.D. THIRD EDITION. CAMBRIDGE, MASS. : CAMBRIDGE BOTANICAL SUPPLY COMPANY. r: ' 1897. Copyright, 1S8S, 18ff7, Bv A. VV. Chapman. University Press : John Wilson and Son, Cambridge, U.S.A. PREFACE. This work, originally designed to be the joint production of the late Eev. Dr. Curtis and myself, ultimately fell to my sole charge. With limited equipment for such an undertaking, and fully occupied in the discharge of the active duties of my profession, in moments of leisure dur- ing three or four years the task was completed, given to the press, and favorably received by my contemporaries both at home and abroad. In this edition, in order to incorporate the contents of the two supplements of the last edition, and additional matter since accumulated, and still to retain the volume within handy limits, it became necessary to rewrite or abbreviate portions of the former editions. The nomenclature of the first edition, which was that in general use at the commencement of my botanical career, three quarters of a century ago, is mainly retained. In a region so vast, with surface and climate so varied as that embraced within the limits assigned to this work, there still must remain much to reward the labors of future ex- plorers, and many new species have been proposed by recent collectors as occurring within my limits. These, which are unknown to me, when duly confirmed, together with cor- rections of such errors as may be detected in the present volume, will have place in future issues. Apalachicola, Florida, December 4, 1896. CONTENTS. PAGE ix Introduction , Sketch of the Elements of Botany Glossary of Botanical Terms .... Abbreviations of the Names of Authors . Signs used in this Work Directions to the Student Artificial Analysis of the Natural Orders . FLORA. — Ph^nogamous or Flowering Plants . . . i Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants . . 621 In^^-X 645 IX xviii XXV XX vi xxvii xxix INTRODUCTION. L SKETCH OF THE ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 1. Vegetable Tissue. 1. Plants are primarily composed of minute membranous vesicles or cells, which are endowed with the power of reproduction, and through which, al- though closed and destitute of visible pores or openings, the juices of the plant are readily transmitted. 2. Variously modified, these cells form the Elementary Tissues ; viz. Cellular Tissue or Parenchyma, Woody I'issue or Woody Fibre, and Vascular Tissue or Vessels and Ducts, 3. Cellular Tissue, which exists in all plants, and of which those of the lower orders are wholly composed, consists of cells aggregated together, and cohering by their contiguous surfaces. 4. Woody Tissue is composed of slender and elongated cells, with firm and thickish walls, collected in threads or bundles. 6. Vascular Tissue is made up of larger cells, either in the form of continuous tubes, or forming such by the union of their extremities. In some of tliese, the walls are marked with dots, lines, or bands ; while in others they are lined with spirally coiled fibres which are capable of being unrolled. The latter are called Spiral Vessels, and exist only in plants which bear proper flowers. 6. Of these tissues are formed the Organs of plants ; viz Organs of Vegetation, consisting of the Root, Stem, and Leaves, and Organs of Reproduction, consisting of the Flower and Fruit, a. The Root. 7. The Root, or Descending Axis, is that part of the plant which grows down- ward, commonly penetrating the soil, from the moisture of which it imbibes nourishment. It branches indefinitely and without order, but bears no other appendages. Its ultimate branches are called Rootlets. 8. Roots which descend immediately from the embryo are termed Primary Roots. They are called Tap-Roots, when they consist of one thick and fleshy piece ; fascicled or clustered, when of several fleshy branches springing from a qommon centre ; tuberous when the branches become greatly enlarged and filled with starchy matter ; and fibrous, when all the parts are slender and thread-like. X INTKOHrCTlON. 9. But roots iiiiiUt favornhlo oircumstixnccs arc developi'd from otlu-r parts of llic i)luiit. Tlii'se an* called Sirondary Roots. 10. Airidt liouls are those wliieli spring from the stem or hraiichiR above ground. In some, as in many Endogenous Plants, tiiey proceed from the lower joints of the stem ; in others, as the Mangroves and Fig-trees of South Florida, they descend from the branches, and at length, penetrating the soil, form new stems in all respects similar to that of the parent tree. The tendril-like roots of some climbing stems arc also of this class. 11. Ej>i))lii/l(S or Air-Plants, of which the Tillaiidsiii and Epidcndrnm arc ex- amples, are those which are borne on the trunks or braiuhes of tiees, but draw their nourishment from the air. 12. Parasites, like Air-Plants, grow on otlier phuits ; but their roots, pene- trating the substance of the supporting plant, feed upon its juices. Some, as the Mistletoe and Dodder, fix themselves upon the trunk or branches ; others, like the Beech-drop, upon the root. 3. The Stem. 1.3. The Stem, or Ascending Axis, is that part of the plant which grows up- ward into the air and light, bearing leaves and flowers. It exists, under various modifications, in all flowering plants ; but in those which are said to be steinlcss or acaulescent, it is very short, or concealed in the ground. 14. It consists of a succession of leaf-bearing points, or Nodes, separated by naked joints, or Internodes. The growing points, which are {protected by reduced leaves in the form of scales, are called Buds. These are tcrmimil, when they ter- minate the axis ; axillary, when they spring from the axil of the leaves ; that is, from the point where the upper surface of the leaf joins the stem ; and adventi- tious, when they are developed from any other part. 15. Simple stems grow by the development of the terminal bud alone ; branch- ing stems expand indefinitely from the axillary buds also. The ultimate divis- ions of the branches are called branchlets. 16. The jointed stem of Grasses and similar plants is a Culm. 17. The thick and simple stem of the Palmetto is a Onidex. 18. A Rhizoma, or Rootstock, is a perennial stem, commonly creeping on the ground, or beneath its surface, developing annually a bud at tlie apex, while the older portion decays. 19. A Tuber is a subterranean branch, excessively thickened by the deposition of starchy matter, and furnished with minute scales, having concealed buds (eyes) in their axils. 20. A Corm is a solid globular subteirancan stem, filled with starchy matter, with a bud at the apex and roots below. 21. A Bnlh is a short subterranean stem, made uj) of the thickened bases of leaves, in the form of persistent scales. It is tunicnted or coaled, when the scales are large and wrapped one within the other; and scaly, when these are small and imbricated. Small aerial bulbs, such as are home in the axil of the leaves of the Tiger-Lily, and among the flowers of the Onion, are called Bulhhts. 22. A Stolon is a branch which bends to the earth, strikes root, and forms a new plant. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XI 23. A Runner is a thread-like prostrate branch, producing roots and a tuft of leaves at its extremity 24. Spines, or Thorns, are imperfectly developed, leafless branches, with hard tips. 25. Tendrils are the thread-like spirally coiled branches of weak and slender plants, by means of which they attach themselves to other and stronger objects for support. Leaf-stalks and parts of the inflorescence are occasionally convert- ed into tendi'ils. 26. Plants which die down to the ground at the close of the season, or after maturing seed, are called Herbs, or Herbaceous Plants. Those with woody stems, lasting from year to year, when of humble size, are called Shrubs, and when reaching an elevation of twenty feet or more, Trees. 4r. Internal Structure of Stems. 27. The stems of Pheenogamous Plants are composed of cellular tissue, woody tissue, and vessels ; and upon the arrangement of the latter are founded the two divisions of Exogenous and Endogenous Plants. 28. Exogenous stems consist of a central column, called the Pith ; an external covering, called the Bark ; and a middle portion, called the Wood. 29. Their Pith is a mass of cellular tissue, enclosed in a thin sheath of spiral vessels, termed the Medullary Sheath. 30. Their Wood is composed of one or more layers of woody and vascular tissue, traversed by thin plates of cellular tissue, called the medullary rays, and annually increased, in all pei-ennial stems, by the addition of a new layer to the outside of that of the previous year. The new wood is called the Alburnum, or Sap-wood, and the older and harder portion, the Duramen, or Heart-wood. 31. The Bai'k, like the wood, is made up of layers. The inner bark, or Liber, is composed chiefly of woody fibre. Between it and the wood, in the growing season, is secreted a thin mucilage, called the Cambium, in wliich the new layers of wood and bark are developed. Surrounding the inner bark is the Green bark, consisting of cellular tissue filled with Chlorophyll, or the green matter of veg- etables. Covering the whole is a thin membrane of cellular tissue, called the Epidermis, or Cuticle. 32. Endogenous stems exhibit no distinction of pith, wood, and bark ; but are composed of threads or bundles of woody tissue, irregularly embedded in cellular tissue. They increase in diameter by the formation of new bundles, which are chiefly directed to the centre of the stem. 5. The lieavea. 33. Leaves are expanded appendages of the stem, developed frbm axillary and terminal buds. They consist of loose cellular tissue, supported by a net- work of woody and vascular tissue, called veins or ribs, and protected by the epidermis. In them the fluids received from the root, and what they imbibe from the air, through minute openings in the epidermis, called stomata, are con- verted into the proper food of the plant. 34. In the bud, they are folded, plaited, or coiled in various ways. This is termed their Vernation. Xii 1NTI{«)1>ICTI<)N'. .15. A ('(iniple'ti' K-:if (•()in[)risi's tlic Bhxih , tlio Slnlk, ami a pair of Stipules; liiit those tlirec parts are not always present in one leaf. 3G. Tlio Blade, Linih, or Lamina, is the expanded part, and presents a great variety of forms. It is simple, when it consists of a single ])ieee, liowever cut or divided ; and cumimunil, when of two or more distiiut pieces (Itajiits), which .separate hy a joint. .'?7. Tiic Stalk, or Petiole, connects the blade with the stem. When it is wanting, the leaf is said to be sessile. Tiie stalk of a leallet is called a Piliolule. 38. Tiie Stijiiiles arc ajjpendages of various forms, placed one on each side at tiie base of the petiole. They are separate, or else united with the petiole, or with each other, wlien they occasionally ft)rtn a slieath (Ocltrea) artiund the stem above. The stipules of a leaflet are called Stiptls. 39. The manner in which the veins are distributed through the leaf is called Venation. 40. There are two modes of venation ; viz. paralkl-veined, or nerved, when several simple veins, or ribs, run parallel from the base of the blade to its apex ; and reticulated, or netied-veinid, when the veins divide into numerous primar\' and secondary branches (veinhts), which again unite to form a kind of network. 41. The latter mode embraces both the pinmitdy reined, or feather-veined leaf, where the petiole is continued through the middle of the blade, giving off at in- tervals lateral veins; and the palmately veined or ribbed leaf, when it divides at the apex into three or more strong branches. 42. The manner in which leaves arc divided corresponds with that of their venation. 43. A simple pinnately veined leaf becomes pinnatijid, when the incisions (sinuses) extend about half-way to the midrib, or continuation of the petiole ; and pinnatelji divided, when they extend down to the midrib. A compound pin- natel}'' veined leaf is, of course, pinnate, with the separate leaflets arranged on each side of the common petiole. When this is terminated by a leaflet, the leaf is said to be odd-pinnate, or unequally pinnate, and when it is wanting, abruptly pinnate. 44. So, also, the palmately A'cined leaf becomes palmately cleft or divided, when the incisions are directed toward the base of the blade. When the divis- ions consist of separate leaflets, it becomes palmately compound. 4.5. Floral leaves, or those from the axils of which the flowers arc developed, arc called Bracts; and those which arc borne on the flower-stalk, Bractlets. 6. The Flower. 46. A Flower consists of those parts, or organs, which arc concerned in the production of seed. Like the leaf, of which its jjarts are a niodirtcation, it is developed from an axillary or terminal bud. 47. The manner in which the flowers are an-angcd on the stem or branches is termed the Inflorescence. 48. There are two modes of inflorescence ; viz. the indefinite, or centripetal, where the flowers all arise from axillary buds, the lowest or outermost expand- ing first, while the axis elongates indefinitely from the terminal bud ; and the definite, or centrifugal, where the flowers arise from the terminal bud, first, of the main axis, and successively from that of the branches. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. Xlii 49. When the flowers arise from the axil of the ordinary leaves of the stem, they are said to be axillary ; but oftener, they are disposed in a more or less obvious cluster, each arising from the axil of a greatly reduced leaf, or Bract. 50. The stalk of a solitary flower, or of a cluster of flowers, is termed the Peduncle; or, when it proceeds from the root, a Scape; and that of each indi- vidual of a cluster is called a Pedicel. The main axis of a cluster, or that portion of the common peduncle which bears the flowers, is called the Rac/iis. 51. The indefinite inflorescence includes the Spike, Anient, Spudix, Raceme Corymb, Umbel, Head, and Panicle ; the definite, the Cyme and its modifications. 52. The Spike consists of a more or less elongated rachis, with the flowers sessile, or nearly so, in the axils of the bracts. 53. The Ament, or Catkin, is the scaly deciduous spike of the Pine and Willow. 54. The Spadix is a spike with the flowers borne on a thick and fleshy rachis. It is naked, as in the Golden-club, or enclosed in a hood, called the Sputhe, as in the Indian Turnip. 55. The Raceme presents the elongated rachis of the spike, but the flowers are raised on pedicels. 56. The Corymb is a short raceme, with the lower pedicels elongated, so as to bring their flowers to the same level as the upper ones. 57. The Umbel is a modification of the raceme, but with the rachis so much contracted, that the pedicels (rays) apparently spring from a common centre. When the umbel is compound, the partial umbels are termed Umbellets. 58. A Head is an umbel with sessile flowers. The crowded bracts of this and the preceding are collectively termed the Involucre, and those of the umbellets, the Involucel. 59. When the pedicels of a raceme or corymb are transformed into branches, either simple or successively divided, the inflorescence becomes a Panicle. 60. When the further growth of the axis is arrested by a single terminal flower, and from the axils below branches are developed, each terminated by a flower, and bearing branches in the same manner, the inflorescence is said to be cymose or centrifugal. But it presents several peculiar forms, occasioned either by the imperfect development, or by the entire suppression of some of its parts. Some, as the true Cyme, are short and expanded ; others are elongated, like the spike or raceme. In all, the flowers expand successively from the summit, downward, or from the centre, outward. 61. The Flower consists, commonly, of one or more whorls of leaves, called the Floral Envelopes, — of which the outer one is termed the Calyx, and the inner one the Corolla, — an inner whorl of thread-like organs, called the Stamens, and orfe or more central organs, called the Pistils. These are inserted on the apex of the axis, which here takes the name of Torus, or Receptacle. 62. The Floral Envelopes are sometimes wanting ; but the stamens and pis- tils, being the fertilizing organs, are, in all perfect flowers, always present. 63. The Calyx is composed of leaves (Sepals), usually of a greenish color, which are distinct, or united by their margins. When the floral envelopes con- sist of a single whorl only, it is always a calyx. ^ ' b xiv INTRODUCTION. 64. The Corolla is usually of a thinner texture than the calyx, and variously colortd. Its leaves (I'dals), when of the same number as the sepals, always iilteniatc with them. They aii; also often united liy their eontiguous margins, to form a tnonopetaluus corolla. 65. When the ealyx and corolla arc so nearly alike as not to be readily dis- tinguished, they are colleetively termed the Ptrlnnth. G6. A tiower is com/ilcte when all its parts are present ; iucom/ihlc, when the Horal enveloi)es, or a part of them, are wanting ; perfect, when the suimens and pistils are borne in the same flower ; impcrftct, or diclinous, when they arc borno in separate flowers ; reyular, when the sej)als or petals are of uiiifmin shape and size ; and iirer/ular, when they arc unlike in shape or size. 67. Imperfect flowers are further distinguished into monoecious, when those fur- nished with stamens (staminate or sterile Jloivers) and those furnished with |)istils (pistillate or fertile Jlowers) are borne on the same plant; diacious, when they are borne on separate plants ; and pohjfjmhous, when both j)erfect and imjierfcct flow- ers are borne on the same oriliflerent individuals. 68. The manner in which the parts of the floral envelopes are arranged with respect to each other in the bud is termed their ^Estivation. They are valvate, when their contiguous margins meet, without overlapping ; indiiplicate, when these project inwardly ; reduplicate, when they project outwardly ; imbricated, when the margins of one overlap the adjacent margins of the two next within ; convolute, or twisted, when one edge of each piece covers the margin of the one next before it, and the other edge is covered by the margin of the one next after it ; and plaited, when the parts are folded lengthwise. 7. The Stamens. 69. A Stamen consists of a sac, called the Anther, and, usually, a stalk, called the Filament, by which it is supported. 70. They are hi/pogj/nous, when they are inserted on the receptacle ; perigynous, when on the calyx ; epigynoiis, when on the ovary ; epipetalous, when on the co- rolla ; and gynandrous, when they are united with the style. They are, also, often combined with each other, either into one set (monadelphous) , or into two, three, or more sets (diadelphous, triadelphous, &c.). 71. The Anther is composed, commonly, of two united cells, which open in various ways, and discharge a yellow, fertilizing powder, called the Pollen. The part which connects the cells is the Connective. 72. It is erect, or innate, when fixed by its base to the apex. of the filament; adnate, when fixed to the filament by its whole length ; versatile, when fixed by the middle to the apex of the filaments on which it turns as on a pivot; introrse, when it faces inwardly toward the pistils ; and extrorse, when it faces outwardly toward the petals. Occasionally, they are united into a tube (syngenesious). 7.3. Between the stamens and the pistils is often a fleshy expansion, called the Disk. 8. Tlie Pistils. 74. The Pistils occupy the centre of the flower. They are inserted, singly or in a whorl, on the receptacle ; or, when this is elongated or enlarged, they cover its surface. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XV 75. A Pistil consists of three parts, — the Ovaiy, the Stijle., and the Stigma. 76. The Ovary is the lower and hollow portion, containing the Ovules, or ru- diments of seeds. 77. The Style is an extension of the ovary, commonly of its apex, which sup- ports the stigma. 78. The Stigma is commonly the apex of the style, or, when this is wanting, of the ovary, denuded of the epidermis. 79. When the pistil is composed of a single piece, or carpel, it is simple; but, oftener, it is compound, consisting of two or more cai-pels, united by their margins, or by their sides, which then form partitions or dissepiments, that divide the pistil into as many cells as there are carpels. 80. The line next the axis, or whicli corresponds to the united margins of a folded leaf, is called the Ventral Suture ; and that which corresponds to the mid- rib, the Dorsal Suture. 81. The Ventral Suture bears the ovules ; and the line of their attachment is called the Placenta. This is central or axile, when it occupies the centre of the pistil, and parietal, when it is borne on its walls. 82. The Ovule is connected with the placenta by a cord, called the Funiculus. It consists of a central body, called the Nucleus, enclosed in two sacs, each with an opening at the apex, called the Foramen. The outer sac is termed the Primine, and the inner one the Secundine. The point where these parts unite is called the Chalaza. 83. The Ovule is ortliotropous when the chalaza is next the placenta, and the apex at the opposite extremity; campylotropous, when it curves on itself, so as to bring the apex near the chalaza ; anatropous, when it is inverted on its cord, to which it adheres ; the true apex pointing to the placenta, while the chalaza, or true base, points in an opposite direction ; and amphitropous, when it is half in- verted on its cord, its axis running parallel with the placenta. The adhering portion of the cord in the last two cases is termed the Raphe. 9. The Fruit. 84. The Fruit is the ovary, with its contents, brought to maturity. But dur- ing this process it sometimes undergoes important changes, either by the obliter- ation or abortion of some of its cells, partitions, or ovules, or by the formation of false partitions, or by various changes effected in its walls, or in the parts which surround them. 8.5. In some, the walls, or Pericarp, remain closed ; in others, they open, or are dehiscent in various ways, oftener splitting regularly into separate pieces, called Valves. 86. Many terms are employed to designate the different kinds of fruit, but only the following are in general use. 87. A Follicle is a simple fruit, opening along the ventral suture only ; as the fruit of the Milkweed. 88. A Legume is a simple fruit opening at both sutures ; as in the Pulse Fam- ily. When it is divided across into closed joints, it is a Lament. 89. A Capsule is a dry compound fruit, opening in various ways. When it opens at the dorsal sutures, or into the cells, the dehiscence is said to be loculicidali Xvi INTUOnrCTION. and septicidul, when it opens at tlie vcntnil suture, or tlirou'Ji the partitions. When it opens transversely, tlic upper portion fulHng otl" entire, Uke u lid, the deliisecnee is circiiinscissiU'. 90. A Sllique is a slender two-valved eapsule, with two parietal j)laeentffi con- nected by a ]>ersistent false partition. A short and broad silicjue is a Silicle. These are jicculiar to the Mustard Family. 91. A Pi/io is the lieshy iudehiseent fruit of the Gourd Family, with the seeds often embedded in the pulpy plaeent:e. 92. A Pume is the indchiscent fruit of the Apple or Quince tribe, where the cells arc enclosed in the enlarged and He.shy tuijc of the calyx. 93. A Berry is an indehisceut fruit, with the seeds embedded in soft jiulp. 94. A Drupe consists of one or more hard or bony cells, called the Puta- men, covered with a fleshy or pulpy coat, called the Sarcocarp; as the Peach, Holly, &c. 95. An Achcnium is a small, dry, one-seeded, indchiscent fruit, the walls of which do not adhere to the enclosed seed. When these are closely united, it becomes a Caryopsis ; or when the walls are thin and bladder-like, and open irregularly, a Utricle. 96. A Nut is a dry, iudehiseent fruit, with hard or bony walls ; as the Acorn and Hickory-nut. 97. A Samara is a dry, indehiscent fruit, with its walls expanded into a wing; as that of the INIaple and Elm. 98. The collective fruit of the Pine is called a Cone or Strobile. 10. The Seed. 99. The Seed is the matured ovule, and contains the Embryo, or the rudiment of a future plant. The outer coat, or Integument^ is called the Testa. It varies greatly in texture, and is occasionally furnished with hairs, which either cover the entire seed, or form a tuft (Coma) at one or both extremities. 100. The terms employed in describing the ovule are chiefly applicable to the seed. The foramen of the ovule, which is closed in the seed, becomes the Mi- cropyle, and is always opposite the radicle of the embryo. The scar left on the seed by the separation of the cord is the Hilum. It is sometimes enveloped in a false covering, originating, during its growth, from the cord or from the pla- centa. This is called the Aril. 101. The Testa mcludes either the embryo alone, or an additional nutritive substance, called the Albumen. 102. The Embryo consists of the Radicle, the Plumule, and the Cotyledons. 103. The Radicle is the first joint of the stem. In germination, it elongates at one end to form the root, and at the other, from a minute bud [Plumule), to form the stem. It is inferior when it points to the base of the pericarp, and su- perior when it points to its summit. 104. The Cotyledons are the seed-leaves. The embryo of the Exogenous Plants bears two of these, placed opposite (rarely three or more in a whori), while that of Endogenous Plants bears only one. Hence the former are called dicotyledonous, and the latter monocotyledonous. 10.5. When the embryo is exposed to the combined influence of air, heat, and moisture, it develops into a growing plant. Tiiis is termed Germination. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XTIJ 106. The preceding considerations refer solely to Phtenogamous Plants, or those which hear flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and produce seeds, which contain an embryo, or a rudiment of a future plant. 107. But there are plants of a lower grade, which do not bear flowers furnished with ordinary stamens and pistils, nor seeds containing an embryo, but in place of seeds they croduce minute powdery bodies, called Spores. These are termed 11. Cryptoganf»ous or PloAverless Plants. 108. The stems of the higher orders of Cryptogamous Plants — and these only are embraced in this work — exhibit nearly the same anatomical structure as those of PhiBHogamous Plants. But they grow only from the apex, without any perceptible increase of diameter, and therefore are termed Acrogens or Point- growers. 109 The different orders presenting no common type, the habit, the mode of inflorescence, and the process of fertilization, so far as it is known, being different in all of them, the characteristics of each are more conveniently explained in the body of the work, and need not be enumerated here. 1$2. Classification. 1 10. Classification consists in the airanging of plants possessing like structure, habits, &c., into groups, designating theni by proper names, and defining them by appropriate characters. 111. An assemblage of individuals which are so essentially alike as to indicate their descent from a common parent, and which preserve their characteristics when propagated from seed, is termed a Species. But circumstances connected with the growth of an individual may produce some deviation from its ordinary state, and it then becomes a Variety. 112. When the pistil of one species is fertilized by the pollen of another allied species, the result is a Hybrid. 113. An assemblage of species agreeing with one another in structure and ap- pearance constitutes a Genus. In the same manner, although with fewer points of agreement, genera are collected into Orders, or Families, and these, in turn, into Classes. 114. But each of these may include members that agree in some important points, which are not common to the others. Of such are formed the intermedi- ate divisions of Subgenera, Suborders, and Subclasses. 11.5. There are two modes or systems of classification; the Artificial System of Linnaeus, and the Natural System of Jussieu. 116. In the Artificial System, the Classes and Orders are founded on the num- ber, position, and connection of the stamens and pistils, regardless of any other relationship In the Natural System, every part of the plant is taken into consid- eration ; and the Orders embrace those genera which agree with each other in the greatest number of important particulars. The latter system is now in almost universal use, and is the one adopted in this work. n. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. %* The mimbcrs annexed to the names, or their definition, refer to the pamcmplis of the preceding Skctcli ; but those preceded by " Flora, p." refer to the piiges of the Flora. Abortive : not Ailly developed. AbiTjptly pininite, 43. Accumbent: Flora, p. 24. Achenium, 95. Achlamydeous: -withoiit floral envelopes. Acrogens: Flora, p. 585. Acuminate : tapering into a slender point. Acute : pointed. Adherent : growing fast to another body. Adnate : same as Adherent. Adnate Antliers, 72. Aerial Roots, 10. ^Estivation, 68. Air-Plants, 11. Aggi-egate: crowded together. Albumen, 101. Alburnum, 30. Alternate: scattered; one after another. Alveolate : deeply pitted. Ament, 53. Amentaceous : bearing aments. Amijliitropiius, 83. Anatropous, 83. Androgynous : containing both staminate and pistillate flowers. Angiospemia? : Flora, p. 1. Annual: lasting only one year. Annular: disposed in, or forming, a ring or circle. Anterior: applied to that part of an axil- lary flower which is farthest removed from the main axis. Anther, 71. Apetalous: without petals. Apiculate : tipped with a short abnipt point. Appendage: something added to a part. Appressed : lying near to ; pressed against. Aquatic : growing in water. Arborescent: tree-like. Areolation : spaces between the leaf- veins. Aril, 100. Arilled: covered with an aril. Armed: furnished with thorns, prickles, &c. Articulated: divided into joints; connect- ed by a joint. Ascending: ) curving outward and uj)- Assurgent: j ward. Attenuated : gradually narrowed. Auriculate: eared; bearing small lateral lobes. Awl-shaped: narrow and sharp-pointed. Awn: a rigid bristle-like appendage. Awncd : bearing an awn. Axil: the point where the upper surface of the leaf joins the stem. Axillary: borne in the axil. Axis: tlie central line of a body; the part around which others grow. Baccate : berry-like ; juicy. Barbed: bearing rigid points which are directed backward. Bark, 31. Basal: belonging to the base. Beaked : ending in a stout point. Bearded: bearing tufts or lines of hairs. Bell-shaped: expanding from a short and rounded base, into a spreading border. Beny, 93. Bidentate : two-toothed. Biennial : lasting two vears. Bifid: two-cleft. Bifoliolate: bearing two leaflets. Biglandular: bearing two glands. Bilabiate : two-lipped. Bipinnate: twice pinnate. Biternate: twice ternate. Bladders : small sacs filled with air. Blade: the expanded portion of a leaf,&c. Boat-shaped : see Carinate. Brachiate; with pairs of opposite branches spreading at right angles. Bract, 45. Bracted : furnished with bracts. Bractlet, 45. Bristle : a rigid hair. Bristlv: beset with, or like, bristles. Brush-shaped: divided at the apex into numerous hairs or filaments. Bud, 14 Bulb, 21. Bulbous : shaped like a bulb. Bulblet, 21. GLOSSARY. Caducous : fallinp; a^vay early. Ctespitose: gi-owing in a tuft. Callous: thickened. Calyx, 63. Cambium, 31. Campanulate: see Bell shaped. Campylotropous, 83. Capillary: hair-like. Capsule,' 89. Capsular: relating to, or with the char- acters of a capsule. Carinate: keeled; bearing on the back a sharp longitudinal ridge. Cariopsis, 95. Carpel: a single pistil, or one of the parts of a compound pistil. Carpellary : jjertaining to a carpel. Carpophore : Flora, p. 157. Cartilaginous: hard and tough. Carancle : an appendage of the hilum. Caudate : tailed. Caudex, 17. Caulescent: furnished with a stem. Cauline: pertaining to the stem. Cell : one of the cavities of the fniit or of the anther, &c. Celled: divided into cells. Cellular Tissuq, 3. Centrifugal Inflorescence, 48. Centripetal Inflorescence, 48. Chaff: thin scales or bracts. Chaffy : furnished with chaff, or of the texture of chaff. Chalaza, 82. Channelled : with a deep longitudinal furrow. Character : a phrase employed to distin- guish a genus, &c. from all others. Chartaceous : of the texture of paper. Chlorophyll : the gi-een matter of leaves, &c. Ciliate: fringed with a row of hairs. Circinate: rolled inward at the ajjex. Circumscissile, 89. Cirrhose: bearing tendrils; tendril-like. Clasping : enclosing by its base, as a leaf the stem. Clavate: club-shaped. Claw : the stalk of a petal. Clawed: raised on a claw. Climbing: clinging to other objects for support. Club-shaped : terete and gradually thick- ened upward. Clustei'ed: crowded. Coated Bulb, 21. Cobwebby: bearing fine loose hairs. Cochleate : coiled like a snail-shell. Coherent: growing together. Column: the axis of a compound pistil; the united stamens of the Mallow Fam- ily ; the united stamens and pistil of the Orchis Family. Commissure: Flora, p. 157. Comose: bearing a coma, 99. Compound: composed of similar simple parts, 36. Compressed : flattened. Cone: the scaly fniit of the Pine. Confluent: running together. Conglomerate : heaped together. Conical : cone-shaped. Connate: growing together at the base, as opposite leaves around the stem. Connective, 71. Connivent : brought near together. Continuous: in one piece; not jointed. Contorted : twisted ; bent. Contorted aistivation : see Convolute. Contracted : narrowed ; not spreading. Convolute, 68. Cordate: heart-shaped. Coriaceous : of the texture of leather. Conn, 20. Coi-neous : hard like horn. Corniculate : bearing a horn or spur. Corolla, 64. Corymb, 56. Corymbose : branched like a corymb ; arranged in corymbs. Costate: ribbed. Cotyledons, 104. Creeping : prostrate, and rooting. Crenate : having sharp notches on the edge separated by rounded teeth. Ci'euulate: slightly crenate. Crested: bearing an elevated ridge. Crown : an appendage of the corolla at the base of the limb. Crowned: bearing anything at the apex. Cruciform: shaped like a cross. Cnistaceous : hard and brittle, like a shell. Cryptogamous Plants. 107. Cucullate: see Hooded. Culm, 16. Cuneate : wedge-shaped. Cup-shaped: shaped like a bowl or cup. Cuspidate : ending abruptly in a sharp point. Cuticle 31. Cylindrical: round and of nearly equal thickness. Cyme, 60. Cyraose: arranged in a cyme. Decandrous : having ten stamens. Deciduous: falling off at, or before, the close of the season. Declining: le^aning to one side. Decompound: several times divided. Decumbent: prostrate, but ascending at the summit. Decurrent: with the edges extending be- low the main point of attachment. Definite: few; a number easily counted. Definite Inflorescence, 48. Deflexed: bent downward. Dehiscence: the manner in which closed oi-gans regularly open. Dehiscent: opening regularly. Deltoid : triangular. Dentate : having sharp notches on the edge separated by coarse and spreading teeth. Denticulate: slightly toothed. IN I KODCCTION. Dpprossoil: fliittencd horizontally. De.-ceiuiiiijj: (lirected ilowiiwurJ. Dhidt'lphous: collcc-tt'il in two sets. Diiindrous: liiivin;; two stiunens. Dlililaniyiicuus: liuviiig both calyx mid corolla. Difliotonious: forked. Dielinou^, 00. Diciityledonous: Iniving two cotj-lcdons. Kidynions: twin. Didyiianions: having four .stamens, with two of them longer than the otlicrs. DilVnse: loosely spreading. Digitate : when the apex of the petiole bears five or more leaflets. Diniorphons: of two forms. Diteeious, 07. Discoid: Flora, p. 184. Disk, 73. .\lso the central part of the head of composite flowers. Dissected: divided into many lobes. Distichous: two-ranked; placed on oppo- site sides of the axis. Distinct: separate. Divaricate: widely spreading. Divided: parted nearly to the base. Dorsal : pertaining to Lack or outside. Dorsal Suture, 80. Downy : bearing soft short hairs. l)rui)e, 'J4. Drupaceous : with the characters of a dni])c. Duramen, SO. Dwarf: below the common size. Eared: see Auriculate. Echinate: beset with prickles. Elliptical : in outline twice as long as wide, broadest in the middle, and rounded at each end. Elongated: unusually long; extended. Emargiuate: notched at the apex. Embryo, 102. Emerscd : raised out of water. Endocarp : the inner layer of the pericarp. Endogenous (stems), 32. Enneandrous: having nine stamens. Ensiform : sword-shaped. Entire : with margins not toothed or di- vided. Epigynous, 70. Epi])hytes, 11. Equilateral : equal-sided- E(|uitant (leaves): two-ranked, with their bases clas])ed one within the other, and their sides facing the horizon. Erose : with the margin irregularly scal- loped, as if gnawed. Evergreen : lasting through the winter. Exogenous, 28. Exserted: proti-uding out of the surround- ing parts. Exstipulate: without stipules. Extrorse Anthers, 72. Falcate : scvthe-shaped. Family, 113. Fan-shaped: fuldeil or jilMitcd like a fan. Farinaceou.s : mealy. Fascicle: a cluster. Fascicled: collected in a cliistiT. Fastigiate: rising t(j tiie .same level; flat- to])])ed. Feather-veined, 41. Female (flower.-): itearing only piBtils. Ferruginous: of the color of iron-inist. Fertile: bearing fruit. Fibre, 4. Fibrous Itoots, 8. Fiddle-sliajied : ol)long in outline, and contracted in the middle. Filament, 09. xVny thread-like part. Filamentose : bearing or composed of threads. Filiform : thread-like. Fimbri:vte : with the margin cut into a fringe. Fistulous : hollow. Fleshy: soft and Juicy. Flexuous: zigzag; bent outward and in- ward. Floating: resting on the surface of the water. Floccose : bearingtuftsof deciduous hairs. Flora : a systenuitic description of the plants of k country. Floral: belonging to'the flowers. Floret : one of the flowers of a cluster. Flower, 61. Flowering Plants, 106. Flowerle.ss Plants, 107. Foliaceous : leaf-like. Foliolate: bearing. leaflets. Follicle, 87. Follicular: like a follicle. Forked: divided into two branches. Free : separate : disconnected. Fringed: see Ciliate. Frond: the leaf of a Fern. Fructification: the fruiting state. Fruit, 84. Frutescent : shrubby. Fugacious : continuing for a short time. Fulvous: tawny. Funiculus, 82. I'nnnel-shaped : gradually dilated upward from a tuliular base. Furroweii : grooved lengthwise. Fusiform : sjiindle-shaped ; broadest in the middle, and tapering at each end. Geminate: by pairs. Geniculate: bent abruptly. Genus, 113. Gennination. 10.5 Gibbous: puffed out. Glabrous : free from roughness, or hairs. Glands : small knobs or excrescences. Glandular: bearing glnnds. Glaucous : covered with a minute whitish powder. gKula;:j-"'^-P^---l- Glomerate: collected in a close cluster. GLOSSARY. Glumaceous ; glume-like, or bearing glumes. Glumes : the scale-like bracts, &c. of grasses and sedges. Granular : covered with grains. Gyranospermous Plants: Flora, p. 431. Gynandrous, 70. Habit: the general appearance of a plant. Habitat : the native situation of a plant. Hairs: hair-like appendages of the cuticle. Haiiy : furnished with hairs. Hastate or Halberd-shaped : dilated at the base into two spreading lobes. Heart-shaped : ovate, with a sinus at the base. Heptandrous : having seven stamens. Herb, 26. Herbaceous, 26 ; of the color and texture of a leaf. Herbarium : a collection of dried plants. Hilum, 100. Hirsute: beset with coarse hairs. Hispid: beset with rigid hairs. Hoary: grayish-white. Homogeneous: uniform in substance. Hooded : rolled inward or arched. Horn : an appendage like a hom. Horny: of the texture of horn. Hyaline: thin and nearly transparent. Hybrid, 112. Hypogynous, 70. Imbricated, 68. Imperfect (flowers), 66. Incised: cut into notches or lobes. Included : enclosed ; opposed to Exserted. Incumbent : Flora, p. 24. Incun^ed: bending inward. Indefinite : numerous; not readily counted. Indefinite Inflorescence, 48. Indehiscent : not opening. Indigenous : native to a countrj% Induplicate: folded inward. Indusium: Flora, p. 5S6. Inferior: below, 10.3. Inflated: puflTed out, as if distended with air. Inflexed; bent inwai'd. Inflorescence, 47. Innate (anther), 72. Inserted on : used in the sense of growing from a part. Insertion : the mode of attachment. Internodes, 14. InteiTupted: not continuous; not jointed. Interruptedly pinnate : with smaller leaf- lets between the larger ones. Intervals: Flora, p. 157 Introrse (anthers), 72. Introduced : brought from another coun- trj% Inverted : turned upside down. Involucel, 58. Involucre, 58. Involute: with the margins rolled inward. Irregular (flowers), 66. Jointed : separating across into pieces ; furnished with joints. Keel : a sharp longitudinal ridge on the back of an organ; Flora, p. 86. Keeled: see Carinate. Kidney-shaped : heart-shaped, but the width greater than the length. Labellum: the odd petal (lip) of the Or- chis Family. Labiate: divided into an upper and lower lobe or lip. Laciniate : divided into irregular lobes. Lamellate : formed of thin plates. Lamina: the blade of a leaf, &c. Lanceolate : lance-shaped. Lanuginous : woolly. Lateral: jilaced at, or pertaining to the side. Leaf, 33. Leaflet, 36. Leathery: see Coriaceous. Legume, 88. Lenticular: like a double-convex lens. Liber, 31. Ligulate: strap-shaped. Ligula: Flora, p. 545. Limb: the expanded part of a leaf, &c. Linear : long and narrow, with parallel margins. Lip: see Labellum and Labiate. Lobe : one of the parts of a divided body. Loculicidal, 89. Lunate : crescent-shaped. Lyrate: pinnatifid,*with enlarged. the upper lobes Marginal: borne on, or pertaining to, the edge or margin. Medullarv Ravs, 30. Jledullary Sheath, 29. jMembranous : of the texture of mem- brane Mericarp: Flora, p. 157. Micropyle, 100. Jlidrib: the prolongation of the petiole through the limb of a leaf. Monadelphous, 70. Monandrous : bearing one stamen. Moniliform: bearing short joints; like a string of beads. Monochlamydeous : bearing only one row of floral envelopes. Monocotyledonous, 104. jMoncecious. 67. Monopetalous : with the petals united into one piece. Monosepalous : with the sepals united into one piece. Mucronate: tipped with an abrupt slen- der point. Muricate : beset Avith hard wart-like points. Naturalized : introduced, but propagat- ing freely by seed. INTRODUCTION. Necklace-slinpod: see Moniliforni. Ni'ctiirv: iiiiv lioiK'V-bi'iiring purt. NiM-vi-.[ (Iciivfs), 40. Nfttcil-vuiiicMi, 40. Neutnil (tio\vtM>): without stiunciis and I.i>tils. NuiUliii]i?: turning outwanl (jr downward. Nodes. 14. Nodose: knotty. Nut, 90. Nutlet: same as AcliiMiiuni. Obconlate: inversely lieurt-shaped. 01.)lanc-eohite : inversely lance-snaped. Oblique : unequal-sided. Oblonjr: narrower than Elliptical, with nearly i)arallel margiii>. Obovate: egg-shaped, with the narrow- end downward. Obtuse: blunt; not pointed. Ochrea, .38. Octandrous : having eight stamens. One-sided: borne one side of the axis. : having four ^taiuuns. Tliorn, 24. Throiit : the orilice of a tubuhir corolla, calyx, &c. Toiiiciitose: clothed with ii close velvety liiiliuscence. Toutlieil: M'e Dentate. Top-shaped: like an inverted cone. Torose, or Tunilose: knotted; knobby. Torus, 01. Tree, 2i}. Trianch'ous: having three stamens. Tribe: a subdivision of an order. Triehotomous ; dividing into three branches. Trifoliolate: bearing three leaflets. Truncate: ending abruptly, as if cut off. Tube : the united part of a calvx or co- rolla. Tuber, 19. Tubercle : a wart-like ai)pendage ; Flora, p. 504. Tubereled : bearing tubercles, or crowned with a tubercle. Tuberous: like a tuber. Tubular: shaped like a tube. Tumid: swelled; thickened. Tunicated pjulb, 21. Twin: in pairs; a pair united. Twining : rising by coiling around a support. Umbel. 57. Umbelled: arranged in an umlel. Umbellet, 57. Unarmed : destitute of thorns, prickles,&c. Uncinate : hooked. Undulate : wavy. Unequally pinnate, 43. Unguiculate : clawed. Unifoliolate : bearing a single leaflet. UrccDlate ; urn-shaped; pitcher-shaped. I'triele, \)b. Utricular : formed like a uiriilc. Valve, 85. Yalvate, (5S : ojiening bv valves. Varietv, 111. Vascular Tissue, 5. Vaulted : arched. Veins, 33. Veiny : furnished with reticulated veins. \'ein)('ts : the ultimate branches of veins. ^'enation, 3'.i. Ventral Suture, SO. Ventricose : inflated. Vernation, 34. Versatile, 72. Vertical : with the edges directed upward and downward, and the sides facing the horizon. Vessels, 2. Vexillum : Flora, p. 86. Villous : woolly. Virgate : wand-like; long and slender. Viscid : clammy; glutinous. VittiB : Flora, p. 157. Waxy : like beeswax. Wedge-shaped : broad at the summit, and tapering regularly to the base. Wheel-shaped : see Rotate. Whorl : a collection of parts arranged in a ring or circle. Whorled : disposed in a whorl. Wing: Flora, p. 80; any thin expansion. Winged : furnished with wings. ^\'ood, 30. Woody : of the texture of wood. Woody Fibre or Woody Tissue, 4. Woolly : clothed with long aud dense soft haks. ni. ABBEEVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS. Adans. = = Adanson, Good. = Goodenougli. Ait. Alton. Griseb. Grisebach. All. Allioiii. Gronov. Gronovius. Andr. Andrews. Brno. Haworth. Am. Arnott. H. B. K. Humboldt, Bonpland, and Aubl. Aublet. Hoff. Hoffmann. [Kunth. Baldw. Baldwin. Book. Hooker. Bartr. Bartram. Houst. Houston. Beauv. Palisot de Beauvois. Iluds. Hudson. Benth. Bentham. J acq. Jacquin. Bigel. Bigelow. Juss. Jussieu. Boerh. Boerhaave. L. 0)- Linn. Linnfflus. Brongn. Brongniart. Lag Lagasca. Buckl. Buckley. Lam. Lamark. Cass. Cassini. Lehm. Lehmann. Catesb. Catesby. merit. L'Heritier. Qiv. Cavanilles. Lindl. Lindley. Chapm. Chapman. Marsh. Marshall. Chois. Choisy. Mart. Martins. Darl. Darlington. Mey. Clever. DC. De Candolle. 3richx. Michaux. A. DC. Alphonse de Candolle. Midix.f. Michaux the younger. Desf. Desfontaines. Mill. Miller. Desv. Desveaux. Mcench. Jloenchausen. Dew. Dewey. Muhl. Muhlenberg. Dill. Dillenius. Murr. Murray. Ehrh. Elirhart. Neck. Necker. Ell. Elliott. Nets. Nees von Esenbeck. Endl. Endlicher. Nutt. Nuttall. Engelm. Engelmann. Panz. Panzer. Fisch. Fischer. Pers. Persoon. Forst. Forster. Plum. Plumier. Gcert. GjErtner. Poir. Poiret. Gavd. Gandin. Raf. Rafinesque. Ging. Gingins. R. Br. Eobert Brown. GmeL Gmelin. R. cj- S. Eoemer & Schultes. IXTUOULCTION. A'/< h. Richard. Tourn. = = Toumefort. SiilUb. Salisbury. Tiin. Triiiius. Schk. Selikuhr. Tuck. Tuc'kerniau. Sihrwl. Schrader. Vent. Veiiteiiat. Schrtb. Sc-hreber. Wahl. Wahlenberg. Schw. Schweinitz. Waiif/. Waiigeiiheim. S(OJ>. Scopoli. Walt. \\'alter. SliiiKlir. Sliuttleworth. WaUr. Wallroth. SuUiv. Sullivant. Weitdl. Wendhiiid. Tun: Torrey. mild. Willdeuow. IV. SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK. (1) An annual plant. (2) A biennial plant. U A perennial plant. ° The length in feet; as, " 2° long," two feet long. ' The length in inches; as, "2' long," two inches long. " The length in lines; as, "2" long," two lines long. (*) Placed at the end of a specific character, denotes that the species is not well known. Two adjectives connected by a hyphen denote a form intermediate between the two; as, "ovate-lanceolate," between ovate and lanceolate. Two figures connected by a dash, as "stem 4^-63 long," denote that the length of the stem varies from four to six feet, n. sp. ) indicate that the species, or genus, is new, or has not been previously n. gen. ) characterized. V. DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT. Having acquired a general knowledge of the principles of botany, and of the meaning of the peculiar terms employed in the science, the student proceeds to study or analyze plants, with a view to determine their names, and the place they occupy in the system. His chief difficulty, at the outset, will be to ascertain to which one of the 164 natural orders or families contained in this work the plant he may have in hand belongs. Were he to attempt to compai'C it with the characters of each order successively, the task would be tedious and discouraging. To obviate this, and to enable him to refer any unknown plant directly to its proper place in the Flora, some guide, sucli as is supplied by the following An- alysis of the Natural Orders, will be necessary. One or two examples will best explain its use. Suppose we have in hand a flowering branch of the Linden-Tree or Bass- wood. Turning to the Analysis on page xxix., we compare it, first, with tiie Series of Ph^enogamous Plants, with which we find it to agree in having flowers. Then, dividing the branch across, we see if it is made up of pith, wood, and bark ; if the leaves are netted-veined ; and if the floral envelopes are in fours or fives. Exhibiting these peculiarities, it doubtless belongs to the Class of Dicotyledonous Plants ; although, in consequence of the minuteness of the seed, we have not been able to ascertain the number of the cotyledons. We next see if the ovules are contained in an ovary. This being clearly the case, it comes under the Subclass of Angiospekmous Plants. The double floral em'elopes, and the separate petals of the corolla, carry it to the Polypet- ALOus Division. Our attention is next directed to the insertion of the stamens and petals, — whether on the calyx, or hypogynous. In our plant they are hypogynous. Then, if the stamens are more than twice as many as the petals. They are so in ours. Then, if the leaves are opposite or alternate. In ours they are alter- nate. Then, if the ovaries are more than one, or solitary and 1-ceIled, or soli- tary and 2 - many-celled. In ours they are solitary and 5-celIed ; bringing it under the last alternative. Then, if the stamens are in any way connected XXVllI INTnoniTTION. with the petals, or free from tlieni. In ours they ni"e fi-ee. Ln'-tly, wlicther they arc uiiiteil into a tulie, or in dusters, or are all separate. In ours they arc fro united in live eiusters, and the sepaU are deeiduous. This brinj^s our plant to the mitiiiiil orilir, Tiliaci;^, 59, — the number referring to the j)age of the Flora wiiere the order is deseribed. Turning to that Jjage, and comparing our plant with the character of the order, we notice their agreement. We then i)roceed to lind tlie name of the genus. Tiiis is readily done, in this instance, by com|)aiing the iilant with the two genera comprised in this order. With the first it will be found to agree in every particular, and therefore we need not carry it further. We find, then, the plant in question to be a species of the genus Tilia, so named by Tournefort, and commonly called Linden or Dasswood. Again, suppose the jilant under consideration to be the common Bear-Grass. Having flowers, it is, of course, Pluvncxjiunous. But, cutting across the stem, we find, in the place of pith, wood, and bark, a wiiite mass of cellular tissue, stud- ded with minute points, wiiich are the ends of the divided threads of woody fibre ; the veins of tlie leaf run parallel from the base to the apex ; the floral envelopes are in two rows of three each ; and the embryo, if examined, will be found to have but one cotyledon. In these respects, our plant difters widely from the Class of Dicotyledonous Plants, and wc therefore turn to its alterna- tive, the Class of Monocotyledonous Plants, on page xxxvii. of the Anal- ysis, which, we observe, includes plants possessing these characters. Our plant, having the floral envelopes double, and not glumaccous, falls under the second heading, marked with two stars ( * * ). Proceeding as in the former example, and carefully coinparing the plant with the analysis that follows, we see, first, if the ovary is adherent with, or free from, the perianth. In ours it is free. Then, if the perianth is single, or double. In ours it is double. Then, if the calyx and corolla are alike or unlike. In ours they are alike. Then, if the leaves of the perianth are glume-like, or otherwise. In ours they are not glume-like. Then, if the leaves are netted-veined or par- allel-veined. In ours they are parallel-veined. Then, if the capsule is 1-celled, or 3-6-celled. In ours it is 6-celled. Lastly, if the anthers are introrse or ex- trorse In ours they are introrse. This brings us to the natural order Liliace.15, described on page 480 of the Flora. It contains ten genera, belonging to three tribes, the characters of which are briefly given in the Synopsis. Our plant, by its capsular fruit, the separate divisions of the perianth, and leafy stem, comes under the third tribe, Tclipa- CE^. Of the two sections, marked with a star ( * ). our plant belongs to the second; having a Palm-like stem. No 10, Yucca, alone remains; and to it our plant must belong. Turning to page 48.5, where this genus is more fully described, we find it to embrace four species, divided into two sections based upon the character of the stem and capsule. The short stem (excluding the scape) and dry capsule of our plant belong to the former. It contains but one species, Y. filamentosa, L., which we therefore find to be the botanical name of the plant in question. VI. ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. Series I. PH.ENOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS. Plants furnished with flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and producing seeds which contain an embryo plant. Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stem composed of bark and pith, with an interposed layer of woody fibre and vessels, and increasing in diameter, in all perennial stems, by the annual deposition of a new layer between the wood and bark. Leaves netted-veined, commonly articulated with the stem. Floral envelopes usually in fours or fives. Cotyledons two, rarely more. Subclass I. ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Ovules contained in an ovary, and fertilized by the action of the pollen, through the medium of a stigma. Cotyledons two. Division I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of separate petals. * Stamens and petals free from the calyx, hypogynous or nearly so. ■^- Stamens more than twice at many as the petals. Page Ovaries two or more, 1-celled. Shrubs, trees, or woody vines. Petals imbricate. Flowers small, dioecious. Woody vines, MENISPERMACE.^, 14 Flowers large, perfect. Trees, MAGNOLIACE^, 11 Petals valvate. Flowers solitary, nodding. Fruit pulpy. Shrubs. ANONACE.^, 13 Herbs, Leaves peltate. Aquatic. Ovaries in cavities at the top of a large receptacle, NELUMBONE^S, 18 Ovaries on the receptacle. Leaves glutinous beneath, CABOMBEiE, 17 Leaves not peltate. Stamens separate. Leaves cxstipulate. RANtJNCULACE.E, 2 Stamens monadelphons. Leaves stipulate. MALVACEiE, 45 Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Leaves opposite, pellucid-punctate, entire, HYPER1CACE.E, 55 I CAPPARIDACE.E, 31 Stamens separate. HYPERICACE^, 55 Stamens united. CLUSIACE.E, IX) Stamens laouadelphous. MALVACE.E, 45 Stamens separate, or in clusters. TILIACE^, 54 XXX INTIJODICTIOX. Leaves alternate. Sepals 2. Leaves entire. Placenta central. i'ORTULACACE.E, 38 JLeaves lobed. Placenta parietal. PAPAVERACE.«, 30 Sepals 4. Fruit iiidehiscent. Leaves entire. Slirnbs. • Fruit valvate. Leaves 3- 7-foliolate. Herby Sepals 5. Leaves small, entire. Two outer sepals small and bract-like. C1STACE.E, 35 Leaves large, 3-ternate. Fruit a follicle. Cl.MICIFUG.*:, 2 Leaves all radical, fringed, irritable. DROSERACE.E, 10 Sepals united into a 4-5-toothed calyx. Leaves compound. Flowers capitate. MIMOSE.E, 'M, I'iG Ovary solitary, 2- or more-celled. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. Sepals 5. Sepals (i. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Flowers perfect. Stamens on the base of the petals. CAMELLIACEiE, 01 Flowers monoecious. Stamens hypogynoua. Capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded. Herbs. EUPHORBIACE.E, 421 Flowers irregular. Stamens G or 8. Petals 3. POLYGALACE.*;, 88 Flowers regular. Leaves exstipulate, opposite, entire. HYPERICACE.E, 55 Leaves exstipulate, alternate, tubular. SARRACENIACE.E, 18 Leaves stipulate. Stamens monadelphous. M.4.LVACE.E, 45 +- H- Stamens twice as many as the petals. Stamens 12-20. Leaves peltate, lobed. Flowers solitary, nodding. PODOPHYLLUM, 10 Stamens 10. Leaves compound. Leaves stipulate, alternate. Fruit a legume. LEGUMIXOS.E. 93 opposite. Fruit separating into indehiscent carpel.?. ZYGOPHYLLACE.E, 07 Leaves exstipulate, trifoliolate, the leaflets obcordate. Herbs. OX.VLIDACE.E, G5 pinnate. Flowers dioecious. Trees. BURSERACE.E, 71 pinnate or bipinnate. Flowers perfect. Trees. MELIACE.E, 03 Leaves simple. Herbs. Flowers monoecious. Capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded. EUPHORBIACE.E, 421 Flowers perfect. Leaves alternate, or 3 in a whorl. Stamens 8 or 10. CRASSULACE^, 149 Leaves alternate, palmately lobsd. Fruit of 5 elastic carpels. GERANIACE^, 06 Leaves opposite, entire, dotted. Flowers yellow. HYPERICACE.E, 55 Leaves opposite, or whorled, not dotted. Flowers never yellow. Trees or shrubs. CARYOPHYLLACE.E, 39 Leaves stipulate, lobed. Fruit unciuate-hispid. TILIACE.E, 54 Leaves exstipulate, entire. Cells of the capsules l-seeded. CYRILLACE.E, 83 Cells of the capsule many-seeded. ERICACEAE, 279 Stamens less than 10 (two exceptions). Petals 3. Stamens 6 or 8, united in one or two sets. Flowers irregular. POLYGALACE^. 88 Petals 3. Stamens 6. Aquatic herbs, with finely dissected opposite leaves. CABOMBE.E, 17 Petals 3-5. Stamens 6-10. Leaves trifoliolate. Trees. BURSERACE.E, 71 Petals 4 -5. Stamens 8 or 10. Leaves simple, succulent. Flowers cymose. CRASSULACE^, 149 Petals 4. Stamens 8. heaves simple. Flowers racemose. A shrub. ELLIOTTI.V, 288 ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXxi ■I- -1- H- Fertile stamens as many as the petals, or fewer. Ovaries more than one. Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. Flowers dioecious. Trees or shrubs. Leaves pinnate, punctate. RUTACEjE, G8 Woody vines. Anthers 4-oelled. Stamens separate. MENISPERMACE^, 14 Anthers 2-celled. Stamens united, disk-like. SCHIZANDRE^. 11 Flowers perfect. Petals gland-like. Leaves pinnate. ZANTHORHIZA, 10 Herbs. Leaves linear. Scape l-flowered. Achenia spiked. MYOSURUS, 6 Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Leaves opposite or whorled. Sepals 2. Stem 2-leaved. Flowers racemose, purple. PORTULACACE^E, 38 Sepals 5. Leaves punctate. Placentae parietal. Flowers yellow. HYPERICACE.E, 55 Leaves not punctate. Placentae central. Flowers red or white. CARYOPHTLLACE.E, 39 Leaves alternate, stipulate. Leaves pinuately compound. Fruit a legume. LEGUMINOS^, 93 Leaves simple. Flowers irregular. Capsule many-seeded. VIOLACEJi, 32 Flowers regular, clustered. Capsule 1-seeded. BYTTNERIACE^, 53 Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Sepals 2. Stamens 6, diadelphous. Flowers irregular. FUMARIACE^, 21 Sepals 4. Stamens 6. Flowers regular. Fruit silique-like. CAPPARIDACE^E, 31 Sepals 5. Stem a naked or 1-leaved scape. Scape 1-leaved, l-flowered. Leaves smooth. PARNASSIACE^, 148 Scape naked. Flowers racemose. Leaves bristly, glandular. DROSERACE^E, 19 Scape paniculately branched. Flowers in 1-sided spikes, blue. PLUMBAGINACE^, 300 Sepals 5. Stem leafy. Flowers monoecious, the pistillate apetalous. EUPHORBIACEJi;, 421 Flowers perfect, irregular. Fruit spiny. Leaves entire. KRAMERIACE.S;, 92 Flowers perfect, regular. Leaves large, biternate. Fruit follicular. CIMICIFUGE^, 2 Flowers perfect, regular. Leaves small, entire. Outer sepals small and bract-like. CISTACE^, 35 Sepals 6. Anthers opening by uplifted valves. BERBERIDACEiE, 15 Ovary solitary, 2- or more-celled. Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers dioecious. Leaves pinnate. Fruit a samara. OLEACEjE, 351 Leaves pinnate or lobed. Fruit a double samara. ACERINE^, 85 Leaves simple, club-shaped. Ovaries and fruit capitate. BATIDACE^E, 434 Leaves simple, heath-like, 3 in a whorl. Sepals, petals, and stamens 2. EMPETRACE^, 434 Flowers perfect. Leaves simple, with pellucid dots, entire. HYPERICACE^E, 55 Leaves digitate. Stem climbing. VITACE Ji, 73 Leaves alternate. Leaves pinnate. Flowers dioecious. Fruit a drupe. SIMARUBACE..E, 70 Leaves trifoliolate. Flowers polygamous. Fruit a circular samara. PTELEA, 69 Leaves simple, evergreen. Flowers perfect. Fruit a 2-celled drupe. CYRILLACE^, 83 Leaves simple, deciduous. Flowers monoecious. Fruit a 3-celled capsule. EUPHORBIACE.E, 421 Herbs. Flowers irregular. Sepals 4, the lowest large and saccate, spurred. Capsule elastically dehiscent. BALSAMINACE.E, C7 xxxii ixTunniTTiox. Flowers Irreprular. Si'pals r>, tlie two lateral ones pctal-liko. BtamniB united ill 1- -J setH. I'ULVGALACEJE, 88 FlowiTH rt'ifular. Sepalri and {>ctal8 r>. Stamens united. StoineDS 5, united at tite base. Styles 5. Leaves exstlpulate, entire. LINAGES, Ot united at the ba.se or apex. Style single. Leaves stipulate. BYTTNKRIACEiE, 53 united in a tube. Style single. Capsule 3-celled. Leaves all radical. DIAF'ENSIACEiE, 290 Stamens 0, united In sets. Leaves opposite, entire, dotted. HYPERICACE^E, 55 Sepals and petals 4. Stamens G. Fruit a silique or silicle. CRUCIFEKiE, 23 * * Stamens and petals inserted on the ovary. Floating aquatic. Leaves and flowers long-stalked. Petals and stamens numerous. NYMPHEACEjE, 17 * • * Stamens and petals inserted on the cal)/ir, or on a more »r less perigynoui disk. t- Calyx not adherent to the ovary. Stamens fe>ver than the petals. A woody vine. Leaves opposite, entire. Fruit 3-winged. HIPPOCRATEiE, 7D Stamens as many as the petals. Leaves stipulate. Stamens monadelphous around the stipe of the ovary. Vines PASSIFLORACE.SI, 168 Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume 1 - several-seeded. LEGUMINOS^, 93 Stamens separate, alternate with the petals. Leaves pinnate. Calyx uncinate-hispid. Herbs. AGRIMONIA, 133 Leaves trifoliolate. Capsule Inflated, 3-lobed. Shrubs. STAPHYLEACE^, 84 Leaves simple. Sepals imbricate. Flowers small, in racemes or cymes. CELASTRACE.E, 78 Stamens separate, opposite the petals. Sepals valvate. Leaves entire. Shrubs or trees. RHAMNACE.!!, 75 Calyx truncate. Leaves mostly lobed. Woody vines. VITACE.1E, 73 Leaves exstlpulate. Ovaries, sepals, petals, and stamens 3 or 4. Small annuals. CRASSULACE.S, 149 Ovaries 5. Leaves simple. Flowers perfect, axillary. I sijh^ruBACE.E 70 Ovary solitary. Leaves pinnate. Flowers dioecious, terminal. I Leaves opposite. Flowers perfect. Calyx valvate. LYTHRACE.fi, 157 Flowers dioecious. Calyx imbricate. ACERIXE^. 85 Leaves alternate. Calyx persistent. Aquatic shrub. ITEA, 140 Calyx deciduous. Low perennial. 1'URNERACE.ffi;, 1G7 Stamens more numerous than the petals. Ovaries more than one. Leaves alternate, stipulate, mostly lobed. Herbs or shrubs. ROSACES, 129 exstlpulate, mostly entire. Succulent herbs. CRASSULACE.®, 140 Leaves opposite, exstlpulate. Sepals and petals numerous and alike. Shrubs. CALYCANTHACE.a;, 142 Ovary solitary. Leaves simple, stipulate. Style basal, single. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs. Calyx lobes persistent. CHRYSOBALANEiE, 129 Style terminal, single. Fruit a drupe. Trees. Calyx lobes deciduous. AJfYGDALES, 129 Styles 3. Petals clawed. Leaves opposite. MALPIGHIACE.E, 88 ARTIFICIAIi AJfALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXUl Leaves simple, exstipulate. Style single. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers axillary. LYTHRACEjE, 157 Styles 2. Leaves alternate. Flovi^ers terminal, perfect. SAXIFRAGACEiE, 142 Leaves opposite, lobed. Flowers polygamous. Fruit a samara. ACERLNE^, 85 Leaves compound, alternate, pinnate. Flowers polygamous. Trees. BURSERACE^, 71 abruptly pinnate or biteruate. Flowers polygamous. Trees. SAPDJDACEiE, 84 pinnate or bipiunate. Stamens monadelphous. MELIACE^, C3 Stamens separate or dia- delphous. LEGUMINOS^, 93 Leaves compound, opposite, palmately 5-7 foliolate. Stamens 7. Fruit capsular. HIPPOCASTANE.E, 85 trifoliolate. Fruit drupaceous. AMYRIS, G9 ■t- ■•- Calyx: ad/ierent to the ovary. Herbs. Ovary 1-celIed. Capsule and 2-lobed calyx circumscissile. PORTULACACE^E, 38 Capsule 2-3- valved. Stamens 5 or 10. Styles separate. SAXIFRAGACE^, 142 Stamens numerous. Styles united. LOASACE^, 1C6 Ovary 2 - G-celled. Style single. Anthers opening by a terminal pore. Leaves ribbed. MELASTOMACE^, 1,55 Anthers opening lengthwise. Leaves ribless. ONAGRACEJS, 100 Styles or stigmas 2 or more. Flowers umbeUed. Fruit dry, separating into two pieces. UMBELLIFERjE, 173 Fruit berry-like, of 2 - 5 nutlets. ARALIACE^, 183 Flowers not umbelled. Flowers perfect. Fruit capsular. Leaves alternate. S.\XIFRA6ACE^, 142 Flowers monoecious. Fruit nut-like. Leaves whorled. HALORAGE^, 159 Fruit pulpy. Tendril-bearing vines. CUCURBITACE^, 1G9 Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. Fruit dry, variously dehiscent, many-seeded. HYDRANGEiE, 143 Fruit indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Stipules between the petioles. RHIZOPHORACE^, 152 Stipules none. Leaves dotted. Stamens numerous. MYRTACE^, 154 Leaves dotless. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. CORNACE.E, 184 Leaves dotless. Stamens 10. Ovary 1-ceIled. COMBRETACE^, 152 Leaves alternate. Flowers umbelled. Leaves compound. ARALIACEiE, 183 Flowers not umbelled. Leaves stipulate. Fruit fleshy or baccate, indehiscent. POME^E, 130 Fruit dry, woody, 2-valved. HAMAMELACE^, 151 Fruit dry, of three 1-seeded nutlets. RHAMNACE>E, 75 Leaves exstipulate. Flowers dioecious. Drupe baccate. Sterile flowers apetalous. CORNACE^ Flowers perfect. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a 2-winged nut. r. OKI, .^w.. IK iji, STYRACACE^, Ovary 2-5 celled. Fruit a 1 - 5-seeded berry. ( Ovary 1-celled, with two parietal placentae. RIBES, Ovary 1-celIed, with numerous placentae. CACTACE^S!- 184 291 148 170 XXXIV INTRODUCTION. Division II. MONOI'KTALOrs EXOCKNOl'S PLANTS. Floral ciivi'ldpcs (luiitjlc, ronsisting of lioili calvx and corolla; the latter of more or less uuitiil petals. • Calijz free from the ovary. *■ Flowers reijular. ■w. Fertile stamens fewer than, the lobes of the corolla. Fruit a 1-seeiiud fleshy drupe. Evergreen shrub? or trees. Fruit separating into 2-4 nutlets. Ovary 4-lobed ; the style rising from between the lobes. Ovary not lobed ; the style terminal. Fruit a 'J-celled capsule. Capsule circumscissile. Leaves alternate, radical. Capsule i-valved. Corolla lobes imbricated in the bud. Corolla lobes twisted in the bud. OLEACEvE, 351 LABIATJi;, ."iTl VERBENACE-E, 307 PLANTAGINACE^, 390 SCROPHULARIACEjE, 306 ACANTHACEiE, 303 ■H- ++ Fertile stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them. Herbs. Capsule 1-ceUed, many-seeded. PRIMULACE^, 297 Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Anthers introrse. Calyx plaited, glandular. Fruit a utricle. PLUMBAGINACEwE, 300 Calyx not plaited. Fruit a drupe. Embryo transverse. MTRSINACE.*;, 296 Anthers extrorse. Ovary 1-celled. Flowers racemose. THEOPHRASTEiE, 290 Ovary 3 -8 celled. Flowers clustered. SAPOTACE.^. 294 ++ ++ 4.V Fertile stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them. Ovaries 2, separate. Juice milky. Stamens united with the stigmas into a mass. Stamens separate and free from the stigma. Juice not milky. Stems creeping. Utricle 1-seeded. Ovary solitary. ASCLEPIADACE.S:, 343 APOCYNACE.E, ajl DICHONDRE^, 326 Fruit indehiscent. Leaves opposite. Ovary 2-celled, Ovary 4-celled. Drupe 1-seeded. Corolla lobes long. Drupe 4-seeded. Corolla lobes short. Ovary 4-lobed, the style between the lobes. Leaves alternate. Flowers dioecious. Fruit baccate, 4-9 seeded. Flowers perfect. Ovary 2-celled. Corolla plaited or valvate. Ovary 4-celled. Corolla mostly imbricated in the bud. Fruit dehiscent. Capsule circimiscissile. Flowers on a scape. Capsule dehiscent by valves. Ovary 1-celled. Leaves lobed, hairy or pubescent. Leaves bipinnate. Flowers capitate. Leaves entire, smooth. Ovary 2-5 celled. Stipules membranous or annular between the opposite Stipules none. Capsule few-seeded. Stems twining. Leaves alternate. 1 Stems twining. Leaves none. ' OLEACE.D, 351 VERBENACEiSE, 307 LABIATE, 371 ELICINE^, 81 SOLANACEiE, 321 BORRAGINACE^, 357 PLANTAGINACE.E, 390 HTDROPHYLLACE^, 354 MIMOSEiE, 90 GENTLANACE.E, 335 leaves. LOGANIACE^, 200 CONVOLVULACE^, 326 ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXV Steins not twining. Leaves opposite or alternate. Stamens 5. Capsule 3-celled. Stamens 4. Capsule 2-celled. Capsule many-seeded. Style single. Capsule '2-celled, Capsule 2-celled. POLEMONIACE^, 333 ACANTHACE^, 363 SOLANACE.E, 321 Corolla plaited in the bud. Corolla imbricated in the bud. SCROPHULARIACE^, 306 Capsule 3-celled. Anthers opening transversely. DIAPENSIACE^, 290 Capsule 5-celled. Anthers opening by a terminal chink or pore. ERICACE^, 279 Capsule 2-celled. HYDROLEACE.E, 354 Styles i Stamens more numerous tluin the lobes of the corolla. MIMOSE^, 96 CRASSULACE^, 149 Leaves compound, stipulate. Fruit a legume. exstipulate. Fruit of 4 carpels. Leaves simple. Flowers dioecious. Ovary 8-celled. Fruit a berry. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit pulpy. Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous. Stamens united into a column. Anthers 1-celled. Stamens united in a ring or in clusters at the base. Flowers perfect. Stamens twice as many as the corolla lobes. Corolla lobes imbricated in the bud. Caps"le many-seeded. Capsule 1-seeded, 3-valved. STYRACACEiE, 291 Corolla lobes valvate in the bud. Drupe 1-seeded. 0LACACE.4;, 62 EBENACE^, 293 PASSIFLORACE^, 108 MALVACEAE, 45 CAMELLIACE^, 61 ERICACE^, 279 ■I- +- Flowers irregular. Stamens 6. Calyx of 2 sepals. Capsule 1-celled. PUMARIACEjE, 21 Stamens 6 or 8. Sepals 5, the outer ones petaloid. POLYGALACE^, 88 Stamens (the fertile ones) 2 or 4. Ovary 1-ceUed. Stamens 2. Corolla spurred. LENTIBULACEiE, ,301 Stamens 4. Fruit 1-seeded, reflexed. PHRYMEjE, 367 Stamens 4. Fruit many-seeded. Leaves scaly. OROBANCHACE^, 305 Ovary 2-celled. Shrubs or woody vines. Corolla large, tubular. Seeds winged. BIGNONIACE^, 303 Herbs. Capsule woody, 2-beaked. SESAMES, 303 Capsule many-seeded. Corolla imbricated in bud. SCROPHULARIACE^, 306 Capsule few-seeded. Corolla twisted in bud. ACANTHACE^, 363 Ovary 4-celled, 4-lobed, the style rising from between the lobes. LABIATJi, 371 not lobed. Style terminal. VERBENACE^, 367 * * Calyx more or less adherent to the ovary. Anthers united. Anthers contorted. Vines climbing by tendrils. CUCURBITACE^, 169 Anthers straight. Flowers in a raceme. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. LOBELIACE^, 275 Flowers in a raceme. Fruit a 1 - 4 seeded drupe. RUBIACE^, 190 Flowers in a head. Fruit a dry achenium. COMPOSITE, 203 Anthers separate. Leaves opposite or whorled. Leaves connected by stipules, or whorled. Stipules none. Chiefly shrubs or woody vines. Stamens 5. Herbs. Flowers cymose. Stamens 1-3. Flowers capitate. Stamens 4. RUBIACE^, 190 CAPRIFOLIACE.E, ISO VALERIANACE^, 202 DIPSACACE^, 203 XXXVI IXI'KnlHH THIN. Authors separate. Leaves altonuitc. Uer(>». Corolla lobes valvnte in tlie bud. Capsule openinR at the sidoH. CAMI'ANULACE.E, '.*78 Corolla lobes imbricated In thu bud. Capsule valvate. I'KIMULACK^U, •JITT SliruUs. Flowers irregular. Sti);uia within a ciliate cup. GUOUENIACK.K, Til Flowers regular. Autliers opening by a terminal chink. VACCINIK.fC, '/79 Flowers regular. Authurs openuig leiigtliwiae STYKACACE^, "JUl Flowers regular. Stamens 4-5, opposite the corolla lobes. ULACACE^, 02 Division III. Al'ETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Elural t'lIVt)l^>]K^•< single, con.si.stiiij; of a v:\\\\ only, or altugctlior wanting. » Amentaceous frees or shrubs. Flowers momecious or dUecioiu. -I- Only the sterile flowers in aments. Leafless. Branches grooved and sheathed. CASUARINA0EJ5. 4.''>4 Leaves simple, stipulate. Involucre scaly. Seed entire. Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. Involucre none. Seed 4-lobed. CUPULIFER.E. 443 JUGLANDACE^, 441 ■t- -^ Both the sterile and fertile flowers in aments. Aments globose. Calyx none. Fruit 2-beaked, 2-valved, many-seeded. Sterile aments spiked. HAMAMELACKvE, l.")l Fruit nut-like. 1-seeded, hairy. Amenta single. Aments oblong or linear. Ovary 1-celled. Drupe 1-seeded. Leaves persistent. Drupe waxy granular. Leaves deciduous. Drupe smooth. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. Seed comose. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit dry, angled or winged. Fruit enclosed in the confluent berry-like calyx. * * Flowers not in nments. PLATANACEJi, 441 MYRICAOE/E, 449 LEITNERIACE.E, 4.V) SALICACE.*;, 4.-)2 BETULACE^, 451 MORACEiE, 437 ■t- Calyx and corolla none Ovaries 3-4, united below. Leaves cordate. Stamens 4-8, Ovary single. Leaves obovate. Stamens 2. Involucre none. Capsule 4-celled. Aquatic. Involucre spathe-like. Styles 2. Leaves alternate, parted. Involucre 8 - 12 parted. Style one. Leaves whorled, forked. CERATOPHYLLACEiE, 419 Involucre 4-5 toothed, cup-like, containing one fertile flower and several sterile ones, each reduced to a single stamen. EUPHORBIACE^, 421 PIPERACE.E, 418 CALLITRICHACE.E, 420 PODOSTEMACE.E, 420 1- ■<- Calyx herbaceous or corolla-like. Ovaries more than one. Stamens inserted on the calyx. Leaves stipulate. Stamens hypogynous. Stipules none. Embryo minute. Embryo and seeds large, curved. Ovary solitary. Calyx adherent to the ovary. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a 2-valved, many-seeded capsule. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded. Anthers (and stigma) sessile. Tree parasites. Anthers on filaments. Dnipe berry-like. Stigma decurrent. Drupe dry. Albumen copious. Root parasites. Drupe dry. Albumen none. Trees. ROSACE.aE, 129 RANUNCULACE^, 2 MENISPERMACE^, 14 SAXIFRAGACE^, 142 LORANTHACE^, 418 CORNACEiE, 184 SANTALACEJE, 416 COMBRETACE^, 152 ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXVli 391 ICO 159 151 154 75 PASSIFLORACE^, 108 Ovary 2-6 celled. Herbs. Stamens 5-12. Capsule many-seeded. Leaves cordate. ARISTOLOCHIACE^, Stamens 4. Leaves not cordate, entire. ONAGRACEJi, Stamens 3 or S. Capsule 3- 4-seeded. Leaves dissected. HALORAGE^, Trees or shrubs. Capsule 2-valved. Leaves alternate. HAMAMELACE^, Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite. MYRTACE^E, Fruit a 1-seeded drupe. Calyx lobes valvate. RHAMNACE.^, Calyx free from the ovary. Ovary l-celled. Ovules and seeds numerous. Fruit baccate. Tendril-bearing vines. Fruit a capsule. Capsule circumscissile. Leaves alternate. Capsule valvate. Leaves opposite. Ovule and seed solitary. Leaves stipulate. Stipules sheathing. Leaves alternate. Stipules scarious. Leaves opposite. Stipules not sheathing nor scarious. Flowers perfect, spiked. Achenium 2-lobed, spiny. Herbs. PETIVERIE^, clustered. Drupe baccate. Shrubs. RHAMNACE^, Flovyers imperfect. Herbs. Stems twining. Leaves 3- 5-lobed: CANNABINACE^, Stems not twining. Leaves serrate or entire. URTICACEJi;, Trees or shrubs. Juice watery. Flowers single or clustered. ULMACE^, Juice milky. Flowers included in a fleshy receptacle. MORACE^E, Ovule and seed solitary. Leaves witliout stipules. Stamens more numerous than the calyx lobes. Anthers opening by valves. LAURACEJi, Anthers openmg lengthwise. Calyx 5-6 parted. POLYGONACE.E, Calyx entire. Berry oval. THYMELEACE^, Stamens equaUing in number or fewer than the calyx lobes. CELOSIE^, CARYOPHYLLACE^, POLYGONACE.E, ILLECEBRACE^, 398 39 406 396 437 434 439 437 414 400 416 Flowers with scarious bracts. Flowers without scarious bracts. Calyx corolla-like, plaited. Calyx herbaceous. Styles 2. Ovary 2 - 12-celled. Leaves whorled. A heath-like shrub. Calyx of imbricated scales. A prostrate annual. Calyx corolla-like. Leaves opposite. Fruit a single samara. Calyx minute, persistent, Fruit a double samara. Calyx deciduous. Fruit a drupe. Flowers perfect. Stamens on the calyx, AMARANTACE^, 398 NYCTAGINACE^, CHEXOPODIACE.E, EMPETRACE^, MOLLUGINE^, 393 403 434 172 352 85 75 Flowers dioecious. Stamens hypogynous. FORESTIERE^, 352 157 172 FRAXINE^, ACERINE^, RHAMNACEiE, LYTHRACEiE, FICOLDE^, Fruit a many-seeded capsule. Valvate. Circumscissile. Leaves alternate. Ovules and seeds 1 -2 in each cell. Flowers mono-dicecious. Fruit a drupe or capsule. EUPHORBIACE^, Flowers polygamous. Capsule 3 - 4-winged. SAPINDACE^, Flowers perfect or polygamous. Fruit a berry. Calyx colored. PHYTOLACCACE.E, Fruit a samara. Leaves stipulate. ULMACE JS, Ovules and seeds numerous in the cells. Capsule circumscissile. Capsule 3-celled. Flowers solitary. Capsule 5-celled. Flowers cymose. PORTULACACE^, CRASSULACE^, 421 84 395 439 38 149 INTltODUCTION. Subclass II. GYMNOSPEIIMOUS KXOGENOUS PLANTS Ovules naki'd (not contained in an ovary), supported l)y an open scale or leaf, or else terminating a brand), and fertilized by the direct tapplication of the pollen. Stem brambiiij;. Leaves simple. CONIFF,R;E, 455 Stem simple, palm-like. Leaves pinnate. CYCADACK^IS, -kJU Class 11. .MOXOCOTYLEDONOUS ok ENlMXiK.XOL'S PJ.AXTS. Stem composed of cellular tissue and scattered bundles of woody fibre and vessels, destitute of proper pith, bark, or concentric layers, and increasing in diameter by the deposition of new fibrous bundles. Leaves mostly alternate, entire, and parallel-veined, commonly sheath, ing at the base, seldom falling off by an articulation. Floral enve- lopes usually by threes. Cotyledon single. * Floral envelopes none. Floicers on a spadlz. Stemless, floatinf; herbs. Plants frond-like, with no distinction of stem and leaves. LEMNACE^E, 466 Leaves clustered, spreading. Flowers axillary. Pistia in ARACE.E, 4(j5 Caulescent, leafy, rooting herbs. Fruit a berry. Spadix enclosed in a- spatlie. ARACE^, 4r>4 Fruit an achenium. Stem immersed, floating. NAIADACE^'E, 4()8 Stem not immersed, erect. TYPUACE.4;, 407 * * Floral envelopes { perianth) single or double, not glumaceous. Ovary adherent to the perianth. Stamens and pistil united into a column. Flowers irregular. ORCHIUACEjK, 477 Stamens and pistil separate. Flowers mounecious or dinecious. Flowers enclosed in a spathe in the bud. Aquatics. HrDROCHARIDACEiE, 475 Flowers without a spathe. Leaves reticulate. Terrestrial vines. DIOSCOREACE-E, 501 Flowers perfect. Ovary 1-celled. Stamens .3. Leaves minute. BURMANNIACEiE, 47G Ovary 3-celled. Stamen 1. Flowers irregular. CANNACE^, 491 Stamens 3. Anthers extrorse. IRIDACE.E, 499 Stamens 3 or G. Perianth woolly or scurfy. H.EMODORACK.ii, 496 Stamens 6. Perianth smooth or hairy. AMARYLLIDACEJi, 492 Ovary free from the perianth. Perianth single (calyx). Flowers on a spadix. Ovary solitary, ARACE.E, 404 Ovaries 4. Stem leafy. NAIADACE.E, 408 Flowers on a scape, spiked. Leaves rush-like. JUNCAGINEiE, 520 Flowers on axillary peduncles. Leaves ovaL ROXBURGHIACEiE, 506 Perianth double (calyx and corolla). Calyx and corolla alike, or nearly so, and glume-like. JUNCACEjE, .519 Calyx and corolla alike, or nearly so, and not glume-like. Leaves ribbed and netted-veined. Fruit a berry. SMILACE.^, 502 ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXIX Leaves parallel-veined. Capsule 1-celled. Stamens, or the fertile ones, three. PONTEDERIACE^, 523 Capsule or berry 3- (rarely 4 or 6-) celled. Anthers iutrorse (except LUium). Style single. \ a.J % , -, } LILIACE^, 507 Stigmas 3, nearly sessile. ) Styles 3. 1 . ,. , , . rr « ,^- ^ c. I Q 1 } MELANTHACE^, 513 Anthers extrorse (except Toneldia). Styles 3 or 1. ) Calyx and corolla unlike. Ovaries few or numerous, forming achenia in fruit. ALISMACEiE, 472 Ovary solitary. Palms. Calyx tubular. Leaves fan-shaped. PALMJ5, 461 Epiphytes. Plants scurfy. BROMELIACE^, 497 Herbs. Stamens 6. Leaves 3 in a vi^horl. Ploveer single. TRILLIACEjE, 502 Leaves alternate, sheathing. COMMELYNACE.E, 524 Stamens 3. Flowers perfect, solitary. Stem leafy. MAYACACEiE, 526 Flowers perfect, capitate. Scape leafless. XYRIDACE^, 526 Stamens 3 or 4. Flowers monoecious, capitate. Scape leafless. ERIOCAULONACE^, 529 # « * Floivers glumaceoiis, i. e. with scale-like bracts, in place of proper floral envelopes. Bracts single. Slieaths closed. Fruit an aclienium. CYPERACE^E, 531 Bracts by pairs. Sheaths open. Fruit a caryopsis. GRAMINEjE, 573 Series II. CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS. Plants destitute of proper flowers, and producing, in place of seeds, minute bodies (spores) which do not contain an embryo. Class III. ACROGENS. Plants with a distinct stem containing woody and vascular tissue, growing from the apex only. Spores of only one kind. Sporangia borne beneath peltate scales in a terminal spike. Stem leafless. EQUISETACE^, 621 Sporangia borne on the back or margin of fronds circinate in vernation. FILICES, 622 Sporangia borne in spikes or panicles. Fronds not circinate. OPHIOGLOSSACEiE, 636 Sporangia solitary in the axils of small leaves. LYCOPODIACE.^, 638 Spores of two kinds, large or small. Sporangia solitary in the axils of small 4-ranked leaves. Stems branching. SELAGINELLAOE^, 639 Sporangia solitary in the dilated base of long clustered leaves. Stem corm-like. ISOETACE.E, 640 Sporangia enclosed in a peduncled sporocarp. Leaves 4-foliate. MARSILIACE^, 640 Sporangia enclosed in a sessile sporocarp beneath branching floating stems. SALVINIACE^, 641 FLORA OF THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES. SERIES I. PH.ENOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS. Vegetables furnished with flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and usually floral envelopes of some kind, and producing seeds which contain an embryo. Class L DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stem composed of bark and pith, which are separated by an interposed layer of woody fibre and vessels, and increas- ing in diameter, in all perennial stems, by the annual depo- sition of new layers between the wood and bark. Leaves reticulate-veined, commonly articulated with the stem. Floral • envelopes usually in fours or fives. Cotyledons two, rarely more. Subclass I. ANGIOSPEKM"^. Ovules enclosed in an ovary, and fertilized by the action of the pollen through the medium of a stigma. Cotyledons two. Division I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of separate petals. 1 2 UAXUNrULArK.lC. (cKOWKoOT I'AMII.V.) Oui>Ku 1. K^VNUNCULACE.l-:. (Ckowjuut Famu.v.) Chiefly lierbs, rarely shrubs (ir woody viiu's, with watery acrid juice. Leaves exstiinihite, ofteiier divided. Flowers liypoi^yuous, soiiietinies irregular. Sepals few or many, He])arate, ofteji colored. Petals com- monly as many as the sepals, and alternate with them, or wanting. Stamens mostly indefinite. Ovaries numerous and distinct, or few, or solitary, 1-celled. 1 -many-ovuled. Fruit dry or baccate. Seeds anat- ropous, with flesiiy or horny all)ujiien, and a miuute embryo Synopsis of the <«enera. ♦ Sepals valvate or with incurved luargius in tlie bud. Fruit an achenium. Tribe I. CLKMATIUKyE. Sepals colored. Petals none. Style persistent. — Chiefly vines, with opposite mostly teruately or pinnately divided leaves. 1. CLEMATIS. Flowers solitary or cymose, when vines climbing by the coiling tendril- form summit of the petiole. * * Sepals imbricated in the bud. Fruit an aeheuium. Tribe II. ANEMONE.E. Sepals colored. Petals none. — Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate or whorled, variously lobed or divided. 2. ANEMONE. Flowers solitary. Stem leaves wliorled, forming an involucre vinder the Hower. Achenia not ribbed nor inflated. 3. ANEMORELLA. Flowers umbelled. Stem leaves involucrate. Achenium ribbed. 4. THALICTRUM. Flowers corymbose or panicled. Leaves alternate. Aeheuium ribbed or inflated. 5. TRAUTVETTERIA. Flowers corymbose. Leaves alternate, lobed. Achenium 4- angled. Seed erect. Tribe III. RANUNCITLE^. Sepals mostly herbaceous. Petals manifest. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or corymbose. 6. MYOSURUS. Sepals .spurred at the base. Leaves radical. Scape l-flowered. 7. RANUNCULUS. Sepals spurless. Petals yellow or white, with a pit or scale at the base. Stem leafy. 8. ADONIS. Petals red, not pitted at the base. # * * Sepals imbricated in the bud. Fruit a follicle or berry. Tribe IV. HKL.L.EBOKINE.E. Sepals colored. Petals mostly irregular, or none. Fruit a 1 - many-seeded follicle. # Petals none. 9. CALTHA. Sepals yellow. Leaves entire. 10. ISOPYRUM. Sepals white. Leaves teruately divided. * « Petals 2 -10. 11. AQUILEGIA. Petals . 5, alike, hollow, spurred. Leaves compoundly divided. 12. DELPHINIUM. Outer sepal hollow, .spurred. Petals 4, unlike. Leaves lobed. 13. ACONITUM. Outer sepal large, hooded, enclosing the two stalked petals. 14. HELLEBORUS. Petals 8-10, small, tubular, '2-Iipped. Sepals regular. 1.'). COPTIS. Petals . 5 -G, thickened and hooded at the apex. Scape l-flowered. IG. ZANTHORHIZA. A shrub. Flowers regular, 5-petalled. Follicle 1-2-seeded. Tribe V. CIMICIFUGE^. Sepals colored. Petals small and flat, or none. Fruit a follicle or berry. — Leaves alternate. 17. HYDRASTIS. Petals none. Fruit baccate. — Stem l-flowered. 18. ACT.EA. Petals entire. Racemes short. Fruit a berry. 19. CIMICIFUGA. Petals 2-cleft. Racemes long. Fruit a follicle. EANUNCULACE^, (CROWFOOT FAMILV.) 3 1. CLEMATIS, L. Virgin's Bower. ^Sepals 4, petal-like, valvate or with incurved margins in the bud, decidu- ous. Petals none. Stamens indefinite. Ovaries numerous, capitate, 1-ovuled, forming acheuia in fruit, with the persistent styles in the form of long, mostly plumose tails. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs or woody vines, with op- posite entire or divided leaves, and single or cymose perfect or polygamous flowers. § 1. Flowers solitari) ; outer stamens petal-like, sterile; huds scaly. — Atkagene. 1. C. verticillaris, DC. Stem woody, climbing; leaves ternate, the stalked leaflets cordate-ovate ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, spreading, bright purple, 1'- U' long; sterile stamens spatulate ; tails of the achenia plumose. (Atragene Americana, Sims.) — Mountains of N. Carolina. April -]\Iay. § 2. Sterile stamens none ; buds not scuhj. — Clematis. * Flowers solitarij, perfect, nodding ; sepals thick, valvate ; stems herbaceous. -(— Stems erect, mostlii simple. 2. C. OChroleuca, Ait. Villous or silky-pubescent, rarely glabrous; stems rigid, 1° liigli ; leaves ovate or roundish, entire, reticulate, glabrate above; flower yellowish, 1' long ; tails of the villous achenia plumose. (C. ovata, Pursh, the smooth form.) — Rocky woods in the upper districts. May- June. 3. C. Baldwinii, Torr. & Gray. Stems slender, 1° - li° high, smoothish ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, entire or three-lobed ; peduncles 8' - 1 0' long ; flower purple ; tails of the achenia 2' - 3' long, plumose. — S. Florida. •(— H— Stems climbing ; leaves pinnately divided. 4. C. erispa, L. (Blub Jessamine.) Glabrescent ; leaflets 3-9, thin, ovate or oblong, lobed or entire, acute, or (in var. Walter!, Torr. Sj- Gray) lance- olate or linear ; calyx l'-2' long, pale purple ; sepals recurved or revolute and wavy-margined above the middle ; tails of the achenia stout, pubescent. — Marshes and wet banks, middle and lower districts. May - June. 5. C. Viorna, L. (Le.\ther-Floaver.) Smoothish; leaflets 5-7, thin, oval or ol)long-ovate, lobed or entire; calyx V long, ovate, reddish brown: sepals tapering into a short recurved point ; tails of the achenia plumose. — Woods and along rivers, rare in the lower districts. May- July. 6. C. reticulata, Walt. Smooth ; leaflets 7-9, coriaceous, oval, mostly entire, strongly reticulated ; calyx ovate, purple ; sepals spreading at the point; tails of the achenia long and slender, plumose. — Dry sandy soil, chiefly in lower districts. May - July. * * Flowers ci/mose, poli/gamo-diacious ; sepals tliin, spreading ; stems icoodij, climbing ; leaves ternately divided ; tails of the achenia plumose. 7. C. Virginiana, L. (Virgin's Bower.) Glabrate ; leaves ternate, the oblong or cordate-ovate leaflets 2' - 3' long, lobed or toothed ; cymes axillary, trichotomous, many-flowered ; sepals oblong, Y long, white or yellowish. — Eiver banks, chiefly in the upper districts. June - July. 4 KAXl'NC'ULACE.*:. (cHOW K()(»T lAMlLV.) 8. C. Catesbyana, I'lnsli. rnlKsccnt : leaves tiTiiato, (|ninate, or biter- natp ; lealiets ()\ale or omlate-ovate, usually ."Moljeii ; eyiiies few-Howereil, mostly coiiiiiouikI or jiuiiiik'tl ; He|ial8 white, toiiienlose. — Dry wiiiily soil near the coast. August. 2. ANEMONE, I.. Wim-Im...wi;r. Se])als 4 -."JO, eoloreil, imlniiated iu the liud, deeiduous. I'elals none. Stamens indetiuite, their filaments filiform. ( )varies mo.stly numerous. Ovule solitary. Aelu-nia even (not rihhed), capitate, comjiressed, jxiinted l»y the siiort persistent style. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs, with naked stems bearing at the summit 2- .5 op|)osite or whorleil leaves, whi'-li form an invo- lucre at the base of the I-Howered peilunde. Leaves lol)ed or divided. * Stem simple, \-JIli"'ri' rcmofe from the lomj-pfditncled floicer, lobed or divided. 3. A. nemorosa, L. (Wood Axemoxe.) I'ubescent ; stem 4' - 8' high from a slender scaly rootstock ; radical leaves (wanting on flowering ])lants) ternately divided, the wedge-slia])ed divisions lobed and toothed, or the lateral ones deeply 2-parted ( Var. (|uinquefolia), those of the involucre similar, longer than the petioles; sepals white, oval, or oblong, -J' long; achenia few, oblong, pubescent, pointed by the short hooked persistent style. — AVoodlands, moun- tains. March - April. 4. A. triflora, L. ? Divisions of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, entire, finely serrate, acute, equalling or shorter than tlie ))eti<)le ; aclienia numerous. — Mountains of Georgia. March. 5. A. Caroliniana, Walt. Stem 3' -lO' high, fromaglolmlar stolonifer- ous tulier; radical leaves ternately divided into linear toothed divisions ; in- volucre small, .se.«sile, 3 - 5-lobed ; peduncle long, pubescent; sepals 10-30, oblong-linear, white, the outer ones dotted with purjile ; achenia numerous in an oblong head, woolly. (A. heterophylla, .Y»^/., with coarser leaves and green- ish flowers.) — Dry woods, chiefly in the upper districts. March- April. * * Stem cymoselji branched, bearinq a 2-leaved involucel, and a single long- pediincled JInwer at each Joint. 6. A. Virginiana, L. (Wixd-Flowek.) Hirsute or villous. 2<^-30 high ; radical leaves long-petioled, broadly cordate, twice 3-lol)ed, the divis- ions acutely lobed and toothed ; involucres petioled, deeply 3-parted ; sepals 5, greenish, the two outer ones lanceolate, acute, tlie inner obovate ; achenia woolly, in an oblong head. — Dry woods in the up])er districts. July- Aug. KANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 5 3. ANEMONELLA, Spach. Rue-Anemone. Habit and flowers of Anemone, with the foliage of Thalictrum. Flowers umbelled. Style none. Acheuia few, smooth, oblong, strongly ribbed. 1. A. thalictroides, Spath. Glabrous, 6' -10' high, from clufitered tubers; leaves teruately compouud ; leaflets long-stalked, oval or roundish, cordate, shortly 3 - .5-lobed, of the involucre G -9 ; umbel 3 - 6-flowered ; seprls 6 - 10, oblong, white, 4" - 6" long. — Dry woods. April - May. 4. THALICTRUM, Touru. Meadow-Eue. Sepals 4-5, imbricated in tlie bud, colored, deciduous. Petals none. Sta- mens numerous. Ovaries 3-15, 1-ovuled. Achenia furrowed or inflated, pointed by the persistent stigma or short style. Seed suspended. — Perennial mostly glabous branching herbs, with alternate teruately compound leaves, and mostly diacious or polygamous small flowers. * Flowers diitcious or poli/guinous ; sepals s/iorier than tlie stamens ; stijle short; achenia ribbed. •i— Leaves 2-3-ternate, petioled ; leaflets roundish, eremite, ylaitcoKs ; anthers longer than the filaments ; achenia oval or oblong; pedicels long, axillari/ ; sepals greenish ; flowers dicecious. 1. T. debile, Buckley. Stem prostrate, 6' -12' long, from clustered tubers; pedicels mostly in pairs; stamens 10-15; acheuia 1-6, oblong. — Rocky woods, mountains of Georgia and Alabama. April- May. 2. T. dioicum, L. vStem erect, from a fibrous root ; pedicels 2 - 6 in a cluster; stamens 20 -30; achenia 4- 10, oval, sessile, or rarely stipitate. (Var. stipitatum, Torr. Sf- Graij). — Rocky woods, in the 'upper districts. March - April. H— -1— Lowest leaves petioled, decomponnd, the others sessile ; leaflets veri/ vari- able, entire or 3-lobed ; anthers shorter than the filaments; achenia acute; flowers panicled. 3. T. purpurascens, L. Stem .3° -5° high, generally purplish ; leaf- lets ovate or oblong, often cordate, strongly veined, 3-lobed or entire, mostly pubescent beneath ; flowers dioecious, greenish or purplish ; filaments long and drooping, slightly tliickened upwards ; anthers linear, mucronate. — Dry soil in the upper districts. July - August. 4. T. polygamum, Mulil. Like the la.st, but taller ; leaflets less strongly veined and thinner ; flowers polygamous, white ; filaments plainly thickened under the short oblong obtuse antliers. — Swamps and wet banks. July - August. * * Flowers perfect ; stigma sessile ; achenia stipitate, inflated, veiny ; flowers panicled; leaves petioled, hiternate. 5. T. Clavatum, DC. Stem l°-2°high, sparingly branched ; leaflets thin, obovate or rounded, 3-lobed ; panicle corymbose ; flowers white ; achenia 5-10, scimitar-shaped, short-pointed. (T. nadkuvle, Schweinitz.) — Moun- tains of X. Carolina. Julv. 6 EANUNCL'LACK-K. (o dry pine woods, W. Tloriila. 6. MYOSURUS, L. Mouse-Tail. Sepals 5-7, imhricated, spurred at the hase. Petals 5-7, lincar-spatulate. Stamens 5 - 20. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled. Aeiicnia 3-augled, imhrieated on tlie spike-like receptacle. Seed suspended. Small annuals, witji line:ir radical leaves, and a small yellowish flower on a naked scape. 1. M. minimus, I.^- Scape 2' -6' long, longer than the leaves; aciienia beakles.s. — Angii.-ia, Georgia ; Js:i.shville, Teuncssee. 7. RANUNCUIiUS, L. Crowfoot, Bltterclp. Sepals .3-5, regular, herbaceous, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 3- 10, with a pit or scale at the narrowed base. Stamens mostly numerous. Ovaries few or numerous, 1-ovuled. Achenia capitate, compressed, mostly beaked bv the short persistent style. Seed erect. — Herbs. Leaves alternate, the lowest petioled. Flowers axillary or corymbose, white or yellow. § 1. Petals with a pit at tin- base, iclu'te ; achenia rugose. 1. R. aquatilis, L. var. trichophyllus, Gray. Aquatic, filiform, immersed; leaves ]jetioled, divideil into very numerous capillary segments; peduncles opposite the leaves. — Slow-flowing streams in the upper districts, Pnrsh. June - August. § 2. Petals )/ellow, u'ith a small scale at the base. * Achevia viuricate ; annuals. {Introduced.) 2. R. parviflorus, L. Softly villous, much branched, P - 1° high : lower leaves round-cordate, 3-lobed, toothed, the upper 3-parted or entire ; flowers small ; petals 3 - 5, as long as the sepals ; styles recurved. — Roadsides and waste ground. April - ^Nlay. 3. R. murieatus, L. Nearly glabrous; stem 1°-U° high; petals 5, longer than the sejjals ; styles straight; achenia strongly margined; other- wise like the preceding. — Wa.ste grouud, Charleston (Elliott). April - May. * * Achetiia smooth ; chiefli/ perennials.^ H- Leaves undivided, denticulate or entire, lanceolate, the lower broader and petioled ; flowers small. 4. R. ambigens, Watson. Stem 10-2° long, ascending, rooting at the lower joints ; flowers 3"- 5'' wide, the petals longer than the calyx ; achenia tumid, slender-beaked. (R. alisma-folius, Grai/.) — Wet banks, chiefly in the upper (li.WKf>OT FAMII.V.) 14. R. bulbosus, I-. Sti'iii erect finm a soli. I hull.; leaves pimiately diviileil ; H()\voi*s large (T wide) ; adieiiia pninted with a sliort cui-ved lieuk. — N. Carolina. Introduced. 1"). R. acris, L., and of the l.st edition, i.-< jirobaldv not jicrniaiiently established within my limits. 8. ADONIS, L. riii:.vsANT's Eve. Differ.^ from the incceding mainly in the ab.sence of a pit (jr scale at the base of the j)etals, the spike-like arrangement of the achenia, and in the ])in- uate division of the lea\es. 1. A. autumnalis, L. Annual; leaves finely dissected; petals 6-8, crimson. — New Urleans. Introduced. 9. CALTHA, L. ^Mahsii Mahk-old. Sepals 4-10, regular, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals noue. IStamens numerous. Ovaries 5- 15, forming numy-seeded follicles iu fruit. Stigma sessile. — Perennial smooth herb.s, with corilate or renifurm undivided leaves, and showy yellow flowers. I. C. palustl'is, L. Stem furrowed, simple or l)ranched, 6'- 10' high; leaves long -petioled, or the upper sessile, entire, crenate, or sharjily denticu- late, 2' - G' wide ; flowers single or corymbose, long-jjcduncled ; follicles spread- ing. — Marshes, N. Carolina {I/ijams), Tennessee [Gattinyer). 10. ISOPYRUM, L. Sepals 5-6, regular, colored, deciduous. Petals none, or 5 and minute. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 2-20. Ovules few or many, in 1-2 rows. Style short, subulate. Follicles sessile. Seed horizontal. — Low and tender perennial herbs, with alternate teruately divided leaves, and solitary white flowers. 1. I. biternatum, Torr. & Gray. Stem 6'- 12' high, from fibrous tuber-bearing roots; radical leaves biternate, long-petioled ; stem leaves ter- nate. nearly sessile ; leaflets ovate and obovate, obtusely 3-lobed ; petals none ; follicles 1-5, 2-seeded. — Shaded cliffs of the Chipola Kiver, W. Florida, Alabama {E. A. Smith). March -April. 11. AQUILEGIA, L. Columhine. Sepals 5, regular, coloreil, deciduous. Petals 5, prolonged downward into hollow spurs. Filaments long, filiform. Follicles 5, connivent, many-seeded, tipped with the long filiform persistent styles. — Erect branching herbs, with alternate 2 - 3-ternate leaves, and showy nodding .solitary flowers. 1. A. Canadensis, L. Stem l°-.3° high, smooth or slightly pubescent; radical leaves biternate, the leaflets roundish, crenately lobed ; flowers scarlet stamens and .styles exserted. — Rocky woods, chiefly iu the upjjer districts. April- May. RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 12. DELPHINIUM, L. Larkspur. Sepals 5, irregular, colored, the upper oue prolonged backward iuto a hollow spur. Petals 4, and separate, or 2 and united, the 2 upper with spurs which are received in the spur of the sepal. Ovaries 1-5. Follicles many-seeded. — Erect herbs, with alternate palmately divided leaves, and showy flowers in terminal racemes. * Petals 4 ; follicles 3. Perennial. 1. D. exaltatum, Ait. Stem 2° -4° high, branching and hairy above; leaves 4'- 6' wide, the divisions lanceolate or oblong ; racemes man v- flowered ; flowers blue; spur straiglit, rather longer than the calyx; follicles erect. — Mountains of Alabama to N. Carolina. June - August. 2. D. azureum, Michx. Stem mostly simple, downy, l°-2° high; leaves 2' -3' wide, the divisions linear ; racemes many-flowered; flowers blue; spur curved, twice as long as the calyx ; follicles erect. — Light soil in the middle and upper districts. May -June. 3. D. trieorne, Michx. Stem smoothish, 1°- U° high from small clus- tered tubers; leaves 2' -3' wide, with oblong-linear divisions; racemes many- flowered, the pedicels shorter than the deep-blue flowers; s])ur straight, equalling the calyx ; follicles arcuate spreading. — Mountains of Georgia and Tennessee. Ajiril - May. 4. D. virescens, Nutt. ? Stem downy, slender, 6'- 10' high; leaves 1' wide ; racemes 3 - 6-flowered, the pedicels longer than the yellowish white flowers ; spur longer than the caly.x. curved at the summit ; follicles arcuate- spreading. — Valley of the Coosa Kiver, Georgia. May -June. * * Petals 2, and united ; follicles single. Annual. 5. D. COnsolida, L- Smooth; divisions of the leaves narrow-linear; flowers white or various shades of blue or purple ; follicle glabrous. — Grain- fields and around homesteads. Introduced. 13. ACONITUM, L. Monkshood, Wolfsbane. Sepals 5, irregular, colored, tlie uppermost large, helmet-shaped, the 2 lat- eral large and rounded, the lower oblong. Petals 2 or 5, the 2 upper long- stalked, produced backward into a short spur, the three lower minute or wanting. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 2-5. Follicles many-seeded. Seed rugose. — Perennial herbs, with alternate palmately dissected leaves, and racemose showy flowers. 1. A. uncinatum, L. Stem slender, 2° -6° long; leaves 3 - 5-cleft, the ovate-lanceolate lobes coarsely toothed; raceme few-flowered; sepals blue, the upper helmet-shaped. — Mountains of N. Carolina. June- August. 2. A. reclinatum. Gray. Stem reclining, 4° -8° long; leaves deeply 3 - 7-clef t, the cuneate lobes acutely toothed ; racemes few - many-flowered ; sepals white, the upper long-conical. — Mountains of N. Carolina. July - August. Ill KAXr.NCL'LACE.E. (CUOWKOOT FAMILY.) 14. HELLEBORUS, 1-. IIki.i.iik.kk. Sepals ;'), nuiiHled, jicrfisteiit. Petals 8-10, very small, tiilmlai, 2-li]»|ifii. Stainoiis iiuiiu'niiis. Fullick's 3-10, coriaceims, iiian\ -sueilod. — IViTiiuial hcrlis, with ](almatc' nr pcilate leaves, aud solitary iioddinjj flowers. I. H. viridis, I.. Sicm l°-2°liigli; lowest leaves jiedate, lon^'-jietiuled, the U|iiier palmate and uearly sessile, the divisions lanreolate ; sej)als oval, green; follicles obloug. — N. Carolina (JJijains). Intiudueed. 15. COPTIS, Salisb. GoLU-TiiKiiAD. Sepals 5-6, colored, regular, deciduous. Petals 5-6, thickened aud hooded at the apex. Stamens numerous. Follicles 3- 10, long-sti])itate (as if umbellate), ixdnted with the hooked style, few-.^ecded. — Perennial smooth herbs, with teruately divided leaves, aud 1 -4 small flowers at the summit of a uaked scape. 1. C. trifolia, Salisb. Scape 4' -6' high, from a slender yellow root- stock, 1 dowered; leaves persistent, trifoliolate, long-petioled, the leaflets obovate and slightly lobed ; flowers white. — Mountains of E. Tennessee {Gat- linger). June. 16. ZANTHORHIZA, Marshall. Ylllow Root. Sepals 5, regular, colored, deciduous. Petals 5, small, gland-like, 2-lobed. Stamens 5- 10. Ovaries 5- 10, 2-ovuled. Style .subulate, incurved, at length dorsal. Follicles sessile. Seed solitary, susjiended. — A smooth slender shrub, 2° -3° high, with yellow roots. Leaves pinnate, long-petioled, the 3-5 ovate leaflets lobed and toothed. Flowers iu slender compound racemes, appearing before the leaves, dark purple. 1. Z. apiifolia, L'Herit. — Shady banks, chiefly in the upper districts. March- A])ril. 17. HYDRASTIS, L. Golden Se.al. Sepals 3, ovate, colored, caducous. Petals none. Stameus numerous. Ovaries 12-20, fleshy, 2-ovuled, ri])ening into a head of 1 -2-seeded crimson berries. — Stem 1° high, from a thick knotted rootstock, 2-leaved, l-flowered; leaves palniately 5-7-lobed, toothed and serrate, the lower ])etioled, the upper sessile under the short-stalked greenish white flower. 1. H. Canadensis, L. — liidi oj)en woods. Mountains of Georgia, and northward. May. 18. ACTJEA, L. Bani-rerry. Sepals 3-5, ovate, colored, caducous. Petals 4-10, eutire. Stamens nu- merous. Ovary solitary, 1-celled, ripening into a many-seeded berry. — Per- ennial herbs. Stem simple, bearing one or two large 2-3 teruately coinpnund leaves, and a single oval or oblong raceme of small white flowers. 1. A. alba, Bigel. (White Cohosh.) Smooth or nearly so, 2° high; leaves mostlv 2, long-petioled, the ovate leaflets acutely toothed ; raceme long-peduncled, the pedicels in fruit thick and red; berry white —Rocky woods. Mountains of Georgia, and northward. jNIay. MAGNOLIACE^. (mAGJVOLIA FAMILY.) 11 2. A. spicata, L., var. rubra, Ait. (Red Cohosh.) Like the pie- ced iug, but the pedicels not thickeued in fruit, aud the berries cherry-red. — Tennessee. May. 19. CIMICIFUGA, L. BuGBANE. Sepals 4-5, ovate, colored, caducous. Petals 1-8, 2-lobed. Stamens very numerous, the filiform filaments elongated. Ovaries 1-8, 1-celled, ripening iuto many-seeded follicles. — Tall perennial herbs, with large ternately com- pound leaves, and long slender racemes of white fiowers. * Ovary mostly siiu/le ; stigma large, depressed ; seeds horizontal, smooth. 1. C. raoemosa, EU. (Black Sxakeroot.) Stem 4° -8° high; leaves 3-ternate, the ovate or ovate-lanceolate leaflets sharply toothed and serrate ; racemes 6'- 12' long, mostly branched, downy ; follicles ovate, sessile on the pedicel. — Rich shady woods in the upper districts. * * Ovaries 3-%; stigma minute ; seeds vertical, chaffy. 2. C. Americana, Michx. Stem 30-4° high; leaves 3-ternate ; leaflets ovate, sharply toothed and serrate, the terminal one 3-lobed ; racemes some- what pauicled ; follicles 3^5, compressed, obovate-obloug, short- stipitate. Mountains of N. Carolina. June- July. 3. C. COrdifolia, Pursh. Stem 2° -3° high; leaves 2-ternate, ovate or cordate-ovate, 2 - 3-lobed, toothed and serrate ; racemes long, panicled ; fol- licles 2-3, oblong, sessile. — High mountains of N. Carolina. Rare. June- July. Order 2. MAGNOLIACE^. (Magxolia Family.) Aromatic trees or shrubs, with simple alternate leaves, and regular hypogj-nous flowers. — Sepals and petals mostly alike, imbricated in three or more rows in the bud. Stamens distinct or united. Anthers adnata. Ovaries numerous, imbricated or whorled, 1 - 2-ovuled. Fruit fleshy, baccate, or samara-like, distinct, or in cone-like heads. Seed dry or baccate. Embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. Suborder I. "WINTERED. Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous, separate. Ovaries in a single wliorl, 1-ovuled, becoming coriaceous follicles in fruit. — Erect shrubs. Leaves entire. Stipules none. 1. ILLICIUM. Leaves evergreen. Flowers nodding. Suborder II. SCHIZANDRE.^. Flowers monoecious. Stamens united. Ovaries imbricated in a head, 2-ovuled, becoming scattered berries in fruit. — Climbing shrubs. Leaves deciduous, often toothed. Stipules none. 2. SCHIZANDRA. Stamens .5, united into a 5-lobed disk. Suborder in. MAGNOLTE.^i;. Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous, separate. Ovaries imbricated in a head, 2-ovuled. Fruit fleshy or somewhat woody, in cone- like heads or spikes. — Chieiiy trees. Leaves entire. Stipules large. .3. MAGNOLIA. Fruit fleshy, dehiscent, persistent on the receptacle. Anthers intror^e. 4. LIRIODENDRON. Fruit woody, indehiscent, samara-like, deciduous. Anthers extrorse. IL* MAONOLIACK.E. (mAUXULIA IA.MILV.) 1. ILLICIUM, L. Amsi-tkkk. Flowers jiorfcrt. Srpiils '.i or (>. IVtals l(-.'J(i, sjircjidiiifi. StamciiH uu- iiifroiis. Aiiiliers iiitrorsc. iMillicles 6 or iiiuro, in :i sinj^lc whorl, coriaceous, at Ifimtli 2 valvcil, l-sietled. Seed asceiiiling. — Smooth iinise-sceiited shrubs, witli entire exstijdilate ever^ri-en leaves. I'ediinclcs from terminal lunis, 1-Howered, noddinj;. 1. I. Floridanum, Kllis. Shrul> G°- 10° liiraiiclie», wlnn yf Drusera. Leaves spreading, on broadlv winged spatnlate petioles, with the limb orbicular, notched at both ends, and fringed on the margins with stnmg bristles; sensitive ! Flowers iu a terminal umbel-like cyme, white, bracted. 1. D. muscipula, Ellis. — Sandy bogs near the coast, North Carolina and the adjacent parts of South Carolina. April -May. — Scape 1° high, 8- 10-flowered. Flowers 1' wide. — F^or an interesting account of this re- markable plant, see Curtis's Plants of Wilmington, in the Boston Journal of Natural History, Vol. I., 1834. Ordkr 9. PAPAVERACEiE. (Poppy Family-.) Herbs, with colored juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and regular hypogynous flowers. — Sepals 2-3, caducous. Petals 4-12, imbri- cated, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Anthers introrse. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded, with parietal placentae. Embryo minute, at the base of oily or fleshy albumen. 1. ARGEMONE, L. Mkxicax Poppy. Sepals 2-3, hooded or horned. Petals 4-8. Stigmas sessile. Capsule oval, hispid, the 3 - 6 valves separating at the top from the persistent placentae. Seed globular, pitted, crestless. — Glaucous herbs, with yellow juice, sessile pinnatifiil l)ristly leaves, and showy white or yellow flowers. 1. A. Mexieana, L. Annual, hispid, l°-3° high, branching; leaves blotclicd with white ; flowers large and white, or smaller and yellow ; calyx hispid. — Waste ground. Introduced. 2. STYLOPHORUM, Nutt. Yellow Poppt. Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Style conspicuous. Capsule oval, bristly, the 3-4 valves separating from the base from the persistent placenta. Seed FUMARIACE^. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 21 crested. — Perennial herbs, with yellow juice, 1 - 2-piunatifid leaves, and showy loug-peduucled yellow flowers. 1. S. diphyllum, Nutt. Stem 1°- 1^° high ; leaves petioled, 5- T-loted ; peduncles terminal, single or clustered; flowers 1' wide, bright yellow. — Rich woods. Tennessee. 3. CHELIDONIUM, L. Celandine. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule linear, 2-valved. Seed crested. — Herbs, with yellow juice, pinnately divided leaves, and small yel- low umbelled flowers. 1. C. majUS, L. Glabrous, branching, l°-2° high; divisions of the leaves lobed and toothed; umbel peduucled, 4-flowered ; capsule knotty. — Waste groimd. Introduced. 4. SANGXJINARIA, L. Puccoon, Bloodroot. Sepals 2. Petals 8-12. Stigmas 2. Capsule 2-valved, the valves separat- ing from the filiform persistent placentiE. Seeds crested. — A stemless peren- nial herb, with orange-colored juice. Rhizoma thick. Leaves reniform, with 5-7 wavy or toothed lobes. Flowers white, solitary at the summit of the naked scape, fugacious. 1. S. Canadensis, L. — Rich woods, Florida and northward. March. — Scape 4' - 6' high. Flowers 1' wide, apj^eariug with the leaves. Order 10. FUMARIACE^. (Fumitory Family.) Smooth herbs with watery juice, alternate compound dissected leaves, without stipules, and irregular flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4; the two outer or one of them spurred or gibbous at the base ; the two inner callous at the apex, and cohering over the stigma. Stamens 6, commonly united in two sets of three each, placed opposite the outer petals, lijijogynous : anther of the middle stamen 2-celled, of the lat- eral ones 1-celled. Capsule 1-celled and 2-valved, with two parietal placentfB, or 1-seeded and indehiscent. Embryo minute in fleshy albumen. 1. ADLUMIA, Raf. Climbing Fumitory. Petals united, free at the summit, the two outer gibbous at the base. Fila- ments united. Stigma 2-crested. Capsule linear-oblong, 4 - 8-seeded. Seed reniform, crestless. — A smooth biennial vine. Leaves 3-pinnate, Avith ten- dril-like petioles. Flowers purplish, in axillary drooping panicles. 1. A. cirrhosa, Raf. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. — Stem climbing high. Leaflets thin, obovate, 2 - 3-lobed. Corolla thick and spongy. 2. DICENTRA, Bork. Dutchman's Breeches. Petals connivent but scarcely united, the two outer spurred or gibbous at the base, the inner ^rested. Filaments slightly united in two sets. Stigma V .^ 22 FUMARIACE-IC. (kUMITOUY FAMILY.) 2-orcsted. Capsule 10-20-scc(ic(l. Seed crostod. — Stemless herbs, from creejiiiij!; or gnuiular rootstucks, with teriiiitcly divided lt)iif;-])etiijloiig. crested, golden yellow, and the spar mostly longer tlien the short pedicel ; later ones short and few-flowered, these very small and fertilized in the bud ; capsule erect-spreading, even ; seed smooth, turgid. — (C. aurea, var. australis, S. Fl.) — Cultivated ground in the lower districts. April- May. 3. C. flavula, D.C. Stem slender, 5'- 10' high ; leaf-lobes small and acute; racemes fow-flowered; corolla 3" -4" long, pale yellow, crested ; the short spur much shorter than the pedicel ; capsule slightly torulose, spread- ing or drooping ; seed rugose-reticulate, the margins acute. — Dry woods in the upper districts. May - June. 4. PUMARIA, L. FtMiTORY. Posterior petal spurred, united l)elow with the two inner ones. Stamen united in two sets of three each. Style deciduous. Fruit glolmlar, 1 -seeded, indehiscent ; jfeeds crestless. — Tender branching annuals, with finely dis- sected leaves, and small flowers iu lateral or terminal racemes. 1. P. ofiB.Cinalis, L. Leaves bipinnately divided, the narrow lobes widening upwards ; racemes many-flowered ; sepals sharp]}- toothed ; petals flesh-color, tipped with crimson. — Waste places, sparingly introduced. CRUCIFEB^. (mustard FAMILY.) 23 Order 11. CRUCIFER^:. (Mustard Family.) Herbs with pungent watery juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and regular hypogenous racemose or corymbose bractless flowers. Fruit a silique or silicle. — Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, regular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs forming a cross. Stamens 6 (rarely fewer) , two of them shorter. Capsule 2-celled by a membranaceous partition which unites the two marginal placentae, from which the two valves separate at maturity, or indehiscent and nut-like, or separating into 1-seeded joints. Seeds campylotropous, without albumen, filled with the large embryo, which is cui'ved or folded in various ways, or straight only in Leavenworthia. (The genera are distinguished chiefly by the fruit and seed ; the flowers being nearly similar throughout the order.) Synopsis. I. SILIQUOS^E. Fruit a silique, few- many-seeded. * Cotyledons flattened, parallel with the partition, one edge applied to the ascending radicle {accumbent). -I— Valves of the fruit nerveless. 1. NASTURTIUM. Silique short, nearly terete. Seeds in two rows in each cell. 2. CARD AMINE. Silique linear, compressed. Seeds wingless, in a single row. 3. DENTARIA. Silique lanceolate, compressed. Seeds wingless, in a single row. 4. LEAVENWORTHIA. Silique oblong. Seeds winged. Embryo straight. •t- -I— Valves of the fruit 1-nerved. 5. ARABIS. Silique linear, elongated : valves flattened. 6. lODANTHUS. Silique nearly terete : valves convex. Flowers purple. 7. BARBAREA. Silique terete or 4-sided. Seed wingless. Flowers yellow. * * Cotyledons flat, with one edge turned toward the partition, and the back of one of them applied to the ascending radicle (incumbent'). 8. SISYMBRIUM. Silique sessile, nearly terete. 9. WAREA. Silique stalked, compressed. Petals on long claws. 10. ERYSIMUM. Silique 4-angled, valves keeled. Leaves entire. Flowers yellow. 11. HESPERIS. Silique nearly terete. Seeds triangular. Leaves toothed or serrate. 12. SINAPIS. Silique beaked. Seeds globular. Cotyledons folded. II. SILICULOS.E. Fruit a silicle. * Silicle compressed parallel with the broad partition, or globular. H— Cotyledons accumbent. 13. DR.^BA. Silicle oval or oblong, many-seeded : valves 1-3 nerved. 14. LESQUERELLA. Silicle orbicular, few-seeded : valves nerveless : flowers yellow. 15. ALYSSUM. Silicle orbicular, 2- 4-seeded : flowers white. -1— -1— Cotyledons incumbent. 16. CAMELINA. Silicle obovoid : valves l-nerved. * * Silicle compressed contrary to the narrow partition. Cotyledons incumbent, rarely accumbent. 17. SENEBIERA. Valves of the silicle globular, rugose : seeds solitary. 18. LEPIDIUM. Valves of the silicle boat-shaped : seeds solitary. 19. CAPSELLA. Valves of the silicle boat-shaped : seeds numerous. III. LOMENTACEyE. Fruit separating transversely into joints. 20. CAKILE. Fruit 2-jointed. 24 CRUCIFERiE. (mustard FAMILY.) 1. NASTURTIUM, H. IW. \Vater-Cbe88. Sili(|ue nearly tereU', linear or oblong, or siiort and silicic-like, usually curved ui)\vard ; the valves nerveless. Seeds numerous, small, in two rows in each cell, not marj^ined. Cotyledons accumbent. — Herbs. Leaves pinuately lobed. Flowers white or yellow, small. * Petals yellow, minute (except No. 6). 1. N. tanacetifolium, Hook. & Am. Stems diffuse, 6'- 12' long; leaves bii)iuiiaiili(l, tlie lobes toothed ; silique oblong-linear, twice as long as the pedicel. — Ditches and wet ground in the lower districts. May- June. •2. N. sessiliflorum, Nutt. Stem erect, branching, 10-2° high; leaves obloiig-uhovate, jiiiiiiatilid towards the base, tuutlied above; silicjue linear- oblong ; nearly sessile ; style short and thick. — Wet ground. South Carolina, Tennessee, and westward. May -June. 3. N. palustre, DC. Smooth or hairy ; stem erect, 1°- 3° high, branch- ing; leaves i)iniiatifid, the lobes oblong, tootlied ; silicjue short, ovate or oblong-ovate, barely half as long as the spreading pedicel ; style slender. — "Wet ground, chiefly in the upper districts. 4. N. obtUSUm, Nutt. Low and spreading ; leaves pinnatifid, the ob- long or rounded lobes sparingly tootlied ; silicjue oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the slender pedicel. — Banks of the Mississippi. 5. N. limosutn, Nutt. "Very smooth; leaves lanceolate, laciniately pinnatifid towards the base, nearly entire above, or angularly toothed, the lobes serrate or entire ; pedicels much shorter than the short silique ; stigma nearly sessile." — New Orleans (Nuttall). 6. N. sylvestre, E. Br. Stem ascending ; leaves pinnately divided into narrow toothed lo])es ; silique linear, mostly shorter than the slender pedicel ; style very short ; petals yellow, longer than the calyx. — New Orleans. Litroduced. * * Petals white, consjiicuous. 7. N". oflSclnale, K. Br. (Water-Cress.) Stems spreading and root- ing; leaves ]iinnate, the oblong or roundish lohes nearly entire ; .silique lin- ear, curved, longer than the spreading pedicel. — Cool springs and branches. Litroduced. 8. N. lacustre, Gray. Aquatic; stem 2° -3° long; immersed leaves pinnately divided into indefinite capillary segments, deciduous ; the emerged ones oblong ; sili(iue obovate, shorter than the pedicel ; style shorter than the ovary. — In a cool sjjring, Marianna, Florida, and New Orleans. Rare. 2. CARDAMINE, L. Silique linear flattened, the valves veinless, usually opening elastically from the base. Seeds wingless, disposed in a single row in each cell and sus- pended by a filiform stalk. Cotyledons accumbent. — Tender, mostly smooth herbs, with usually pinnately divided leaves, and white flowers. CRUCIFEK^. (mustard FAMILY.) 25 * Leaves entire : /lowers conspicuous : perennials. 1. C. rotundifolia, DC. Koot fibrous : stem simple, 6' - 12' high, soon bearing from the root or upper axils loug and leafy ruuuers ; leaves oval or roundish, with wavy or toothed margius, the lowest long-petioled ; silique subu- late ; seeds oval. — Cool springs. Mountains of North Carolina. June - July. 2. C. rhomboidea, DC. Root tuberous; stem without runners, 12'- 18' high ; lower leaves ronnd-cordate, petioled, the upper oblong-ovate, toothed, sessile ; silique fusiform ; seed roundish. — Wet springy places, chiefly iu the upper districts. May. * * Leaves pinnatelji divided : flowers small : annuals. 3. C. hirsuta, L. Smooth or hairy; stems branching, ^°-2° high; leaves piunate, the leaflets varying from oval to linear, toothed or entire ; silique narrow-linear, erect ; seeds minute, oval. — Wet ground, sometimes in dry soil. April - May. 4. C. Clematitis, Shutthv. Smooth, 6'- 12' high; leaves broadly 3- lobed and toothed, the lowest reniform, entire ; racemes short ; silique narrow- linear, compressed, tipped with tlie slender style. — Cool shaded banks, mountains of North (yarolina. July. 5. C (?) CUrvisiliqua, Shuttlw. Stem erect from the creeping base, 6'- 12' high, branching ; leaves pinnate, the leaflets few, oblong, the terminal one larger, oval or obovate ; racemes at length elongated ; silique subterete, incurved, the valves finely veined ; tipped with the short thick style ; seeds wingless, oval, emarginate. Wet places, ditches, etc. Florida. 3. DENTARIA, L. Toothwort. Silique linear. Seeds ovate, in a single row in each cell, on a flattened stalk, not margined. Style slender. — Perennial smooth herbs, erect from a fleshy rootstock, the simple stem bearing at the summit 2-3 palmately divided leaves, and a single long-peduncled raceme of large white or purple flowers. Eadical leaves mostly separate and solitary. * Rootstock continuous : flowers white. 1. D. diphylla, Michx. Stem 6'- 9' high; leaves 2, temate, long- petioled ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed, of the radical leaf ovate or roundish. — Rich woods. Mountains. April. 2. D. multifida, Muhl. Stem slender, 6' -12' high; leaves ternate, leaflets divided into tliree simple or pinnately parted linear entire segments. — Rocky woods in the upper districts. April. * * Rootstock jointed : floweis mostly purple. 3. D. laciniata, Muhl. (Pepper-root.) Stem 4'- 12' high ; leaves usu- ally 3, 3 - 5-nate ; leaflets varying from oblong to linear, coarsely and sharply toothed or lobed ; the radical similar. — Rich woods in the middle and upper districts. March. 4. D. heterophylla, Nutt. Stem 6' - 1 2' high ; leaves mostly 2, small (1' or less), ternate, the leaflets lanceolate or linear, entire; radical leaves with large ovate crenately toothed leaflets. — Rich woods in the upper dis- tricts. March. 2G CEUCIFER.E. (MUSTAKD FAMILY.) 4. LEAVENWORTHIA, Torn Silique oblong or oblong-linear, compressed, often contracted between the seeds. Seed.s in a single row in eadi cell, orbicular, flat, winged. Embryo straight or nearly so. — Small annual or biennial lierb.s, with short 1 - few- Howercii steins, pinnatitid leaves, and yellow, white, or ])iir])lish (lowers, on elongatelir). 2. CLEOME, L. Petals long-clawed, nearly equal, entire. Stamens 6, the filaments distinct, Stigma sessile. Ca])sule sili(iue-like, stipitate, or nearly sessile, many-seeded. — Chiefly annuals, with jjalmately 3 - 7-1'oliolate leaves with .spiny .stipules, or none, and racemose bracted flowers. 1. C. pungens, Willd. Clammy-pubescent; leaves 5 - 7-foliolate, the leaflets lanceolate ; bracts cordate ; flowers purple ; capsule shorter than the elongated stipe. — Waste ground. Introduced. — Stem 2° -4° high. 3. GYNANDROPSIS, DC. Like the preceding, but the filaments partly aduate to the stipe of the ovary. 1. G, pentaphylla, DC. Stem 2° -3° high; leaves 3 - 5-foliolate, the leaflets oblong obovate ; flowers white ; cap.sule hispid. — Waste ground. Introduced. 4. CAPPARIS, L. C.\PER-TREE. Sepals partly united, often with a gland at the base. Petals imbricated. Stamens numerous. Stigma sessile. Fruit mostly silique-like, stipitate, many-seeded. — Shrubs or trees, with simple entire coriaceous leaves, spiny or aduate stipules, and mostly showy flowers. 1. C. Jamaicensis, Jacq. Leaves elliptical, the lower surface, like the liranches and iuflorescence, covered with minute scales ; peduncles 2- flowered ; sepals ovate, valvate, about half the length of the white petals ; stamens 16-32, villous at the base ; capsule dry. — Keys of South FluriUHplcuous : slumcns iiiJeJinitc : ctijiside mnnji -seeded. 1. H. Carolinianum, Mic-lix. Hirsute; Iciives Iaiic-CM)l.ite, (li'iiticuljitts acute, sliort-pctioled, tlie lowest obovale, crowileil ; flowers larj^e, solitarv, borue above tbe axils. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Nortli Carolina aurl west- ward. March- April. — Stems G'- 12' high, asceuding from a shrubby base. Flowers 1' wide. 2. H. Georgianura,n.sp. Tomentosa; .stem 6' -9' liigli, miicli branched from near the base ; leaves lanceolate, flat, or tbe margins sliglitly revolute, 6" -9" long; flowers all single and opjjosite the leaves, or the uppermost racemose, the slender pedicels 2-3 times as long as the calyx ; petals 3" -4" lonj^. — Fields and pastures. Baiubridge, Georgia, Mobile (Mofir). May- June. 3. H. arenicola, Cliapm. Hoary; leaves sma'l, lanceolate, obtu.se, entire, witii till' sides revolute ; flowers solitary, or 2-4 in terminal umliellate clus- ters, on slender pedicels. — Drifting sands near the coast. West Florida. March - April. — Stems slirnliby and Itraiiched at the base, all but the short (2' -6') flowering steins Imried in tlie sand. Flowers ^' wide. « * Flowers of two kinds : the earliest as in the last section, the later ones smaller, clustered, with smalt petals, or none, fewer stamens, and few- seeded capsules, 4. H. COrymbOSUm, Michx. Tomentose and hairy ; stems erect, shrubby at the base ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, entire, hoary beneath, with the sides revolute ; flowers neai'ly sessile in a cymose cluster at the summit of the stem, the earlier ones long-peduucled ; sepals woolly. — Dry sands near the coast, Florida to North Carolina. April. — Stems 1° high. Capsule smooth. 5. H. Canadense, Michx. Stem soon branching above, tomentose, and sparsely pilose ; leaves lanceolate, mostly obtuse, short-petioled, rather sca- brous above, canescent-tomentose beneath, the margins revolute; j)rimary flowers large (V wide), solitary, the calyx pilose, later ones very small, clus- tered, tomentose. — Dry soil in the middle districts. April. — Stem 6' -12' high Leaves 9" - 1 2" long. 6. H. rosmarinifolium, Pursh. Tomentose ; stem strictly erect, sim- ple below, witli sliort flowering branches above, 10'- 15' high; loaves linear, 1' long, the margins revolute ; earlier flowers single, long-pedicelled, ^' wide, ""the later in axillary clusters, i" long. — Louisville, Georgia (.1/. //. Hopkins, whose ol)servations on this genus have afforded me valuable aid). 2. LECHEA, L. Pinweed. Petals 3, persistent, not longer than the sepals. Stamens 3-12. Stig- mas 3, plumose, sessile. Capsule oval or globose, 3-valved, incompletely 3-celled, 3 - 6-seeded. Embryo slightly curved. — Perennial herbs branching above, and later at the base in the form of barren leafy shoots, witb entire leaves, and small mostly greenish flowers in panicled bracted racemes. CISTACE^. (rock-rose FAMILY.) 37 § 1. PlacenUe fragile, separating from the paiiitiuns, and ivrapped around the seeds. — Lechea. * Leaves of the barren shoots oblong or oval. 1. L. major, Michx. Stem 1° - 2° higli, the branches and barren shoots villous ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, the lower and those on the barren shoots op- posite or whorled ; racemes short, closely 2 - 6-flowered, these longer than their pedicels. — Dry light soil. Common. 2. L. thymifolia, Michx. Stem l°-2° high, the erect branches very numerous and leafy ; leaves lanceolate, of the barren shoots elliptical, ojjposite or whorled ; racemes leafy, 3- 5-flov/ered; outer sepals longer than the ovoid capsule. — Dry saiidy soil. July. 3. L. racemulosa, Michx. Stem l°-2° high, the slender branches spreading ; leaves alternate, linear ; of the barren shoots oblong ; racemes very slender, partly bractless, 3 - 6-fiowered ; outer sepals shorter than the oblong capsule. — South Carolina and westward. July. 4. L. patula, Leggett. Stems 6' -12' high, widely branched; leaves linear, 2" -3" long, of the ascending barren shoots oblong; racemes short, 2 - .5-flowered ; flowers very small, diojcious ; sepals equal ; capsule 1-seeded. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. August. * * Leaves of the ban-en shoots linear. 5. L. tenuifolia, Michx. Stems clustered, 6' -12' high, the branches spreading ; leaves linear ; racemes vei-y slender, 5 - 12-flowered ; pedicels erect, shorter than the globular flowers ; outer sepals longer than the 1-nerved inner ones; capsule globose. — Dry sandy soil. July- August. 6. L. cinerea, Raf. Canescent, 1°-U° high, branching above ; leaves erect, linear ; racemes loosely 3-5-flowered; sepals villous, the outer ones shorter ; capsule 3-seeded. — Florida, near the coast, in damp soil. August. Var. Torreyi. Leaves and branches spreading or recurved; capsule 6-seeded. (L. Torreyi, Leggett.) — South Florida. § 2. Placentce frm, scarcehj recurved, adhering to the persistent partitions. — Lechidicm. 7. L. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Stem branching at the base, 6' -8' high ; leaves scattered, narrow-linear ; racemes loosely few-flowered, the spreading or reflexed pedicels much longer than the flowers ; petals purple ; stamens 10 or more; capsule globose. — Barrens of Tennessee, and west- ward. 3. HUDSONIA, L. Petals .5, larger than the sepals, fugacious. Stamens 9 -30. Style filiform. Stigma minute. Capsule oblong, 1-celled, 3-valved, with 2-6 erect seeds at- tached near their base. Embryo coiled. — Low tufted shrubs, with minute hoary subulate imbricated leaves, and yellow flowers at the summit of the branches. 1. H. montana, Nutt. Stems 2' -4 high; leaves loosely imbricated; pedicels longer than the flowers; calyx campanulate ; sepals acuminate. — Table Rock, North Carolina. 38 poktulacace.t:. (i'ikslane family.) 2. H. ericoides, L. Iloary-pubesccnt ; Hteiu erect, 6' high ; leaves sub- ulate, ert-it, or lousflv iiiil>riuateil ; jieiiuiu-les aliniit as long as the Howers; sepals barely acute ; capsule pubescent, mostly 3-seedecl. — Coast of North Carolina, and nnrtliward. May. 3. H. tomentosa, Nutt. Tumeutose, intricately branched, C high ; leaves minute, ovate-lanceolate, closely iniliricated ; tiowers nearly sessile ; sepals obtuse, the outer oues minute; capsule smoothish, mostly 1-seeded. — Coast of J^'orth Carolina, aud northward. May. , Order 15. POKTULACACE^. (Purslane Family.) Succulent plants, with entire leaves and regular hypogynou.s or perigynous flowers. Sepals 2-5. Petals 3 - 6, inibricat*?d in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them, or indefinite. Styles 3-6, mostly united below, stigniatic along the inside. Capsule 1 - 5-celled, few - many-seeded. Seeds campylotropous, erect from the base of the cell, or attached to a cen- tral i^laceuta. Embryo slender, curved around mealy albumen. Synopsis. 1. CLAYTONIA. Petals and stamens .I. Capsule .'Vvalved, 3 - 6-seeded. 2. TALINUM. Petals 5. Stamens 10-30. Capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. 3. PORTULAC A. Petals 5 - G. Stamens 8 - 20. Capsule circumscissile. 1. CLAYTONIA, L. Si'iaxG-BEArxY. Sepals 2, free, per.sistent. I'etals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 3 - 6-seeded. — Smooth herbs, with a simple stem bearing two opposite leaves and ter- minated with a loose raceme of pale rose-colored veiny flowers. Root tuberous. 1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves long (3'-6'), linear, acutish; petals mostly emarginate, l)Ut sometimes acute. — Damp rich soil in the upper districts. Marcli. — riant 4'- 10' long. 2. C. Caroliniana, Michx. Leaves short (l'-2'), ovate-lanceolate or oblong, tapering at the base, obtuse ; petals obtuse. — Mountains of North Carolina. March - April. — Smaller than the last. 2. TALINUM, Adans. Sepals 2, free, deciduous. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 10-30. Style 3-lobed. Capsule 3-celled at the base, 3-valved, man3'-seeded. — Smooth and fleshy lierlis, with alternate leaves and cymose flowers. 1. T. teretifolium, Tursh. Stemthick, leafy ; leaves linear-cylindrical; cymes on long peduncles ; petals purple, fugacious. — Kocks, North Carolina. June - August, y. — Stems 2' - 4' long. Peduncles 5' - 8' long. CARYOPHYLLACE.^. (PINK FAMILY.) 39 3. PORTULACA, Tourn. Purslane. Sepals 2, united and cohering with the ovary below, the upper portion cir- cumscissile and deciduous witli the upper part of the capsule. Petals 4-6, inserted with the 8 -20 stamens on the calyx. Style 3 - 8-parted. Capsule globose, 1-celled, many-seeded. — Low, fleshy herbs, with terete or flat, mostly alternate leaves, and fugacious yellow or purple flowers. 1. P. oleracea, L. Leaves flat, cuneate, naked in the axils ; flowers yel- low; stamens 10- 12. — Cultivated ground everywhere. — Stem prostrate. 2. P. pilosa, L. Stem mostly prostrate and diffusely branched ; leaves linear, woolly in the axils ; flowers clustered, purple ; stigmas 4 ; stamens 10-15. — Waste grouud. Introduced. 3. P. halimoides, L. Stem thick, erect (3'- 6' high), branching ; leaves terete, woolly in the axils ; flowers few, in a terminal cluster, immersed in wool, and surrounded by a whorl of short subulate bracts ; petals 4-6, yellow ; stamens 8- 12. — Shell-Hummocks at Sarasota Bay ( Garher). Order 16. CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (Pink Family.) Herbs with tumid joints, entire opposite or whorled, often connate leaves, and regular hypogynous or perigynous cymose flowers. Stip- ules dry and scarious, or none. — Sepals 4-5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 4-5. Stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them, or twice as many, or by abortion fewer. Ovary free, 1-5- celled, with the amphitropous or campylotropous ovules attached to a central placenta. Styles 2 - 5, distinct or partly united, stigmatic along the inner side. Fruit valvate, 1 - many-seeded. Embryo curved, or forming a ring around mealy albumen. Synopsis. Tbibe I. SIL1ENE.E. Sepals united into a tube. Petals and stamens inserted on the stipe of the ovary. — Stipules none. 1. SILENE. Styles 3. Capsule 0-toothed. 2. SAPONARIA. Styles 2. Capsule 4-toothed. 3. AGROSTEarMA. Styles 5. Capsule 5-toothed. Tribe II. ALSINE^. Sepals separate or nearly so. Stamens inserted at the base of the sessile ovary. — Stipules none. * Valves of the capsule as many as the styles. 4. SAGINA. Styles and valves 4-5. 5. ALSINE. Styles and valves 3. « * Valves or teeth of the capsule twice as many as the styles. 6. ARENARIA. Valves of the capsule 2-4, each soon 2-cleft. Petals entire. 7. STELLARIA. Valves of the capsule G - 10. Petals 2-cleft. 8. CERASTIUM. Capsule 8 -10-toothed. Tribe III. SPERGULiE.ai;. Sepals separate. Ovary sessile. Leaves stipulate. ^- Leaves opposite. 9. STIPULICIDA. Stem-leaves minute ; the lowest spatulate. Flowers in terminal clusters. 40 CARYOPllYLLACE.K. (I'lNK KAMIl.V.) 10. SPKRGULARIA. LeavM all linear. Flowers aoliUry, axillary. *- -t- Jvcaves wliorled. 11. SPERGUL.\. Styles 5. Btaiuens 5 - 10. Capsule 5-valved. IJ. I'DLVCAUrON. Styles 3. Staiueus 3 - 5. Capsule 3-valveiL 1. SILENE, L. Catchfly. Sepals imitcd iiiiu a a-looilii-il iiiliu. Petals .'3, long-clawed, inserted with tlie 10 stamens on the stipe of the ovary, t(jnnnonly crowncil with two scales at the l)a.se of the limb. Styles 3. Capsule 1 -celled, or 3-celled at the base, opening by 6 teeth, niany-seeiled. — Leaves mostly connate. Flowers cy- mose, often shuwy. * Perennials : Jlowers showy. •^-~ Petals gash-Jiiiihriate, crownless. 1. S. stellata, Ait. Leaves in whorls of four, lance-ovate, acuminate, the uppermost oj)pi)site ; flowers white, in a large spreading panicle; calyx inflated, bell-shaped. — Dry woods in the upper districts, and northward. June -August. — Steins 2° -3° high, downy, branching above. 2. S. ovata, Pur.sli. Rough-pubescent; leaves large (4' -.5'), opposite, oblong-ovate, acMiminate : flowers white, in a contracted lanceolate panicle ; calyx tubular. — Moimtains of Georgia and Carolina. July. — Stems stout, 2° -4° high. 3. S. Baldwinii, Xutt. Villims; stems low, slender, bearing runners at the creeping base; leaves opposite, spatulate; the upper ones oblong, sessile; cymes few-flowered; flowers very large, white or pale rose-color, on slender pedicels ; calyx tubular. — Low shady woods, Georgia and Florida. April- May. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Leaves thin. Flowers 2' wide. H— -i— Petals emarginate or 2-cleft, crowned. 4. S. Virginioa, L. Clammy-pul)escent ; leaves abruptly pointed, the lowest ones clustcrtNl, spatulate-obovatc, on fringed petioles, the upper small, remote, lanceolate, sessile ;. cymes loosely few-flowered ; caly.x tubular-club- shaped, ol)l()ng and nodding in fruit; petals crimson, lanceolate. — Rich open woods, chiefly in the uj)])er districts. June -July. — Stems l°-2° high. Flowers 1' wide. 5. S. regia, Sims. Viscid-pubescent and roughish ; stem tall (3° -4°) and erect, branched above ; leaves ovate, the Tipper ones acuminate ; flowers bright scarlet, short-stalked, clustered and forming a strict panicle ; calyx long, cylindrical, .striate, dilated in fruit; petals oblanceolate ; stamens and style exserted. — Upper districts of Georgia and westward. July. 6. S. rotundifolia, Nutt. Hairy and viscid; stems weak, decumbent, branched ; leaves thin, roundish, abruptly acuminate at each end, the lowest obovate ; flowers few, large, bright scarlet ; calyx cylindrical ; petals 2-cleft, with the lobes cut toothed. — Shady rocky banks, Alabama and Tennessee. June - August. — Stems 2° long. Flowers showy. 7. S. Pennsylvanica, Michx. Clammy-pubescent ; stems low, clus- tered ; lowest leaves spatulate-obovate, the upper lance-oblong, mostly obtuse ; ..i^ CARYOPHYLLACE.E. (PINK FAMILY.) 41 cymes dense-flowered ; calyx club-shaped, erect ; petals white or rose-color, obovate, emargiuate or entire. — Rocky hills, chiefly in the upper districts. March -April. — Stems 6' - 12' high. 8. S. nivea, DC. Glabrous or nearly so; stem slender, 2° -3° high; leaves distant, lanceolate, acuminate, nearly .sessile, 2' - 4' long; cymes few- flowered ; calyx cylindrical, at leugth inflated ; flowers white. — Mountains of East Tennessee, and westward. July. * * Annuals : flowers small, crowned, expanding at night. 9. S. Antirrhina, L. Stem slender, smoothisli, clammy below the upper joints ; leaves linear, acute, sessile, the lowest lanceolate, narrowed into a petiole ; flowers panicled ; calyx smooth ; petals obcordate, rose-colored. — Dry old fields. May -June. — Stems 6' - 2° high, simple or branched. 10. S. quinquevulnera, L. .Hairy; stem branching ; leaves spatulate, the upper ones linear ; flowers in 1-sided racemes ; calyx hairy ; petals rounded, entire, pink or crimson with a paler border. — Near Charleston. Naturalized. — Stem 1° high. 2. SAPONARIA, L. Soapavort. Calyx tubular, terete, 5-toothed. Petals long-clawed. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule sessile or short-stiped, l-ceUed, or 2-celled at the base, 4-toothed at the apex. — Cymes dense-flowered. 1. S. officinalis, L. Perennial; stems stout, erect, smooth; leaves ovate, connate, strongly 3-ribbed ; petals crowned, white or rose-color, mostly double. — Waste places. Naturalized. — Stems 1 ° - 2° high. 3. AGROSTEMMA, L. Corn-Cockle. Calyx tubular, with 5 elongated linear deciduous lobes. Petals 5, entire, crownless. Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsule 1-celled. 5-toothed. — Annual or biennial pubescent herbs, with linear leaves, and showy purple flowers on elongated peduncles. I. A. GithagO, L. Plant (1°- 2° high) whitened with long appres-sed hairs ; stem forking ; petals obovate, emargiuate, shorter than the lobes of the calyx. — Grain fields. Introduced. Juue-July. (l) — Peduncles 4' -6' long. Flowers 1' wide. 4. SAGINA. L. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, entire, or wanting. Stamens 4-10. Styles 4-5, alternate with the sepals. Cap.sule 4-5-valved; the valves entire, opposite the sepals. — Small herbs, with filiform forking stems, subulate leaves, and solitary flowers. 1. S. decumbens, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or nearly so; .stems erect or ascending, tufted; peduncles erect; petals and sepals 5, equal, obtuse; stamens 10. — Damp cultivated ground, common. April -June. — Stems 2' - 6 ' high. Peduncles 2-3 times as long as the sharj^-pointed leaves. 42 CAHYnlMIYLLACK-K. (I'lNK FAMILY.) '2. S. prOCUmbenS, I^ stems |)ri>strate; leaves narrow-linear; pepalfl, jielals, and stanuus 4; cajK-iuk' 4-valvcMl. — Wet bauksi, Nurtli C'aroliua (Ili/tims), and uorthward. 5. ALSINE, Timru. Se]ials 5. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Styles 3. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, the valves entire, opposite the iuner sejjals. — Low slender herbs, with linear or subulate leaves, and wliite cymose or solitary Howcrs. 1. A. squarrosa, Fenzl. Stein.s tufted; leaves 8ul)ulate, rifjid, those of the glandular flowering stems distant, of the sterile stems imbricated, with spreading tips ; sepals ovate, obtuse, shorter thau the capsule. — Dry santl- hills iu the middle districts. April -May. "21 — Stems 6' -10' high. Cymes few-Howcred. I'cdicels rigid. 2. A. glabra, Gray. Smooth; stems filiform, sparingly branched; leaves teuder, narrow-linear, oljtuse, spreading; cyme few-flowered, spread- ing; sej)als oblong, obtuse, faintly 3-ribbed, as long as the capsule. — Moun- tains of North Carolina. July. ^? — Stems tufted, 4'-G' high. Cymes leafy. Pedicels setaceous. Leaves ^'- I' long. 3. A. Grcenlandica, Gray. Very near the preceding ; stems lower (2'- 5' high), mostly simple; cymes le.ss spreading, with fewer and larger flowers; petals wedge-obovate, fully twice as long as the sepals; capsules rather acute. — High mountains of North Carolina. Sejjt. 4. A. patula, Gray. Minutely pul)escent ; stem filiform, diffusely branched from the base; leaves uarr(jw-linear, spreading; cyme spreading, few - many-flowered ; pedicels very slender ; petals spatulate, emarginate, twice the length of the lanceolate acute 3 - .'i-uerved sepals — Rocky woods, Tennessee and westward, and sparingly along the coast of Florida and Ala- bama. — Stems 6' - 10' high. 5. A. Michauxii, Fenzl. Smooth ; stems tufted, erect or diffuse, straight; loaves ]inear-sul)ulate, erect, spreading or recurved, much clustered iu the axils; cymes spreading or contracted; petals oldong-ovate, twice as long as the rigid ovate acute 3-ribbed sepals. (Areuaria stricta, J//c/(.r.) — Rocks and barren soil, Georgia and North Carolina. ]\Iay-June. — Stems 3' -10' high. 6. A. brevifolia. Stems smooth, not tufted, erect, filiform, simple, 2-5- flowered ; leaves minute (l"-2"), erect, lance-subulate; sepals oblong, ob- tuse, as long as the capsule ; petals twice as long as the sepals. — Rocks in the upper districts of Georgia. (T) — Stems 2' - 4' loug, bearing 3 or 4 pairs of leaves. Flowers small, on filiform peduncles. 6 ARENARIA, L. Sandwokt. Petals 1-5, or none. Styles 2-4. Capsule opening above by as many valves as there are styles, each valve soon 2-cleft. Otherwise like Alsine. 1. A. diffusa, Fll. Downy; stem elongated, prostrate, alternately short-branched ; leaves lanceolate ; peduncles longer than tlie leaves, lateral, reflexed in fruit ; petals 1 - 5, shorter than the sepals, often wanting. — Shady banks. May - Oct. IJ. — Stems 10-4° long. CARYOPHYLLACE^. (PIXK FAMILY.) 43 2. A. serpyllifolia, L. Dowuy ; stems erect or diffusely branched ; leaves small, ovate, acute, the lowest uarrowed iuto a petiole ; flowers cymose ; petals much shorter than the lanceolate acuminate sepals. — Waste places. Introduced. April - May. (l) — Stems 6' - 12' long. Leaves i" long. 7. STELLARIA, L. Chickweed, Stakavort. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, 2-cleft, or 2-parted. Stamens 3-10. Styles 3 - 5, opposite the sepals. Capsule 1-celled, opening by twice as many valves as there are styles, many-seeded. — Stems weak. Flowers white, on terminal peduncles, becoming lateral in fruit. 1. S. pubera, Michx. Perennial; stems erect or diffuse, forking, hairy in lines; leaves oblong, acutish, narrowed at the base, sessile ; petals longer than the sepals. — Kocky woods in the upper districts. April - May. — Stems 6' -12' high. Plowers showy. 2. S. media, Smith. Annual ; stems prostrate, forking, pubescent in lines ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute, the lower ones petioled ; petals shorter than the sepals — Yards and gardens. March -April. Introduced. 3. S. prostrata, Baldw. Smooth or nearly so ; stems forking, prostrate ; leaves ovate, acute, all on slender petioles, the lower ones often cordate ; petals twice as long as the .sepals ; seeds rough-edged. — Damp shades, Georgia, Florida, and westward. March -April. (T) — Stems l°-2°long. Petiole mostly longer than the limb. 4. S. uniflora, Walt. Smooth ; stems erect from a prostrate base ; leaves remote, narrow-linear, sessile; peduncles very long (2' -4'), erect; petals obcordate twice as long as the calyx. — liiver swamps, East Florida to North Carolina. May. (T) ? — Stems 6' - 12' high. Leaves 1' long. 5. S. fontinalis, Robinson. Stems weak, diffuse (6'- 12' long) ; leaves linear-spatulate or oblong, spreading ; peduncles axillary, longer than the leaves ; flowers very small, mostly 4-androus ; petals none ; sepals 3-nerved, acute. (Sagiua fontinalis, Short i^ Peters.) — Springy places, Tennessee {Dr. Gattinger). April. 8. CERASTIUM, L. Mouse-ear. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, obcordate or 2-cleft. Stamens 1 0. Styles 4-5. Capsule cylindrical, 8 - 10-toothed, many-seeded. — Herbs. Flowers white, solitary or cymose, peduncled. * Petals not longer than the sepals. 1. C. Viscosum, L. Villous and somewhat clammy ; stems a.scendiug ; leaves oval, remote, the lowest obovate; cymes crowded in the bud, spreading in fruit ; sepals lanceolate, acute, as long as the peduncles, and half as long as the slender capsule. — Fields. April - May. (T) — Stems 6' - 12' high. 2. C. VUlgatum, L. Hairy and clammy; stems ascending; leaves lance-oblong, obtuse, the lowest wedge-shaped ; cymes loose in tlie bud ; sepals oblong-ovate, obtuse, shorter than the peduncles. — Fields. April - May. ^ — Flowers and capsules larger than in No. 1. 11 CAKVOl'llVLLACK-E. (iMNK FAMILY.) ♦ ♦ Petals loiiijcr than the scjkiIs. .'}. C. arvense, I^- Hairy or downy; stems iiuiiicruus, naked above; leavi's narrowly or Ijroadly laueeulale; cynics r.iUicr fi'W-Howered ; petals oheurdatc, twice as long as the oblong sepals. — Kocky or dry soil, cliietly in the upper districts. May -June. "21 — Stems G' - 12' high. Leaves seldom r long. Flowers J' wide. Capsule ratiier longer than the calyx. 4. C. nutans, liaf. C'lammy-puliescent; stems tufted, furrowed ; leaves lanceolate ; cymes ample, many-liowereii ; petals oblong, emarginate, ratlier longer than the obloug sepals. — Low grounds in the upper districts, (l) — Stems l^ high. Peduncles long. Cai)siile curved, three times as long as the calyx. 9. STIPULICIDA, Michx. Sepals 5, emarginate, wliite-niargined. Petals 5, spatulate, 2-toothed near the l)ase, longer than the sepals, withering-persistent. Stamens 3, o])posite the inner sepals. Style very short, 3-parted. Capsule 1-ceDed, 3-valved, many -seeded. — A small perennial, with an erect forking stem. Stem leaves minute, subulate, with adnate pectinate stijjules. Radical leaves spatulate, clustered, growing from a tuft of bristly stipules. Flowers white, iu a terminal cluster. 1. S. setacea, Miciix. — Low sandy jiine l)arreMs, Florida to North Carolina. April- June. — Stem 3'— 6' iiigli, the iminclies spreading and curving. 10. SPERGULARIA, I'ers. Sepals .5. Petals .5, oval, entire. Stamens 2-10. Styles 3 - 5. Capsule 3 - 5-valved ; the valves when 5 alternate with the sepals. — A low maritime herb, witli opposite fleshy leaves, and conspicuous .scarious stij)ules. Flowers axillary, solitary, rose-colored. 1. S. salina, Presl. Stems difTusely branched, glandular, 4' -6' high; leaves linear ; sepals oblong, about as long as the pedicels ; petals red; seeds roundish, roughened with raised points. — Sandy coast. April. 11. SPERGULA, L. Siihuy. Sepals .5. Petals .5, entire. Stamens ,5 or 10. Styles .5. Capsule 5-valved, the valves opiiosite the sepals. Embryo forming a ring around the albumen. — Leaves whorled. Flowers cymose, white. 1. S. arvensis, L. Stem erect; leaves fle.shy, narrow-linear, several in a whorl ; cyme loose, long-peduncled ; fruiting pedicels reflexed ; stamens 10; seeds rough. — Cultivated fielils. Introduced. (T). 12. POLYCARPON, L. Se}>als 5, carinate. Petals 5, emarginate, shorter tlian the sepals. Stamens 3-5. Styles 3, very short. Capsule .3-valved. — Low annuals, witli whorled leaves, and minute flowers, in terminal cymes. 1. P. tetraphyllum, T>. Stems (3' -6') forking, diffuse; leaves spatu- late-obovatc, the lower ones 4 in a whorl, the upper opposite; sepals acute; stipules coDispicuous. — Near Charleston. Introduced. May- June. MALVACEAE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) 45 Order 17. MALA^ACE^. (Mallow Family.) Mucilaginous herbs or shrubs, with palmately veined alternate stip- ulate leaves, and regular monadelphous flowers on jointed peduncles. — Sepals 5, united at the base, valvate in the bud, persistent, often with a calyx-like involucel. Petals 5, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous, united into a column which is continuous with the claws of the petals: anthers 1-celled, opening transversely. Ovaries united into a ring, or forming a several-celled capsule. Styles separate or united. Seeds kidney-shaped. Albumen scarce or none. Embryo large, curved, with leafy cotyledons. Pubescence commonly stellate. Pollen grains hispid. Synopsis. Teibe I. MAIiVE^. — Carpels as many as the stigmas, 1 - few-seeded, disposed in a circle around a central axis, separating at maturity from the axis and from each other. Anthers borne at the apex of the column. * Carpels 1-seeded. ■I- Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles. 1. MALVA. Carpels beakless. No process within. 2. CALLIRRHOE. Carpels beaked, and bearing a dorsal process above the seed within. ■I- -1- Stigmas capitate. 3. MALVASTRUM. Involucel 2- 3-leaved. Ovule peritropous-ascending. Radicle inferior. 4. SIDA. Involucel none. Ovule resupiuate-pendulous. Radicle superior. * * Carpels 2 - few-seeded. 5. ABUTILON. Carpels 1-celled. Involucel none. 6. MODIOL.i. Carpels transversely 2-ceUed. Involucel 3-leaved. Teibe II. UKENE^. — Carpels half as many as the stigmas, separating at maturity. Anthers borne above the middle of the column. 7. PAVONIA. Involucel 5 - 15-leaved. Flowers axillary or racemose. 8. URENA. Involucel 5-cleft. Flowers racemose. Carpels hispid. 9. MAL.\CHRA. Involucel none. Flowers capitate. Teibe III. HIBISCE.3E;. — Carpels as many as the stigmas, united and forming at ma- turity a loculicidal capsule. Column bearing the anthers throughout, or from above the middle. 10. KOSTELrjTZKYA. Cells of the depressed capsule 1-seeded. 11. HIBISCUS. Cells of the globose or oblong capsule few - many-seeded. 12. THESPESIA. Capsule indehiscent. Involucel 3-leaved, entire. 13. GOSSYPIUM. Capsule dehiscent. Involucel 3-)eaved, gashed. 14. FUGOSIA. Capsule dehiscent. Involucel of 6 - 9 subulate leaves. 1. MALVA, L. Mallow. Involucel .3-leaved, persistent. Petals obcordate. Styles 9-20, filiform, stigmatic on the inner face. Carpels broadly reiiiform, beakless, 1-seeded, in- dehiscent, disposed in a circle around the central axis, from which they sep- arate at maturity. Embryo nearly annular. Eadicle inferior. — Herbs. Leaves rounded. Flowers axillary, not yellow. 1. M. rotundifolia, L. Stems several, prostrate ; leaves long-petioled, round-cordate, crenate and crenately-lobed ; flowers single or clustered, white veined with purple ; carpels even. — Around dwellings. Introduced. '21. 46 :malva(K.k. (mam.ow family.) 2. M. sylvestris, L. Hirsute, erect, 2° -3° high; leaves sliarply ser- rate, 5-7-lube(l; Howera lonp-pedunoled, 2' wide, hrigiit |)iirj»le; carpela wrinkled. — Wa.ste ground. Introduceil. dune. 2. CALLIRRHOE, Nutt. luvuhuel 1 -3-leaved and jjurrii.stent, or uone. I'etals wedge-shaped, entire, or ereuate. Styles a» iu Malva. Carpels uumerous, with a short and uaked beak, and a ligulate dorsal process below the beak witiiiu. Embryo curved. Radicle inferior. — Perennial herbs. Leaves palmately lobed, or angled. Flowers showy, ])nr])le or whitish. 1. C. triangulata, Gray. Rough-pubesceut ; stem ascending from a perpendicular rootstock, branching above; leaves triangular, coarsely aud uuequnlly crenate. the lowest ones long-petioled aud cordate, the upper 3- 5-lubed ; flowers approximate, panicled, longer than the pedicels ; involucel 3-leaved, the leaves linear; carpels at lengtli 2-valved. — Dry soil iu the u])|)er districts of Alabama to North Carolina. July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Flowers \'-\y wide, ])urple. 2. C. Papaver, Gray. Rough with scattered appressed aud rigid hairs; stems low, simple ; leaves 3 -5-parted ; the lobes oblong or lanceolate, toothed or entire; flowers few, solitary, axillary, long-peduncled ; involucel 1- 3-leaved, or none ; petals finely crenate ; carpels iudehiscent. — Rich open woods, Georgia, Florida, and westward. May -Sept. — Stems 1° high. Flowers purple, 2' wide, on peduncles sometimes 1° long. 3. C. alcseoides, Gray. Strigose-pubescent ; stems slender (l°high); lower leaves triangular-cordate, incised; the upper 5-7-parted, laciuiate, the uppermost divided into linear segments; flowers corymbose, on slender pe- duncles (rose-color or white) ; involucel none ; carpels obtusely beaked, crested aud strongly wrinkled on the back. — Barren oak lands, Tennessee. 3. MALVASTRUM, Gray. Involucel 1 - 3-leaved or none. Styles a - 20. Stigmas capitate. Carpels beaked or beakless, 1-seeded. Seed ascending. Embryo curved or annular. Radicle inferior. — Herbs or shrubby plants, rough with rigid hairs. Flowers yellow. 1. M. tricuspidatum, Gray. Perennial or shrubby ; stem branching; leaves ovate or ohloiig-ovate, serrate, acute, petioled ; stipules lanceolate; flowers iu leafy spiked racemes ; petals obliquely truncated; carpels 10-12, more or less distinctly 3-toothed or awned at the apex. — South Florida — Stems 1° high. Involucel 3-leaved. 2. M. angustum, Gray. Annual; stem erect, branching; leaves lanceolate, sparingly serrate, short-petioled ; stipules bristle-like ; flowers axil- lary, mostly solitary ; involucel setaceou.s, 2 - 3-leaved ; carpels 5, circular, awnless, at length 2-valved. — Tennessee, and westward. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Calyx enlarged in fruit. 3. M. Rugelii, Watson. Stems erect, much branched, stellate-hairy; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate, slender-petioled ; flowers axillary, small, sin- MALVACEAE. (mallow FAMILY.) 47 gle, or the upper ones densely spiked ; iuvolucel 3-leaved, as long as the very hairy calyx ; petals yellow, oblique ; carpels 12, even, awnless. — South Florida. — Stems 2° - 4° high. Flowers ^ wide. 4. SIDA, L. Involucel none. Calyx angular. Styles .5 -15. Stigmas capitate. Ovaries 1-celled. Carpels erect, mostly 2-valved and 2-beaked at the apex, separating at maturity from each other, and from the central axis. Seed resupinate, sus- pended, 3-angled. Embryo curved. Eadicle superior. — Branching herbs or shrubs, with chiefly undivided leaves, and small yellow, rarely red or white, flowers in their axils. * Leaves, at least the lower ones, cordate. +- Flowers dioecious, white. 1. S. Napsea, Cav. Nearly smooth, 4° -8° high; leaves thin, long- petioled, cordate-ovate, 5-lobed, acuminate, toothed or serrate ; peduncles few-flowered; petals obovate ; carpels 10, acuminate. — Shady banks, East Tennessee. June. -1— ■*-- Flowers perfect, yellow or red. 2. S. spinosa, L. Annual, minutely pubescent; branches erect ; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, serrate, the slender petioles often with a tubercular spine at the base, the lower ones cordate ; stipules setaceous, half as long as the petioles ; flowers single or clustered, on short erect peduncles ; carpels faintly reticulated, each pointed with two erect subulate spines. — Waste places. July -Sept. — Stems l°-2° high. Flowers .^' wide, yellow. 3. S. supina, L'Her. Perennial, tomentose ; stems divided at the base into slender simple a.'scending or prostrate branches; leaves all round-cordate, crenate ; stipules minute ; floAvers solitary ; the peduncles reflexed in fruit ; carpels downy, reticulated, almost beakle.ss. — South Florida. Oct. — Stems 6' -12' long; leaves i'-l' long. Flowers yellow, not half as large as in the preceding. 4. S. diffusa, HBK. Perennial; stems prostrate, hairy, 2° long; leaves V long, cordate oblong, serrate; stipules setaceous; peduncles 1' long, soli- tary ; flowers yellow ; carpels 5, pubescent, short-beaked. — Keys of South Florida. .5. S. cordifolia, L. Annual, villous ; stem tall, much branched ; leaves ovate, cordate, entire or angularly 3-lobed, crenate-serrate ; flowers small, yellow, mostly crowded in axillary and terminal racemes; carpels 10-12, shorter than the slender retrorsely scabrous awns. — Cedar Keys, Florida. Introduced. Nov. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. « * Leaves not rordate. 6. S. earpinifolia, L. Nearly glabrous, erect, branching; leaves ovate- lanceolate, obtuse and 3nerved at the base, serrate; stipules linear; flowers axillary, the earlier solitary, the later ones clustered ; petals yellow, uneqnnlly obcordate; carpels 7-12, reticulate rugose. Var. brevicuspidata, Griseb. Stem 10-3° high, the branches and 48 MAJ.NACK.K. (MAM.oW FAMILY.) li'iivcs mostly disticlious ; leaves ()v:ite-ol)l<)iij^ ; tinwers 1' wide, (i(liri)leiuiiu8 ; carpels 10, 8liort-l)eakeil. (S. stipulate, C'tic. r than tlif potiolcs; involncfl of 5 - fi ovate loaves, wliich arc slipjlilly niiiled at the base ; earj)els olxivate, a\vnles«, stmnRly retieiilate. — South Georgia (Lccon^e). — Stem 4° -5° high. Leaves I' long. Flowers large, pale red. 2. p. racemosa, Swartz. Shrubby, tomentoae, sparingly branrhed ; leaves petinlcil, lonlate-ovate, acnininatc, sligiitly serrate, .3-nerved ; stipules subulate, deciduous; racemes terminal, leafless, few-flowered; involuccl 8- . leaved; petals twice as long as the calyx, convolute, "dull white tinged with vellow"; stigmas sessile, " car])els unarmed." — .Miairii and Key Biscayne (Giirber, C'(//7/.s,s). — Stem 6°-8° high. 3. P. spinif ex, Willd. Shrubby, hir.sute ; leaves long-petioled, oltlong- ovate or cordate, coarsely serrate ; flowers long-i)eduncled ; involucel 8-leaved, longer than the calyx, shorter than the yellow ctjnjlla ; carjjels armed with three stout retrorsely bearded spines. — Charleston {Rev. Dr. Bach man). Mayport, Florida (Curtiss). Introduced. — Stem 3° -5° high. Corolla 1' wide. 8. URENA, L. Involucel deeply 5-cleft. Calyx 5-parted. Petals oblique. Colunm short ; anthers few, terminal. Stigmas 10, capitate, capsule separating into 5 bristly- barbed 1-seeded carpels. — Branching shrubs. 1. U. lobata, L. Stem stout, tomentose ; leaves roundish, slightly cor- date, entire or obscurely 3-5-lobed, canescent beneath; flowers small, axillary, and crowded in a terminal raceme ; leaves of the involucel 5-7, subulate ; petals pale rose-color ; carjjels densely bristly. — Waste places. Introduced. 9. MALACHRA, L. Flowers capitate, surrounded by a 3-5-leaved involucre. Leaves of the iuvolucel 8- 12, linear or setaceous. Stigmas 10, capitate. Cap.sule separat- ing into five 1-seeded carpels. — Herbs or shrubs, rough with rigid, often stinging hairs. Flowers white or yellow. 1 . M. capitata, L. Bristly and tomentose in lines ; stem much branched ; leaves cordate, obscurely lobed and toothed; peduncles single or 2-3 in a cluster, axillary, 7-flowered ; involucre 3-leaved, cordate ; petals twice as long as the calyx, yellow ; capsule glabrous. — Key in Chuckolusky Bay, South Florida (Curtiss). — Stem 3°- .5° high. 10. KOSTELETZKYA, Presl. (Hibisccs, L. in part.) Capsule depressed, the cells 1-seeded. — Otherwi-se as in Hibiscus. 1. K. Virginica, Presl. Rough-hairy; stem erect, stout, branching; lower leaves ovate, cordate, serrate, mostly 3-lobed, the upper narrower and usuallv entire ; flowers (purple) in terminal racemes. — Var. althea;foi.ia. Densely stellate-pubescent and somewhat hoary ; leaves all undivided, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, unequally toothed-serrate ; racemes dense- flowered ; capsule hirsute. — Marshes, near the coast, the var. South Florida July - August. MALVACEAE. (mALLOW PAMILY.) 51 2. K. smilacifolia, Chapm. Stem slender, the lower branches long (2" -3°) and trailing; leaves small, the lowest ovate, the others hastate -3- lobed, with the middle lobe lanceolate, serrate ; racemes loosely few-flowered ; corolla rose-color, 2' wide ; column interruptedly antherif erous ; capsule hir- sute. (Hibiscus, Shuttlw.) — Low pine woods, South Florida. 11. HIBISCUS, L. Rose-Mallovt. Involucel many-leaved or many-cleft, and, like the calyx, persistent. Stig- mas 5, peltate or capitate. Capsule globose or oblong, 5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved, many-seeded. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with petioled stipulate leaves, and large showy flowers, on axillary peduncles. * Leaves of the involucel forked. 1. H. aculeatus, Walt. Muricate-hispid ; leaves round-cordate, divided into 3 - .5 coarsely toothed and spreading lobes, the upper ones narrower aud mostly entire ; flowers yellow, with a purple centre, short-peduncled ; involu- cel 10-12-leaved; capsule hispid ; seeds smooth. — Margins of swamps and ponds, South Carolina, and westward. July. ^ — Stems 2° - 6° high. Flowers 4' wide. 2. H. furcellatus, Desrous. Shrubby ; stem tall, branching, tomentose ; leaves cordate, entire, finely .serrate, rough above; tomentose beneath ; leaves of the involucel 10, forked ; calyx hispid ; corolla yellow (3' long) ; capsule strigose; seeds smooth. — Eastern shore of South Florida (Curtiss). * * Leaves of the involucel entire. -k— Perennial herbs : stipules deciduous. 3. H. MoseheutOS, L. Tomentose ; leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, toothed-serrate, mostly 3-lobed above the middle, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, hoary beneath ; peduncles often partly adnate to the petioles ; flowers white or pale rose-color with a crimson centre ; seeds smooth. — Ponds and marshes. July. — Stems 3° - 5° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Flowers 4'- 5' wide. 4. H. incanus, Wendl. Leaves lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, not lobed, slightly cordate, acuminate, finely serrate, hoary on both sides ; flowers pale yellow with a crimson centre, often umbelled ; peduncles mostly free from the petioles; capsule and seeds smooth. — Ponds and marshes, Florida to South Carolina. June -July. — Stems 2° -5° high. Leaves 3' -6' long. Flowers 6' - 8' wide. 5. H. grandiflorus, IMichx. Tomentose ; leaves round-ovate, cordate, mostly 3-lobed, toothed-serrate, hcary beneath ; flowers very large, pale rose- color with a deep red centre ; peduncles free from the petioles ; capsule vel- vety ; seeds smooth. — Marshes near the coast, Florida, Georgia, and west- ward. July. — Stems several from one root, 3° - 5° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long and nearly the same in width. Flowers 10' -12' wide. 6. H. Carolinianus, Muhl. ? Ell. Smooth ; leaves cordate-ovate, acu- minate, serrate, sometimes slightly 3-lobed ; flowers purj)le ; peduncles slightly adhering to the petioles; seeds hispid. — On Wilmington Island, ,152 MALVACK.K. (MAM.OW FAMILY.) Ciooro-ia. Julv-St'i>t. — Sums 4'- OMiigli. Leaves 4'-6' Imif^. riuwcra 6'-tt' wide. (•) 7. H. militaris, Cav. Smooth ; leaves thin, on long and slender peti- oles serrate, slightly cordate, the lower ones roundish, 3- 5-loi)ed, the upper ovate-huueolato, entire or soniewluit hastate, with rounded lohes ; |ieduncle8 shorter than tiie ]»ctioles; calyx inflated; corolla tul>ular-cani])anu]ate, pale rose-color with a red centre; seeds silky. — Uiver hanks in the upper dis- tricts. July -August. — Stems 3° -4° high. Leaves 3' -.5' long. Corolla 2i' long. 8. H. COCCineus, Walt. Smooth ; stem glaucous ; leaves long-petioled, 5-l):irted to the liase, the lobes lanceolate, remotely toothed, with long-taper- ing entire tips ; corolla expanding, bright scarlet ; petals long-clawed ; seeds pubescent. — Deep marshes near the coast, Georgia, and westward. July- August.— Stems 4° -8° high. Leaves 6'- 12' long. Corolla 6' -8' wide. Column of stamens naked below. 9. H. semilobatus, n. sp. Glabrous ; stem simple, 4°- 5° high ; leaves 4' -6' lono-, ovate or rouudish, slightly cordate, 3-5-lobed above the middle, coarsely serrate, the lateral lobes short or angular, the middle one tapering into a long entire point ; petals crimson, obovate, 3' - 4' long ; column as long as the petals. (H. coccineus, var. Flora.) — Marshes near Jacksonville, Florida. June. ■i— -1— Annual herhs : cali/x inflated, veiny. 10. H. Trionum, L. (Bladder Kktmia.) Stem 4' - 12' high, branch- ing from the base ; leaves 3-parted, coarsely toothed ; calyx .5-winged ; petals yellow, with a black base ; capsule hirsute. — Grain fields. Introduced. -I— -1— ^— Trees or shrubs : stipules persistent. 11. H. tubiflorus, DC Hispid; leaves small, ovate, obtuse, crenate- .serrate, nfteii cordate, anil slightly 3-lobed ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; corolla tulnilar-campaiiulate, crimson; column of stamens exserted ; .seeds .v^-oollv. — South Florida. — Shrub 4° -5" high, branching. Leaves J'-l' long. Stipules subulate. Flowers 1' long. 12. H. tiliaceus, L. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate, slightly ere- Date, hoary-tonieutose beneath ; stipules large, oblong, clas])ing ; involucel 9 - 10-toothed ; capsule tomentose ; seeds smooth. — South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 3' -4' long. Flowers yellow. H. ESCULENTUS, L. ( H. CoUinsianus, A'"»/^ ?) is the garden Okra. H. SyrIacds, L,, the Altii.ka, is everywhere cultivated. 12. THESPESIA, Correa. Livolucel 3-leaved. Calyx truncate. Stigmas 5, decurrent. Capsule 5- oelled, several-seeded, indehiscent. — Tropical shrubs or trees. 1 . T. populinea, Correa. Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire ; involucel caducous ; flowers large, purplish ; capsule globose ; seeds with villous angles. — Kevs of South Florida. BYTTNERIACE^. (bYTTXERIA FAMILY.) 53 13. GOSSYPIUM, L. Cotton-Plant. Involucels 3-leaved, united at the base, incisely lobed and toothed. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Stigmas 3 - 5. Capsule 3 - 5-celled, few- or many- seeded. Seeds woolly. — Herbs or shrubs, with palmately lobed leaves, and axillary yellow flowers. 1. G. hirsutum, L. Frutescent, hirsute; leaves 3-lobed, or entire, a linear gland on the midrib beneath ; flowers 3' wide ; leaves of the involucel cordate, 8-10-cleft, with narrow bristle-pointed lobes; capsule 3-4-ceUed^ few-seeded. — Thickets along the coast and Keys of South Florida. — Shrub 6° -12° high. 14. FUGOSIA, Juss. Involueel 6-9-leaved. Column of stamens naked above. Stigmas 3 or 4, separate or united. Capsule 3- or 4-celled, 3- or 4-valved, few- or many- seeded. Seeds vvooUy. — Shrubby tropical plants, with solitary axiUary yel- low flowers. 1. F. heterophylla, Vent. Smooth, erect ; stem angular, brandling; leaves lanceolate, obovate, or 3-lobed, 3-nerved ; peduncles long, dilated under the flower ; leaves of the involucel minute, subulate ; calyx dotted with black, the acute sepals 3-ribbed, much shorter than the showy petals ; stigmas 3, united; capsule 3-celled, 12 -20-seeded. — Keys of South Florida. — Stem 1 2' - 1 8' high. Corolla 1 ^' - 2' wide. Order 18. BYTTNERIACE^. (Byttneria Family.) Chiefly trees or shrubs differing from Malvaceae in having definite stamens, of which those opposite the petals are usually sterile, 2-celled anthers, with smooth pollen grains, and a straight embryo. — Ovary 3 - 5-ceUed, rarely l-celled. 1. AYENIA, L. Involucel none. Calyx 5-parted. Petals on long capillary claws, connivent over the stigma. Fertile stamens 5, alternating with 1-2 sterile ones, their filaments united into a pedicellate cup. Style single. Stigma Saugled. Capsule 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved, the cells 1-seeded. — Low shrubby plants, with minute axillary flowers. Capsule rough. Albumen none. 1. A. pusilla, L. Stems mostly simple, prostrate, downy ; leaves (4" - 8" long) roundish or oblong, coarsely serrate ; peduncles solitary, reflexed in fruit; capsiile depressed, muricate. — South Florida. ^ — Stems 6' -12' long. Flowers purple. 2. WALTHERIA, L. Involucel 3-leaved, deciduous. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spatulate, convo- lute in the bud. Stamens 5, united below. Ovary l-celled, 2-ovuled. Style single. Stigma penicillate or tuberculate. Capsule 2-valved, 1-seeded. Em- 54 TILIACEX. (lINDEX FAMILY.) brvo in the axis o( fleshy alhumcn. — Ilerhs or shrubs, with altoniatc leaves, aud siiuill llowers iu axillary clusters. 1. "W, Americana, L. Stem erect, villous; leaves ovate or oldoup, acute or nlitusf, sirralc, jilioute, tomentose on hotii surfaces; heads of Howers gloliose, stalked, or sut)sessile and shorter than tiie jjetiolee, the ujiper ones often spiked ; calyx hirsute ; tlowers yellow. — South P'lorida. — Stem 2° -3° high, rigid. Leaves l' - 2' loug. 3. MELOCHIA, L. Involuccl 3-leaved or none. Calyx S-cleft. I'etals 5, convolute. Stamens 5, the lilaments more or less united near the base. Cells of the ovary 1 - 2- ovuk'il ; styles 5, separate, or partly united ; stigmas club-shaped. Capsule 5-celled, few-seeded. — Ilerlw or shrubs, with stellate pubescence, and clus- tered white or j)urple flowers. § RiEDLEiA. Capsule septicidal or loculicidal. Involucel 3-leai-ed. Flowers purple. 1. M. serrata, Beuth. Shrubby, pilose ; stem slender, branching (2° -4° hitch) ; leaves ovate, acute, uneijually serrate ; stipules linear, longer than the petioles; flower clusters axillary, globose, the up])er ones spiked; corolla showy, i)urple {V wide). — Pine woods, South Florida. Oct. 2. M. hirsuta, Cav. Herbaceous, pubescent and slightly hispid ; leaves ovate, subcordate, crenate-serrate ; stipules subulate, shorter than the petioles ; flower clusters terminal ; corolla pale purple, yellowish within. — Streets of Savannah (Feaij). East Florida {Curliss). — Stem l°-2° high. Corolla •J' wide. OiJDKR 19. TILIACE^E. (Linden Family.) Trees, rarely herbs. Leaves alternate, with deciduous stipules. Flowers axillary or extra-axillary, hypogynous, polyandrous. Sepals 4-5, valvate in the bud, deciduous. Petals 4-5, convolute or im- bricated in the bud. Stamens distinct or united in clusters : anthers 2-celled, the pollen grains smooth. Style single. Stigma 4 - 10-lobed. Capsule 2- 5-cened, 1- many-seeded. Seeds anatropous. Embryo ia the axis of fleshy albumen. Cotyledons flat, leafy. 1. TILIA, Tourn. Linden, Basswood. Sepals 5. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous, united in 5 clusters, with a petal-like appendage (sterile stamen) o])i)osite each petal. Ovary 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Stigma 5-lobed. Capsule 1 -celled, 1-2-seeded. — Trees, with cordate leaves, and several-flowered axillary pe- duiules, which are connate below with a large ligulate veiny bract. Flowers cream-color. 1. T. Americana, L. Leaves smooth and green on both surfaces, o}>- liciuelv cordate or truncate at the base, sharply serrate. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. June. — A large tree. Leaves 4'- 5' wide. HYPEBICACE^. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.) 55 2. T. pubescens, Ait. Leaves hoary-tomentose on both surfaces, be- coming smoothish above, obliquely truncate at the base, mucrouate-serrate. — Rich soil, Florida to North Carolina. June. — Leaves 4' - 5' wide. 3. T. heterophylla, Vent. Leaves larger (6' -8' wide), deep green above, white-tomentose beneath. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. June - July 2. CORCHORUS, L. Sepals 5. Petals 5, convolute in the bud. Stamens mostly numerous, sep- arate. Style slender. Stigma dilated, crenulate. Capsule mostly elongated, silicjue-like, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubby plants, with alternate serrate petioled leaves, and small yellow flowers on short peduncles opposite the leaves. Stipules deciduous. 1. C. pilolobus. Link. Stem much branched, hairy in lines; leaves ovate aud lanceolate, smooth ; peduncles 1-2-flowered; stamens numerous; capsule linear, compressed, 2-celled, many-seeded. — Coast of Florida, and westward. — Stems l°-2° high. Capsule 2' long. 3. TRIUMPETTA, L. Sepals 5, linear. Petals 5, convolute. Stamens 10-30, separate. Cells of the ovary 2-5, 2-ovuled. Capsule uucinate-hispid, 2 - 5-celled, mostly sepa- rable into as many 1 - 2-seeded carpels. — Chiefly shrubs, with lobed leaves, and small clustered yellow flowers. 1. T. semitriloba, L. Hirsute, much branched; leaves round-ovate, entire, or angularly 3-lobed; peduncles 3-flowered, clustered in the axils; sepals pointed, as long as the yellow wedge-shaped petals; stamens 10-15; capsule globose. — Manatee, Florida. Introduced. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Order 20. HYPERICACE^E. (St. John's-wort Family.) Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves, without stipules, and regular hypogynous, mostly yellow flowers. — Sepals 4-5, imbri- cated in the bud, persistent. Petals 4-5, convolute or imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens mostly numerous, and often united at the base into 3-5 sets : anthers introrse. Styles 2-5, often united, persistent. Capsule 1-celled, with strictly parietal placentae, or 2 - .5- celled by the meeting of the placentae at the axis, septicidally 2-5- valved. Seeds very numerous, minute, anatropous, without albumen. Synopsis. * Petals convolute in the bud. 1. ASCYRUM. Sepals and (yellow) petals 4. 2. HYPERICUM. Sepals and (yellow) petals 5. Stamens without interposed glands. * * Petals imbricated in the bud. 3. ELODES. Sepals and (rose-colored) petals 5. A gland between the sets of stamens. 5G HYrEKICACE.*:. (.ST. JOHN V WORT FAMILY.) 1. ASCYRUM, I.. St. ri;Ti;u's-wouT. Sepals 4, tlie two outer ones iiiutli larger. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, obli<|Ue. Stamens nunierou.s. Styles 2-4, distinct or united. Cajisules 2-4-valved, 1-celled, with 2-4 parietal placenta;. — Smooth shrubs with 2-edged brunches. Flowers mostlv solitary, yellow. * Sti/les 2 : inner sepals small, 1. A. hypericoides, L. Stems single, l°-3° high, branching above; leaves ^linear-oblong ; flowers single or in threes, short-pedicelled ; outer sepals oval or round-cordate ; petals oblong ; styles shorter than the ovary ; cap.sule as long as the sepals. — Dry soil. July -August. 2. A. Crux-Andreae, L. Stems numerous, decumbent and creeping, the numerous branches (j'- 12' high, very leafy; leaves linear-obhmg, obtuse, narrowetl at the base, 6" - 8" long ; Howers tliree iu a terminal cluster, and single on short branchlets ; sepals and capsule like the preceding. — Dry open woods iu tiie upper districts. July. 3. A. pumilum, Michx. Dwarf ; leaves oblong-obovate, obtuse ; outer sepals round-ovate, the inner minute ; petals obovate ; pedicels long and slender, reHexed in fruit ; styles 2, united. — Dry gravelly soil, Florida, Georgia, and westward. March - April. — Stems 3' - 6' long, diffuse. Leaves 4" - 6" long. * * Stales 3 -4 : sepals nearly equal. 4. A. CUneif olium, n. sp. Stem widely branching, 6' - 9' long ; leaves cuueate, sessile, 6" -9" long; flowers large (!' wide), single, long-peduncled ; outer sepals orbicular, shorter than the obovate petals, twice as long as the oblong capsule ; styles 3, filiform, half the length of the ovary. — Low pine barrens. Florida. August -Sept. 5. A. stans, Michx. Stem and branches erect, l°-2°high; leaves 1' long, oblong, closely sessile ; flowers short-peduncled, single ; outer sepals round-cordate, as long as the obovate petals and oblong capsules ; styles 3-4, short, subulate. — Low ground. July - Oct. 6. A. amplexicaule, Michx. Leaves and outer sepals cordate-ovate, clasping ; inner se])als lanceolate, as long as the outer ones ; petals obovate ; styles 3; capsule ovoid, barely half as long as the sepals. — Damp soil near the coast, Florida, Georgia, and westward. April -Sept. — Shrub 2° -3° high. Branches many times forking. 2. HYPERICUM, L. St. John's-wobt. Sepals 5, similar. Petals .5, oblique, convolute in the bud. Stamens mostly numerous, and commonly collected in 3-5 sets, without intervening glands. Styles 3-5, distinct or united. Capsule 1 - 5-celIed. — Herbs or shrubs. Flowers mostly cyraose, yellow. HYPERICACE^. (ST. JOHN's-WORT FAMILY.) 57 § 1. Stamens numerous. * Capsules 3 - 5-ceUed : placentce central : styles connivent : shrubs. •t— Carpels {cells} united only at the axis : flowers in leaf y few-flowered axillary and terminal cymes : leaves narrow, and clustered in the axils, persistent. 1. H. aspalathoides, Willd. Stem l° -3° Wgh, widely branched; leaves 2" -6" long, liuear, obtuse, spreading, the margins revolute; sepals like the leaves, half tlie length of the slightly 1-toothed petals, and the oblong- linear obtuse-angled 3-celled capsule. — Wet pine barrens. July - August. 2. H. fascieulatum, Lam. Stem 6° -18° high, strictly erect, and with long erect straight branches; leaves 9"- 12" long, filiform, acute, erect; sepals about the length of the sharply 1-toothed petals, and the oblong rather acute-angled 3-celled capsule. — Shallow ponds near the coast. July. 3. H. galioid.es, Lam. Leaves liuear-oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering to the base, glossy above, rigid ; cymes lateral and terminal, few-flowered, or the terminal ones compound ; sepals equal, liuear, acute, shorter than the petals ; capsules acute. — Pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. Var. ambiguum. Leaves oblanceolate, mucronate, pale and thin ; sepals unequal, lanceolate, narrowed at the base, longer than the petals. — Eiver swamps, Florida. July - August. — Stems 2° - 4° high. Branches often elongated. Leaves I'-l^' long- 4. H. lobocarpum, Gattinger. Stem erect, 5° - 7° high ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or barely acute, H'-2' long; cymes terminal, naked, many-flowered; sepals linear-lanceolate, 2" -3" long, shorter than the petals; capsule oblong, 5-celled, sharply 5-angled, scarcely longer than the very .slender style. — Deep marshes. West Tennessee ( Gattiiu/er). 5. H. densiflorum, Pursh. Stem 2° -4° high, much branched; leaves lanceolate, fiat, obtuse, mucronate, 1'- 2' long; cymes simple or compound, naked; sepals oblong or oval, i as long as the petals, and f the length of the ovate 3 - 5-ceUed capsule. — Low ground in the middle and upper dis- tricts. July - August. ^— ^_- Carpels partly united, formin>j a 3-&-celled capsule. 6. H. prolifleum, L. "Stem l°-4° high, with long rather simple shoots ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, mo.stly obtuse, narrowed at the base ; fiowers numerous in simple or compound clusters ; pods oblong, 3-celled." Gray, — North Carolina {Curtis). Tennessee {Gattinger). 7. H. ambiguum, FU. Stem 4° - 8° high, the long straight branches erect, very leafy ; leaves linear-lanceolate, or linear, tapering to the base, 1'- 2' long; cymes axillary and terminal, 7- 14-flowered ; sepals unequal, linear, acute, as long as the oblong petals ; capsule ovate, 3 -4-ceUed. — Banks of streams, on the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. July - August. — A low rigid form (1° - 2° high) occurs on the summit of Roan Mouutain (J. D. Smith). * * Capsule 3-celled : placenta central : styles separate : flowers dotted with black points. Herbs. 8. H. perforatum, L. Stem much branched, slightly 2-edged ; cymes corymbose, many-flowered ; leaves elliptical or linear-oblong, obtuse, with pel- 68 IIYPEKICACE.E. (sT. JOHn's-WOKT FAMILY.) lucid (lots ; sopalrt lancei)lato, arutc. — Old fields, sparin^'ly naturalized. .Tune- August. — bkk "26. AURANTIACEyE. (OisAXfJi- Family.) The OuAXGE, Lemon, and Limi: (species of Citiu's, L.) are com- monly cultivated in the wanner parts of the Soiltliern States, and the BiTTEH-swEET Ohaxge (C. yulgauis, Risso) is completely natural- ized in some portions of South Florida. Order 27. LINAGES. (Flax Family.) Chiefly herbs, with entire exstipulate leaves, and regular hj^iogjnious racemose or panicled flowers. — Sepals 4-5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 4-5, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 4-5, united at the base. Styles 4-5, rarely united. Capsule globose, splitting into five 2-seeded carpels, which are more or less perfectly 2- celled and 2-valved. Seeds anatropous, suspended. Cotyledons ilat. 1. LINUM, L. Flax. Sepals, petals, stamens, aud styles 5. Capsvde partly or completely 10- celled, the sells 1-seeded ; seeds compressed, oily. — Stems slender. Leaves narrow and mostly alternate. Peduncle 1-flowered, borne above or opposite the leaves. * Sti/les separate: capsule \0-valved. 1. L. Virginianum, L. Stem l°-2° high, pauiculately branched above ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the lower mostly opposite, the npper linear ; flowers small, distant on tlie filiform branches ; sepals ovate, acute, as long as the depressed-globose capsule, mostly smooth on the margins. — Dry light soil. July- August. 2 L. Floridanum, Trelease. Stem nearly simple, virgate, l°-2o high ; leaves linear, erect ; flowers larger (|' wide), rather closely arranged on the short corymbose branches ; sepals shorter than the larger globo.se-ovate capsule, the inner ones glandular-ciliate. — Low pine barrens, Florida. July - August. 3. Ii, striatum, Walt. Stem striate with raised lines, widely branched ; leaves 1' long, lanceolate, acute; flowers very small, onesided on the leafy branchlets ; sepals ovate, as long as the small depressed-globose capsule. — Swamps in the upper districts. * * Styles more or less united : capsule b-valved. 4. L. sulcatum, Riddell. Annual; stem 1° high, simple or sparingly branched, sulcate ; leaves linear, acute, minutely biglandular at the base ; sepals glandular-hispid, as long as the ovoid capsule; styles united below the middle. — Drv soil, North Carolina. OXALIDACE.E. (wOOD-SORREL FAMILY.) 65 5. L. rigidum, Pursh. Stem simple or sparingly branched (6'- 12' high); leaves narrow-linear; flowers few, racemose, yellow; sepals acute, glandular on the margins; styles united to the top; capsule globose. — Miami, South Florida (Gurber). Order 28. OXALIDACE^E. (Wood-Sorrel Family.) Chiefly hei'bs, with soiu' juice, alternate compound leaves, and reg- ular hypogynous decandrous flowers. — Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens more or less united. Styles 5, distinct. Ovary 5-celled. Capsule 5- celled, the cells fe^Y-seeded. Seeds anatropous, pendulous. Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen. Cotyledons flat. 1. OXALIS, L. WoOD-SoRREL. Capsule 5-lobed ; tlie cells loculicidally dehiscent on the back, 1 - few- seeded. Seed-coat loose and separating — Leaves 3-foliolate- Leaflets obcordate. 1. O. violacea, L. (Purple Wood-Sorrel.) Stemless ; root tuber- ous ; scapes umbellately 4 - 6-flowered ; flowers purple, nodding. — Rich woods, West Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May -June. — Scapes and petioles 5' - 9' high. 2. O. AcetOSella, L. (White Wood-Sorrel.) Stemless ; root creep- ing ; scape l-flowered ; flower white, veined with red. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June. — Scape and petioles hairy, 2' - 5' high. 3. O. grandis, Small. Annual; stem simple, smooth or villous, I°- 2" high; leaves exstipulate, the large {\'-2' wide) leaflets margined with brownish purple; flowers yellow, umbellate or cymose, 5"- 7" long, tri- morphous. — Alabama (Mohr), and northward. May. 4. O. COrnieulata, L. (Yellow Woon-SoRREL.) Perennial, appressed- hairy ; stems creeping; leaves small, minutely stipulate; peduncles 1 -2- flowered ; flowers yellow, 2" -4" long; .styles as long as the longer stamens; capsule many-seeded. — Cultivated ground. Introduced. Var. macrantha, Trelease. Perennial, villous; peduncles 3-7-flowered, longer than the leaves; flowers 3"- 6" long, trimorphous. — Dry sandy soil near the coast, Georgia, and westward. April -IMay. Var. strleta, Sav. Annual, smoothish, stem erect, 6'- 12' high, at length much branched ; peduncles 3-9-flowered, twice as long as the leaves; stipules none; flowers 2" -3" long; st^ies as long as the stamens; capsule short, few-seeded — Waste and cultivated ground. April -May. 5. O. recurva, Ell. Pubescent, mostly simple, 4'- 8' high; leaves small, shorter than the 2 -6-flowered peduncles, petals obovate, 2-3 times as long as the calyx ; styles shorter than the stamens, recurved. — Cultivated aud waste ground, North and South Carolina. April - May. 6 66 (iK]^A^•IA^K.^^. (cncuAxiuM rAMii.v.) Okdkk '20. LIMANTIIACKyE. (T imantiiis Family.) Low aiimial lifibs, with alternate pinnately divided leave.-<, and sol- itary axillary flowers. — Sepals valvate, persistent. Petals convolute, withering-persistent. Stamens twice as many as the sepals. Ovaries distinct, willi a single erect ovule, heconungrugose-tuberculate achenia at nialurity. Seed without alliuiiien. 1. FLCERKIA, WilUl. Sepals 3. Petals 3, oblong, onti 10. Stamens 6. Ovaries .3, united at base to tlio central axis. Style 3 cleft. Acbeiiia globose. Cotyledons thick. Radicle inferior. — A small tender decumlient annual, with 3 - o-lobed leaves, and small white ])eduncled flowers. 1. F. proserpinaeoides, Willd. — Marshes and sliady banks. Ten- nessee. May - July. Okder 30. GERANIACEiE. (Geranium Family.) Herbs or shrubby plants, -with tumid joints, alternate or opposite palmately lobed stipulate leaves, and hypogynous decandrous flow- ers. — Sepals 0, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, convo- lute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens mouadelphous at the base ; the 5 exterior ones shorter and often sterile. Ovaries 5, 2-ovuled, and, with the persistent styles, adnate to an elongated central axis, from which they separate elastically at maturity. Seed solitary, without albumen. Embryo convolute. 1. GERANIUM, Tourn. Cranesbill. Flowers regular. Stamens perfect, tlie inner ones with a gland at the base. Styles at maturity separating with the 1-seeded carpels, and coiled upward, the inner face naked. — Herbs. Stems forking. Leaves palmately lol)ed. Peduncles 1 -3-flowered. 1. G. maculatum, L. Peronnial, erect, hairy; leaves . 5 - 7-parted, the divisions acutelv lobed and toothed; peduncles 1 - 2-flowered, the terminal ones often umbellate ; petals large, entire, 2-3 times longer than the oldong awned sepals. — Open woods in the upper districts. A])ril-May. — Root tuberous, vei-y astringent. Stem 1*^-2° high. Flowers purple, 1' wide. 2. G. Carolinianum, L Annual, generally prostrate, pubescent; leaves 5-7-parted, the narrow divisions ol)tusely lobed and toothed ; pedun- cles 2-flowered ; petals emarginate, as long as the ovate awned sepals. — Waste places, common. March -April. — Stems forking, 6' -18' long. Flowers pale purple. ZYGOPHYLLACE.E. (bEAIN^-CAPER FAMILY.) 67 Order 31. BALSAMINACE^^. (Balsam Family.) Smooth and succulent annual herbs, with undivided exstipulate leaves, and irregular hypogynous pentandi'ous flowers. — Sepals 5, colored, deciduous ; the two inner (and upper) ones united, the lowest large and saccate. Petals 4-5, distinct or united. Stamens 5, co- herent above. Ovary 5-celled, the cells 2 - several-ovuled. Fruit capsular or drupaceous. Seeds anatropous, without albumen. Em- bryo straight, with thick cotyledons. 1. IMPATIENS, L. Jewel- Weed. Lowest sepal saccate and spurred. Petals 4, united by pairs. Filaments short, with a scale on the inner face. Capsule 5-celled, bursting elastically into 5 valves. Placental central, persistent. — Stems branching, somewhat pellucid. — Leaves serrate. Peduncles axillary, 1 - several-flowered. Earliest flowers fruiting in the bud. 1. I. pallida, Nutt. (Pale Touch-me-not.) Leaves ovate or oval, obtusely serrate, membranaceous ; flowers pale yellow ; lower sepal slightly spotted, dilated, open, tipped with a short recurved spur. — Wet shady places. July - Sept. — Stems 2° - 4° high. 2. I. fulva, Nutt. (Spotted Touch-me-not.) Flowers deep orange; lower sepal conical, conspicuously spotted, tipped with a rather long recurved spur; otherwise like No. 1, but with smaller flowers. — Shady swamps. July - Sept. Order 32. ZYGOPHYLLACE^E. (Pveax-Caper Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with hard wood, opposite pinnate dotless stipulate leaves, and regular hypogynous mostly decandrous flowers. — Sepals and petals 5-6, imbricated or convolute in the bud. Stamens distinct, often appendaged. Ovary 2 - 12-celled, with the styles united. Capsule composed of 2 - 12 indehiscent carpels, which separate from each other and often from a central axis at maturity. Embryo straight. Cotyledons flat. Radicle superior. Synopsis. 1. TRIBULUS. Carpels 5, transversely few-celled, few-seeded. Herbs. 2. KALLSTROMIA. Carpels 10, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Herbs. 3. GUAIACUM. Carpels 2-5, compressed, 1-seeded. Trees. 1. TRIBULUS, L. Sepals .5, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 10. Ovary S-celled, with 3-5 suspended ovules in each cell. Carpels of the fruit 5, spiny on the back, transversely divided into 2-5 one-seeded cells, separating at maturity, G8 laTAcK.K. (kuk family.) AviilioiU ii central axis. Alliiiiiifii none. — rro.strato lii'ih.>i. Loaves al)riij)tlv jiinnatf. J'eilunc-lcs solilary, l-llowert'd. 1. T. Cistoides, L. Leaves uneiiiial; IcaHet.s 6- 16, linearolilung, nm- crouate, silk\ licncatli ; peduncles as lung as the leaves; flowers large, yellow. — South FKirida. — Slenis \°-'2^ '""J?, liairy. IVtaLs 2-3 times a-s long as tiie calyx. 2. KALLSTROMIA, Scop. Sejjals 5-G, per.-tuse, entire, on slender stalks; branches of the panicle opposite; drupe, like the flowers, dotted. — South Florida. — A shrub or small tree. Leaflets I'-l.^' long, shining above. Flowers yellowish white. .SJMAKUI3ACi:-K. (QUASSIA lA.MlLY.) OiiDKi! :U. SI3IAKUBAC'EyK. ((^iassia Family.) Trees or shrubs, with, usually, bitter milky juice, simple or pinnate exstipulate leaves, and regular perfect or i>olygamous hypogynous flow- ers. — Calyx 3 - 5-clef t, persistent. Petals ;5 - 5, deciduous. Stamens as many or twice as many, inserted on a hypogynous disk. Ovary composed of distinct or united carpels, each l-'2-ovuled. Fruit dru- paceous. Albumen none. — The following genera represent as many tribes of the order. 1. SIMARUBA, Aul.let. Quassia. Flowers moiicpc-ions or tli(L'cious. Calyx 4 - 5-touthe(l. Petals 4 - .5, spread- ing. Stamens 8-10, witli the filaments adliereut to the back of a ciliate scale. Ovaries 4-5, surrounded J)y8-10 siale-like rudiments of stamens with a single suspended ovule in each. Drupes 1-5. — Trees. Leaves abruptly piijiiate, with alternate and entire leaflets. Flowers small, greeuisii, in lateral and terminal panicles. 1. S. glauca, DC. Smooth throughout; flowers dia'cious; stigmas 5, subulate, .sjireading; leaflets 4-8, alternate and o])posite, coriaceous, obovate or oblong, obtuse, paler beneath; drupe oval, mostly solitary. — South Flor- ida. — A large tree. 2. PICRAMNIA, Swartz. Flowers dioecious. Calyx 3-5parted. Petals 3-5, oblong. Stamens 3-5, opposite the petals, exserted. Stigmas 2, sessile. Fruit a 2-celled, 2- seeded drupe. — Small trees, with unequally pinnate leaves, and small flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 1. P. pentandra, Swartz. Leaflets 5-7, alternately distant, ovate- oblong, uhlu.su ; ])anicle simple, drooping ; flowers greenish ; stamens 5. — Miami, South Florida ( Garber). 3. SURIANA, Plum. Calyx 5-])artcd, persistent; the base filled with a fleshy torus, which bears the ovaries, petals, and stamens. Petals 5, oblong-obovate. Stamens 10, hairy, the alternate ones short and sterile. Ovaries 5, distinct, with 2 erect collateral orthotropous ovules in each." Styles 5, each arising from the central angle of the ovary near the base, thickened upwards. Carpels 1-seeded, inde- hiscent. Seeds without albumen. Embryo hooked. — A downy shrub, with alternate crowded exstij)ulate leaves, and perfect yellow flowers, iu small axillary Ijracted racemes. 1. S. maritima, L. — Sea-shore, South Florida. — Shrub 4°-6° high. Leaves lincar-.-^patuhite, fleshy, imbricated near the summit of the branches- Racemes shorter than the leaves. ANACARDIACE^. (cASHEW FAMILY.) 71 Order 35. BURSERACE^:. (Torch-Wood Family.) Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, unequally-pinnate or trifoli- olate commonly dotted leaves, and small regular flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles. — Calyx free from the 1 - 5-celled sessile ovary, 2 - 5-lobed, persistent. Petals 2-5, alternate with the calyx- lobes, and inserted under an orbicular or annular disk at the bottom of the calyx, mostly valvate in the bud. Stamens twice as many as the petals, and inserted with them : anthers introrse. Ovules anatro- pous, pendulous, mostly two in each cell. Stigmas 1 - 5. Fruit dru- paceous, dry; the pericarp often splitting into valves. Albumea none. Radicle superior. 1. BURSEEA, Jacqiiin. Flowers polygamous. Sterile Fl. Calyx 3-5-parted. Petals 3-5, valvate in the bud. Stamens 6-10. Disk creuulate. Fertile Fl. Calyx 3-pai'ted. Petals 3. Stamens 6. Ovary ovate, 3-celled. Style short : stigma 3-lobed. Drupe oblong, 1-seeded; the pericarp 3-valved. Cotyledons wrinkled. 1. B. gummifera, Jacquin. Leaves alternate, 3 - 9-foliolate, long-peti- oled, deciduous ; leaflets stalked, opposite, ovate, acuminate, entire, rounded or sliglitly cordate at tlie base, at leugtli smooth on both sides; flowers small, whitish, in axillary racemes ; drupe purplish. — South Florida. — A large tree. Order 36. ANACARDIACE^. (Cashew Family.) Trees or shrubs, with milky or resinous juice, alternate exstipulate dotless leaves, and perfect or polygamous regular flowers. — Sepals and petals 4-5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many as the petals, or twice as many, and inserted with them on the base of the calyx. Ovary solitary, with a single ovule ascending from the base of the cell. Style simple or 3-cleft. Fruit druiJaceous. Seeds without albumen. Radicle curved. 1. RHUS, L. Sumach. Calyx 5-parted. Petals .5, inserted with the 5 stamens on the disk which surrounds the base of the ovary. Stigmas 3. Drupe dry. Radicle superior, incurved. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves pinnate or trifoliolate, rarely simple. Flowers small, greenish, in spikes or panicles. * Flowers polijgamous, in a close terminal panicle: drupe red, hair// : leaven pinnate. {Not jioisonous.) 1. R. typhina, L. Branches, petioles, and drupes villous ; leaflets 17-21, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth, ])ale beneath. — Dry hillsides in the upper districts. June - July. — A slirub or small tree. 72 ANACAKlHACK.i:. (CASHEW FAMILY.) 2. R. glabra, L. Smooth ami filaiuous ; k-iiflcts 17 - .'Jl, ohloiiff-lancco- lati-, senate, aemiiiiiate, wliite lu'iicatli. — ()|)i'n woods in dry riili soil. July. — A .slinili (1- 10 lii,!:;li. I'etioles terete. .'1. R. COpallina, L. (Simai'II.) Uranelies and \viii<;-iiiargiiifl louse; berries small, i)lack, ripening late. — Hiver lianks and low gronuil. May-Juue. — Stem climi)ing liigii. Berries 2" -.J" in iliameter, sharply acid. 6. V. riparia, .Miehx. Leaves orliicuhir-<-onlate, with a rounded siims, 3' -6' wide, strongly .'{ - Tj-Iohed, coarsely toothed; stipules 2"-. "J" long; panicle small, the berries in compact clusters, 4" -5" in diameter, black with a bloom, sweet and juicy, ripening early. — Kiver banks, 'I'ennessee. 7. V. rupestris, Scheele. Stem low, erect, branching ; leaves 3' long, glabrous, cordate or truucate at the ba.se, rarely lobed, coarsely toothed; berries small, sweet and juicy. — Sandy banks, Teuuessee, and westward. May. — Teudrils weak aud deciduous, or uoue. §2. MusCADiMA. Bark pale and smooth; tendrils siin/ile; jiith continuous through the nodes ; seed transverseli/ wrinkled. 8. V. rotundifolia, Michx. (Muscadixk, Bullace.) Leaves broadly cordate, toutlied-serrate, mostly smooth aud glos.sy, the sinus broad and rounded, or narrow and acute ; panicle small ; berry large. — Banks of rivers, Florida to North C'aroliua, aud westward. Juue. — Stem climbing high. Leaves 2' -3' wide. Berry i'-f in diameter, purple, pleasant flavored. — A form with .smaller leaves and berries, the latter very austere, aud sometimes called the Mustang Gkai'E, is common along the coast. 2. CISSUS, L. Flowers mostly perfect. Petals 4, and spreading, rarely 5, and cohering at the top. Stamens 4-5. Disk cup-shaped. Styles mostly slender. — Leaves simple or c(jiiip(nuid. Inflorescence cymose. Berries small, inedible. 1. C. bipinnata, Nutt. Leaves bijjinnate, smoothi.sli ; leaflets small, ovate, sli;ir])ly toiillicd ; flowers somewhat cymose, on along forkiiig j)eduncle ; petals 4 -.5, united at the ape.x, or spreading; style conical ; disk 4-.'J-lolied; berry 2-4-seedi'd. — Margins of .swamps. June -July. — Stem climbing. Leaflets Y -1' long. Berry small, black. 2. C. acida, L. Branches geniculate ; leaves trifoliolate, thick and rigid ; leaflets small, cuneate-obovate, sharply toothed at the apex ; flowers in com- pound umbels; petals 4; berry black, 1-seedcd. — Key West. — Tendrils stout and elongated. Leaflets ^' long. 3. C. incisa, Desmoul. Smooth; stem climbing, warty ; leaves trifolio late, very tliick and fleshy ; leaflets stalked, wedge-shaped and entire near tlie ba.se, the lateral ones 2-lobed, the middle 3-lobed, alL mucronate-toothed or serrate; cymes trichotomous ; petals 4 ; berry globose-ovate, nodding, pointed with the conspicuous slender .style, 1-seeded. — Sandy shores, Florida, and westward. — Stem 6° -12° long. Leaflets l'-3' long. Panicles cymose. Berry 5" -6" long. 4. C. Ampelopsis, Pers. Leaves simj)le, undivided, ovate, truncate, or cordate at the base, acuminate, toothed-serrate, pubescent ; peduncles forking; petals and stamens .") ; .style slender ; disk cup-shaped ; berry 1 -3-.seeded. — Banks of rivers, P'lorida to South Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem climbing high. Berry small, black. KHAMNACE^. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 75 5. C. sicyoides, L. Pubescent ; leaves entire, oblong-ovate, cordate, 2' - 4' long, setaceously serrate, longer than the small trichotomous cymes; petals 4 ; styles long and slender ; berries globose, 1 -seeded. — Low banks. South Florida. — Stem climbing high. Leaves succulent. 3. AMPELOPSIS, Michx. Virginian Creeper. Flowers perfect. Petals 5, thick, spreading. Style short, conical. Disk uoue. — Stem climbing by expansion of the ends of tlie tendrils. Leaves digitate. Flower in corymbose cymes. Berry small, globose. 1. A. quinquefolia, Michx. (Virginian Creeper.) — Low grounds. June. — Stem climbing by lateral tendrils. Leaflets 5, oblong-obovate, ser- rate above the middle, smooth. Berry sinaD, dark blue. Order 38. RHAMNACEtE. (Buckthorn Family.) Trees or shrubs, with simple mostly stipulate leaves, and small regular perigyuous greenish or whitish flowers. — Sepals 4-5, united below, valvate in the bud. Petals alternate with the sepals, concave or hooded, sometimes wanting. Stamens opposite the petals, and in- serted with them into the margin of a fleshy disk, which lines the base of the calyx. Ovary 1 - 4-cened, with a solitary erect anatro- pous ovule in each cell. Style single. Fruit drupaceous. Embryo large, iu the axis of scanty fleshy albumen. Radicle inferior. Synopsis. Tbibe I. FRANGULE^. Fruit superior, drupaceous, fleshy or baccate. * Putamen entire, 1 - 3-celled. ■f- Petals none. 1. CONDALIA. Disk thick, filling the base of the calyx. Albumen entire. 2. REYNOSIA. Disk thin, lining the calyx-tube. Albumen ruminated. t- 1- Petals 4-5. 3. BERCHEMIA. Petals 5, as long as the calyx. Woody vines. * * Putamen separating into 2-4 nutlets. 4. SAGERETIA. Flowers in terminal spikes. Leaves opposite. .5. RHAMNUS. Flowers in axillary clusters. Leaves alternate. 0. CEANOTHUS. Flowers in thyrsoid panicles. Calyx white. 7. COLUBRIXA. Flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx green. Fruit dry. Tribe II. GOUANIE^. Fruit inferior, dry, 3-winged. 8. GOUANIA. A woody vine, climbing by tendrils. Flowers dioecious. 1 CONDALIA, Cav. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft, adherent to the base of the ovary, the lobes deciduous. Petals none. Stamens 4 or .5, alternate with the calyx lobes. Ovary 2-3- celled, with a single erect ovule in each cell. Style short ; stigma 2 -3-lobed. 76 KUAMNAi K.K. (iHCKTIIOKX KAMIl-V.) Drupe l-rt'lloil, l-sop»K'(i,tl;e seeil iiol grooved. — Mostlv s|»inv trees or slirubH, witli 8hort-ititi.>K'il leaves, and small clustered axillary flowers. 1. C ferrea, (iri.seb. Unarmed; branchlets jmlierulent ; leaves oval or olilon";, ol)tuse or emarginate, entire, smooth; umliel like elu.sters few-How- ered, .sessile or short peduueled; ealy.x lohes 4, ovate, acute; stamens 4; stisite In-anclies and leaves, and minute whitish spiked flowers. 1. S. Michauxii, Brongn. Stem vine-like (6° -18" long), with spine- like spreading liranches ; leaves (1' long) nearly sessile, ovate or olilong-ovate, acute, finely serrate, smooth and shining, persistent; spikes slender, inter- rupted, mo.stly pauicled ; petals minute ; drupe dark purple, globose. (Rham- nus miuutiflorus, J//cA.r.) — Dry sandy soil along the coast, F'lorida to North Carolina. Sept. — Drupes pleasantly acid. 5. RHAMNUS, Tourn. Buckthorn. Calyx 4 -.5 cleft, the tube urceolate, lined with a thin disk. Petals small, obovate, concave, often wanting. Ovary free, 2- 4-celled. Styles united be- low. Stigm.'us 2 - 4. Drupe baccate, composed of 2 -4 somewhat dehiscent RHAMXACE.E. (buCKTHOKM" FAMILY.) 77 nutlets. Raphe dorsal. Cotyledons leafy, revolute. — Shrul);*, w'itli alternate stipulate finely veined leaves, and small axillary clustered polygamous or dioecious greenish flowers. 1. R. lanceolatus, Pursh. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, or those of the flowering branches oblong and obtuse, serrulate ; flowers clustered, on short pedicels, with long styles, or the more fruitful ones scattered on longer pedicels, and with short styles ; petals emarginate ; drupe 2-seeded ; seeds grooved. — Hills and river banks, in the upper districts, Alabama aud northward. June. — A tall shrub. Drupes black, as large as a grain of pepper. 2. R, Carolinianus, Walt. (Carolina Buckthorn.) Leaves oblong, wavy and finely serrulate on the margins, the slender petioles and many-flow- ered short-stalked umbels pubescent ; petals 5, minute ; stigmas 3 ; drupe globose, .3-seeded ; seeds e^en. — Fertile soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June. — A shruli or small tree. Leaves 3' - 4' lung. 6. CEANOTHUS, L. Jersey Tea. Calyx colored, 5-cleft, with the tube adnate to the ovary and persistent, the lobes connivent, deciduous. Petals .5, longer than the calyx, hooded, long- clawed. Stamens exserted. Style 3-parted. Drupe dry, composed of three 2-valved 1-seeded nutlets. Embryo in fleshy albumen. Cotyledons flat. — Shrubby plants, with alternate serrulate minutely stipulate 3-ribbed leaves, and small flowers in lateral and terminal corymbs or panicles. 1. C. Amerieanus, L. Branches pubescent ; leaves deciduous, variable in size, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, sharply serrate, more or less pubescent, petioled ; peduncles elongated, mostly 2-leaved above. — Dry woods. July. — Plant shrubby, 1° - 2° high. Leaves 3-ril)bed, varying from I' (C. intermedins. Ell.) to 3' long, often nearly smooth (C. herbaceus, Raf.). Flowers and pedicels white. 2. C. microphyllus, Michx. Stem erect, diffusely much-branched; leaves perennial, small, obovate, slightly crenate, 3-ribbed, glossy above, with scattered liairs beneath ; those in the axils clustered ; corj'mhs small, terminal. — Dry barrens, Florida and Georgia, and westward. April -May. — Shrub l°-2° high, yellowish. Leaves 2" -3" long. Pedicels and flowers white. Drupe black. 3. C. serpyllifolius, Nutt. Decumbent, diffusely branched ; branches filiform ; leaves very small, ovate elliptical, serrulate, obtuse, tlie lower sur- face, as well as the petioles, strigose ; peduncles axillary ; flowers few, in a simple corymbose head. — Xear St. Mary's, Georgia. — Leaves 3" -5" long. Peduncles 12-1 5-flowered. 7. COLUBRINA, Rich. Calyx herbaceous, with spreading lobes. Nutlets opening at the apex and down the inner angle. Embryo in thin albumen. Otherwise chiefly as in Ceanothus. — Tropical shrubs, with alternate parallel-veined leaves, and small flowers in close axillary cymes. 78 CKLASTRACEvE. (sTAFK-TlfKK FAMILY.) 1. C. Americana, Nutt. Liiives coriiut'ous, ci\iiic'-<)l)l()iig, ontirf, tlie lower siiiluce, as iilso tlie 1ii:iik1k'S uikI calvx, loverc-.l witli a dcusf nist- ctilored imhesccnce ; cyme small, shorter than tlie petiole; i)etals Hpalulate, einarj^inato, slmrter than the calyx; (lrn])e aloheil. — South ll'iriiUi. — Leaves 2' -4" long. Drupe 4" in diameter. 2. C. reclinata, Brougn. Nearly glabrous ; hranches pendulous ; leaves thin, elliptical, minutely pubescent beneath ; jjeduncles not lialf the length of the petioles ; sepals keeled within ; jjetals yellow, shorter than the sepals ; styles 3, distinct. — iSouth Florida. A large tree. 8. GOUANIA, Jac<|uin. Ciiaw-stick. Calyx 5-cleft, partly adnate to the ovary, the lobes spreading. Petals .5, shorter than the calyx, and inserted on the 5-lobed disk wbicli lines its tube, hooded, and enclosing the short stamens. Ovary 3-cellcd, 3-ovulcd. Style 3-cleft. Drupe dry, 3-lobed or 3-\vinged, separating from the central axis into three valveless nutlets. Embryo in the axis of thin albumen. — Tropical, chiefly climl)ing shrul)S, with alternate stipulate toothed leaves, and perfect or polygamous flowers in terminal sjiiked clusters. 1. G. Domingensis, L. Brauches pubescent; leaves oblong-ovate, ta- pering into an obtuse point, serrate, petioled ; spikes elongated, bearing a tendril at the base; drupe globose, 3-winged. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' -4' long. Flowers minute, yellow. Lobes of the disk emargiuate. Order 39. CELASTRACE^E. (Staff-trf.e Family.) Shrubs -with simple stipulate leave.s, and small regular flowers. — Sepals and petals 4-5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 3-5, alter- nate witli the petals, and inserted with them on the disk which fills the bottom of the calyx. Ovary free, 1 - 5-celled, with 1 - several erect ovules in each cell. Styles united. Fruit capsular or drupa- ceous. Seeds often arilled. Embryo in the axis of the albimien. — Flowers perfect or polygamous. Synopsis. Tribe I. CELASTRE.^. Sepals and petals 4-5. Stamens 4-5, distinct, irserted on the margins of the disk. Albiunen fleshy. * Fruit a 1 - 2-seeded drupe. 1. MTGrNDA. Ovary 4-celled. Stigmas 4. Drupe 1-seeded. Leaves opposite. Flowers perfect. 2. GYMINDA. Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 2. Leaves opposite. Flowers dioecious. 3. SCH.EFFERIA. Oviry 2-celled. Stigmas 2. Drupe 2-seeded. Leaves alternate. Flowers dioecious. « * Fruit a 3 - 5-valved capsule ; seeds arilled. 4. EUOXYMTJS. Flowers perfect, in axillary cjimes. Calyx flat. Leaves opposite. 5. CELASTRUS. Flowers polygamous, in terminal racemes. Calyx cup-shaped. Capsule globose. Leaves alternate. CELASTRACE.E. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) 79 6. MATTENUS. Flowers axillary. Calyx flat. Capsule 3-angled. Leaves alternate. 7. PACHISTIMA. Flowers axillary, perfect. Capsule 2-celled. Leaves opposite. Tribe n. HIPPOCKATE.aE. Sepals and petals 3-5. Stamens 3, united below, hypogynous. Albumen none. 8. HIPPOCRATEA. Capsule 3-winged. Anthers transversely dehiscent. 1. MYGINDA, Jacq. Flowers perfect. Sepals 4, united below. Petals 4, roundish. Stamens 4. Ovary 4-celIed, with a solitary anatropous ovule in each cell. Style short, 4-cleft. Drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed erect. Embryo in thin albumen. Cotyledons flat. Radicle inferior. — Tropical shrubs, with small opposite coriaceous leaves, and minute wliite or reddisli flowers on axillary forking peduncles. 1. M. Rhaeoma, Swartz. Branches slender, pubescent, angled; leaves oblong, olitiise, crenate, nearh' sessile, paler and often discolored beneath; peduncles filiform, shorter than the leaves, cymosely 2-4-flowered; calyx lobes round, pubescent ; petals oval, concave, ciliate ; stigmas spi'cading j drupe obovate. — South Florida. — A small shrub. Leaves i'-l' long' glabrous. 2. M. ilicif olia, Lam. Branches terete, pubescent ; leaves smooth, round-ovate, spinj'-toothed, short-petioled ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, umbellately 3-4-flowered ; calyx 4-toothed ; petals rounded ; drupe obovate, pointed with the persi-stent style. — South Florida. — A small shrub. Leaves i'-f long. 3. M. latifolia, Swartz. Branches 4-angled ; leaves elliptical or obovate, obtuse, crenate, smooth, nearly sessile ; peduncles few-flowered, forking, ^' or less long, shorter than the leaves ; style distinct, 4-lobed ; drupe obovate. — Pine Key, South Florida (Cwrfiss). — Shrub 10° -15° high. Leaves V-2' long. Flowers and drupe red. 2. GYMINDA, Sargent. Flowers dioecious, tetramerous, cymuse. Disk cup-shaped, fleshy, 4-lobed. Ovary 2-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Drupe 1-seeded. Radicle superior. Embryo large, in thin albu- men. — A smooth shrub or small tree, the branchlets 4-angled. Leaves coriaceous, opposite, obovate, short-petioled, the revolute margins obscurely crenate. Cymes axillary, few-flowered. Drupe black. 1. G. Grisebachii, Sargent. (Myginda? latifolia, \st edit. M. integri- folia, II BK.) — Keys of South Florida. 3. SCH^PFERIA, Jacq. Flowers dia^cious. Sepals 4, barely united at the base, rounded, 3-furrowed. Petals 4, spatulate-oblong, much longer than the calyx. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 2, sessile. Drupe dry, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Embryo in oily albumen. Radicle inferior. — "Shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves, and small greenish flowers in axillary clusters. 80 CKI.ASTltACK.E. (sTAKK-TKKK l-'AMILV.) 1. S. frutescens, .Iaii|. Sinontli; leaves olKivate-uliloiijr, entire, acute or t)l)tiise ; (lowers :i - .'> in a cluster, tlie slender jiodicels arisin;^ from a wart- like jic'ilunde; drnjie glohose. — South Florida. — A small tree with hard aud dose f;;rained wood. Loaves I}/ long, jialu greeu. 4. EUONYMUS, L. Si-ini.lk-tui:e. Flowers perfect. Calyx flat, 4 - 5 cleft. Petals 4 - .5, spreailing. Stamen.s 4 - ."), very shoit, inserted with the petals under the hroad and tieshy disk w Inch surrounds the ovary. Ovary 3- .'i-celled, with 2 erect or resupinatc ovules iu each cell. Style very short. Capsule 3- 5-celled, loculicidally 3-5-valved. Seed enclosed in a red pulpy aril. — Erect or trailing shruhs, with 4-angled branches, opposite serrate leaves, aud greenish or purplish Mowers iu axillary pedunded cymes. 1. E. Americanus, L. Stuawberry Brsn. Flowers greenish, pen- tanierous ; jieilunclos 1-3-flowered; capsule warty; leaves short-peti(jled, varying from ovate or obovate to linear-lanceolate, serrulate. — Low shady woods. May - June. — Shrub 3° - 6° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. 2. E. atropurpureus, >Jac(i. Flowers ])urple, tetramerous ; peduncles many-riowered ; capsule smooth ; leaves oblong, on rather long ])eti(»les, ser- rulate. — River banks, chiefly iu the upper districts. May -June. — Shrub 8°- 12° high. Leaves 2'-5' loug. Flowers dark purple. 5. CELASTRUS, L. Staff-tree. Flowers somewhat dioecious. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals 5, spread- ing. Stamens 5, inserted with the petals on the edge of the cup-shaped fleshy disk which fills the tube of the calyx, abortive iu the fertile flower. Ovary 2-4-celled, the cells 2ovuled. Style thick. Capsule globose, com- monly 3-celled and 3-valved. Seeds 1 - 2 in each cell, enclosed in a fleshy scarlet aril. Embryo in the axis of copious fleshy albumen. — Climbing shrubs, witli alternate leaves, and small greenish flowers in axillary or ter- minal racemes. 1. C. scandens, L. Leaves oblong-ovate or obovate, acuminate, serrate, smooth ; racemes terminating the branches, nearly simple ; capsule orange- colored. — Woods and banks of streams along the mountains of North Carolina. June. 6. MAYTENUS, Jus.'*. Flowers polygamous. Calyx flat, 5 cleft. Petals 5. Stamens .5, very short, inserted with the petals under t!ie edge of the flat circular disk which en- velopes the ovary. Ovary 2 -3-celled, w-ith a solitary erect ovule at tlie base of each cell. Style very short and thick. Stigma 2- 3-lobed. Capsule cori- aceous, 1 -3-celled, loculicidally 2 -.3-valved, yellow within. Seeds 1-3, en- closed in a thin pulpy aril. Embrvo in the axis of thin fleshy albumen. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate. Flowers chiefly in axillary clusters. ILICTNE^. (holly FAMILY.) 81 1 . M. phyllanthoides, Benth. Leaves fleshy, alternate, obluug-obovate, obscurely creuate aud reticulate, glabrous ; flowers miuute, clustered, appar- parentjy perfect; capsule obovate, 3-angled, 1-ceUed, 1-3-seeded. — South Florida. — Leaves T - 1^' long. 7. PACHYSTIMA, Eaf. Calyx 4-lobed. Petals and stamens 4, inserted on the edge of the disk that fills the throat of the calyx. Style very short ; stigma obscurely 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, loculicidaUy 2-valved, 2-4-seeded, the seed arillate. — Low shrubs, with opposite persistent leaves, and minute axillary flowers. 1. P. Canbyi, Gray. Leaves oblong-linear, denticulate near the tip; flowers single, or clustered on the common peduncle ; petals oblong-ovate. — Rocky cliffs on the mountains of North Carolina and Virginia. — Shrub 1° or more high. 8. HIPPOCRATEA, L. Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals spreading, valvate or imbricate. Filaments recurved ; anthers 1 - 2-celled. Disk expanded. Ovary free. Style short, subulate, 3-cleft. Ovules 2 - 6 in each cell. Carpels 3, united at the base, 2-valved, or indehiscent, few-seeded. Seeds mostly winged. — Climbing shrubs. Cymes or panicles dichotomous. 1. H. OVata, Lam. Leaves elliptical-oblong, serrulate; panicles rusty- pubescent, mostly longer than the leaves ; petals oblong ; carpels oval or roundish. — Borders of the Everglades (Curt^'ss). Order 40. ILICINE^gE. (Holly Family.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, and small white or greenish flowers. — Calyx 4 - 9-toothed. Corolla hypogynous, rotate, 4 -9-parted, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4-9, alternate with the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its base : anthers opening length- wise. Ovary free from the calyx, 4 - 9-celled. Stigma lobed, nearly sessile. Drupe berry -like, composed of 4-9 one-seeded nutlets. Seeds anatropous, suspended. Embryo minute, in fleshy albumen. 1. ILEX, L. HOLLT. Flowers perfect or dioeciously polygamous, of 4 - 9 parts. Drupe containing 4-9 nutlets. — Leaves evergreen or deciduous. Fertile flowers commonly solitary on the young branches, the sterile ones mostly in sessile or peduncled clusters or cymes. § 1. Aquifolicm. — Parts of the flower ^•. drupe red : nutlets ribbed or veiny on the back: leaves evergreen. 1- I. opaca, Ait. (Holly.) Smooth; leaves oval, concave, wavy and spiny on the margins ; sterile flowers cymose, on slender peduncles ; calyx lobes acute. — Sandy soil. April - May. — A small tree. 6 82 iLicixK.'t:. (holly family.) 2. I. Dahoon, Walt. Young brandies, lower surface of the loaves, and clusters more or less pubescent; leaves varying from ohovateto oliiong-liuear, acute or obtuse, niucronate, entire, or sharply serrate above the miiidle, on short petioles; sterile ])eiluncles many-flowered, tiie fertile shorter, and mostly 1-flowered ; calyx teeth acute; nutlets .■j-ribl)ed on the back. (I. laurifolia, Nult. I. ligustrina. Ell.) — Var. myutifoha. Leaves small {Y - 1'), linear- oblong, entire, or, on the young branches, sharjily 2-4-toothed toward the apex. (I. myrtifolia, M'ltlt.) — Margins of swamps and pine l)arren ponds, South Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April- May. — A hantl- some shrub or small tree. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 3. I. Cassine, L. (Yaipon.) — Leaves small (^'-1' long), oval or oblong, obtuse, crenate ; clusters very numerous, nearly sessile : calyx lobes minute, obtuse. — Light sandy soil along the coast, Florida to North Caro- lina. April. — Shrub 8*^-12° high, slender, the short spreading branches often spine-like. Fruit clustered, abundant. § 2. Prixoides. — Ports of the flower 4 - G : drupe red or purple : nutlets 4-6, rihhcd on the hack : shrubs : leaves deciduous. 4. I. decidua, Walt. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtusely serrate, pubescent on the veins beneath, tapering into a short petiole ; flowers on short pedicels, in sessile clusters ; calyx teeth smooth, acute. — Varies with the leaves smooth on both sides, and the flowers on longer pedicels. — River swapips. April - May. — A large shrub. Leaves 1' - 2' long. Drupe red. 5. I. ambigua, Chapm. Branches slender ; leaves oval or oblong, acute or somewhat acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, smooth on both sides, or rarely, like the branchlets, softly pubescent ; pedicels of the sterile flowers clustered, longer than the petioles ; those of the fertile ones very short, soli- tary ; calyx teeth obtuse, ciliate. — Sandy margins of swamps. April. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves l'-4' long. 6. I. longipes, Chapm. Smooth ; leaves 1 ' - 2' long, thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly acute, slender-petioled, appressed-serrate ; peduncles 1'-]^' long, the sterile clustered, the fertile single; calyx lobes acute; style very short. — Rocky woods in the upper districts. May. — Shrub 3° -6° high. 7. I. mollis, Gray. Leaves thin, oval or oblong, acuminate, sharply serrulate, downy ; sterile flowers very numerous, in umbel-like clusters, the pedicels shorter than the petiole, soft-downy, like the calyx ; fertile peduncles very short. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. 8. I. monticola, Gray. Leaves thin, ovate or lance-oblong, acuminate, smooth, sharply serrate ; fertile flowers very shcrt-peduncled ; calyx ciliate. (L ambigua, Torr.) — Mountains of North Carolina {Gray). — Leaves 3' -5' long. 9. I. Amelanchier, >L A. Curtis. Leaves oblong, barely acute at each end, serrulate, pubescent and finely reticulate beneath; fruiting pedicels soli- tary, as long as the petioles ; drupe large, red ; nutlets strongly 3-ribbed on the back; calyx teeth acute. — Swamps, ^Mississippi to North Carolina. — Leaves about 2' long, 1' wide. Drupe 3"- 4" in diameter. CYRILLACE.E. (CTRILLA FAMILY.) 83 § 3. Prinos. — Parts of the flower mosthj 6-9 : nutlets smooth and even on the back. * Leaves deciduous : drupe red. 10. I, verticillata, Gray. Leaves (thick) oval, obovate, or wedge- lanceolate, acuminate, rather coarsely serrate, paler and pubescent beneath ; flowers all clustered, 6-parted, on short pedicels ; fruit abundant. — Low ground. April. — A large shrub. Leaves about 2' long. Pedicels shorter than the petioles. 11. I. lanceolata. Leaves lanceolate, finely and remotely serrate, acute at each end, smooth on both sides, membranaceous ; fertile flowers scattered generally in pairs, 6-parted ; sterile ones clustered, triandrous ; drupes small. (Prinos lanceolatus, Pursh.) — Lower districts of Georgia and South Carolina, Pursh. June. (*) * * Leaves smooth, evergreen : drupe black. 12. I. glabra, Gray. Leaves wedge-oblong or obovate, crenately 2-4- toothed near the apex ; sterile peduncles many-flowered ; the fertile, 1- fiowered ; flowers all 6 - 9-parted. — Low pine barrens. May. — Shrub 2° - 4° high. 13. I. lucida, Torr. & Gray. Leaves oval or oblong-obovate, entire or with sharp scattered teeth, viscid when young ; peduncles 1 -flowered, the sterile ones mostly clustered, the fertile solitary ; flowers 6 - 9-parted. (Prinos coriaceus. Ell. } — Wet thickets, Florida, Georgia, and westward. May. — Shrub 4° -8° high. Order 41. CYRILLACE^E. (Cyrilla Family.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate evergreen leaves, without stipules, and perfect white flowers in lateral or terminal racemes. — Calyx of 4-5 sepals. Petals 5 - 8, hypogynous, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5 - 10, inserted with the petals : anthers introrse, opening lengthwise. Ovary 2 - 4-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell. Stigma entire or 2 - 4-lobed. Fruit 2 - 4-seeded. Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen. Radicle superior. 1. CYRILLA, Garden. Calyx small, 5-sepalous, persistent. Corolla 5-petalous, spreading, decidu- ous. Starriens 5, opposite the sepals, subulate, spreading : anthers oval. Style persistent : stigma 2-lobed. Drupe ovate, 2-celled, 2-seeded ; the pericarp spongy. — A smooth shrub or small tree. Leaves entire. Racemes clustered at the base of the branches of the sea.son, rigid, spreading. Flowers small, on short 2-bracted pedicels. 1. C. racemiflora, Walt. Leaves oldong or obovateoblong (2' -4' long), on short petioles ; racemes straight, many-flowered ; drupe dry, ovate, tipped with the conspicuous slender style, mostly 1-seeded. — Varies with smaller (I'-l^') oblanceolate and more rigid leaves, and the nearly globuse 84 SAri.NDACK.K. (S(tAl"-Iti:KI{V 1 AMILV.) (Iriiiic ti|)|n'il witli the sliorl ami tliick style. — Sliaily banks, ami (the variet\') iu j)iiR'-l)arreii ponds, Floriilu to North Carolina, and westward. July. — liaecnies ;3' - 6' lnn^. 2. CLIFTONIA, Banks. Tin. Calyx niinntc, composed of 5 - 8 scale-like persistent sepals. Petals 5 - 8, ohovate, concave, short-clawed, spreading. Stamens mostly 10, in 2 rows ; the filaments erect, thick, contracted al)ove the middle; those oj)posite the petals longer : anthers round. IStigma sessile, 3 -4-lobed. Drupe dry, 3-4- winged, 3 - 4-celled, with a single linear seetl in each cell. — A shruh or small tree. Leaves oblong, smooth, and somewiiat glaucous. Racemes terminal, many-flowered, with leafy deciduous bracts. Drupes nodding. 1. C. ligUStrina, Banks. (Mylocarium, Willd.) — Pine barren ponds and swam])s, Florida and the lower districts of Georgia, westward. March - April. — Leaves 2' long, llacemes 2' - 4' long. Flowers white, fragrant. Order 42. STAPHYLEACE^i:. (Bladder-xut Family). Erect shrubs, with opiaosite pinnate stipulate leaves, and perfect regular pentaudrous flowers. — Calyx o-parted, colored. Petals and stamens 5, perigynous. Ovary 2 - 3-celled. Ovules 1 -8 in each cell, attached to the central angle of the cell. Fruit capsular or bac- cate. Seeds bony, truncated at the base. Embryo straight in scanty albumen. 1. STAPHTLEA, L. Bladder-nut. Flowers perfect. Calyx erect, persistent. Petals ohovate, erect, alternate with the sepals, imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted with the jietals on the edge of the 5-lobed disk which fills the base of the calyx. Ovary 3- celled, the cells sometimes separate above, 6 - 8-ovuled. Capsule 3-lobed, membranaceous, inflated, few-seeded. — Leaflets stipellate. Flowers white, in drooping compound racemes. 1. S. trifolia, L. Leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate, acuminate, serrate, pubescent beneath, the terminal one long-stalked ; racemes lateral and termi- nal ; styles 3, connivent ; capsule reticulated, 1 - 3 seeded. — Damp woods, in the upper districts. May. — Shrub 10° high. Capsules 2' long, 1' in diameter. Order 43. SAPINDACE.iE. (Soap-berrv Family.) Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with exstipulate alternate or opposite leaves, and chiefly irregular 7 - 12-androns flowers, imbricated in the bud. — Cah'x 4 - 5-lobed. Petals 4-12, inserted with the stamens on a hypogj-nous or somewhat perigynous disk, rarely none. Anthers opening lengthwise. Ovary 2 - 4-celled, the cells 1 - 2-ovuled. Seeds without albumen. Embi-yo mostly curved or convolute. Cotyledons incumbent, fleshy. SAPINDACE^. (SOAP-BERBT FAMILY.) 85 Synopsis. Tribe I. DODONE^. Ovules 2 - 3 in each cell. Embryo spirally coiled. Cotyle- dous distinct. — Leaves alternate. 1. DODON^EA. Ovules 2 in each celL Petals none. Capsule 2 -4- winged. Teibe II. SAPINDE^. Ovules usually solitary. Embryo curved or straight. Coty- ledons distuiot. — Leaves alternate. 2. HYPELATE. Ovules 2-3 in each cell. Petals 4 - 5, regular. Fruit drupaceous. 3. SAPINDUS. Ovules solitary. Petals 5, regular. Fruit baccate. 4. CARDIOSPERMUM Ovules solitary. Petals 4, irregular. Fruit a bladder-like capsiile. Tribe III. HIPPOCASTANE.33. Ovules 2 in each cell. Embryo roundish. Coty- ledons very thick and partly united. Leaves opposite. 5. ^SCULUS. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 4-5, unequal. — Leaves digitate. Tribe IV. ACERINE^E. Ovules 2 iu each celL Embryo coiled or folded. Cotyledons distinct. Styles 2, separate. Fruit a double samara. Leaves opposite. 6. ACER. Flowers polygamous. Leaves simple, palmately nerved. 7. NEGUNDO. Flowers dioecious. Leaves pinnate. L DODONJEA. L. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx 3-5-parted. Petals none. Sta- mens 5 - 8 ; anthers thick, on short filaments. Ovary 3 - 4-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell ; the upper one ascending, the lower pendulous Styles united. Capsule membranaceous, 2-4-winged, septicidally 2-4-valved, the cells 1-2- seeded. Embryo spirally coiled. ^ Trees or shrubs, with chiefly simple leaves, and axillary or terminal whitish or greenish flowers. 1. D. viseosa, L. Leaves viscid, obovate-oblong, entire, parallel-veined ; racemes axillary and terminal, shorter than the leaves ; capsule 3-wiuged, 3- seeded. — South Florida. — Shrubs 6° - 10° high. Flowers greenish. 2. HYPELATE, P. Browne. Calyx 3-5-parted. Petals 4 -.5, regular. Stamens 6 - 10, inserted on the inner face of the cup-shaped disk which fills the base of the calyx. Ovary 2-celled, with 2-3 pendulous ovules in each cell. Styles united. Stigma 2-lobed. Drupe globose, 1 - 2-seeded. Embryo erect. Trees with alternate trifoliolate or abruptly pinnate leaves, and clustered or panicled polj'gamous flowers. 1. H. trifoliata, P. Browne. Leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets obovate, coria- ceous, glabrous, entire ; panicles corymbose, slender, axillary, longer than the leaves, few-flowered ; calyx 3 - 4-parted, pubescent within ; petals 4, ciliate ; drupe black, 1-seeded. — South Florida. — A small tree, with brittle branches. Leaflets 1' long, with fine oblique parallel veins. Flowers small, white. Stamens 6-8. 2. H. paniculata, Don. Leaves abruptly pinnate ; leaflets 2 or 4, ob- long, obtuse, entire, smooth, opposite ; panicles axillary and terminal, with compressed branches ; flowers hoary-tomentose ; calyx lobes and petals 4, rounded ; cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. — South Florida. — Branches purplish, dotted with white. Leaflets 2' -3' long. 86 SAPIXDACE.K. (SOAI'-BEUKY FAMIIA'.) 3. SAPINDUS, L. SoAP-itKitKv. Culvx r)-])iirtetl, tleciduous. I'otals 5, regular, with a scale at the base of each within. Staineus 8-10, inserted on the hvpogynous disk. .Styles united. Stigmas 3. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 1-ovuled. Fruit liaccate, glo- bose or 2-3-lol)ed, 1 -3-seeded. Seeds bony. Embryo incurved. — 'I'rees, with abruptly pinnate leaves, and small polygamous flowers iu axillary or terminal racemes or panicles. 1. S. marginatus, Wild. Petioles wingless; leaflets 9- 18, opposite or alternate, ovatc-laiict-ohite, unequal-sided, strongly veined above; i)anicles large, dense-flowered ; fruit glol)ose. — Georgia and Florida, near the coast, and westward. — A tree 20*^-40° high. Flowers white. 2. S. Saponaria, L. Petioles broadly winged ; leaflets 6 or 8, nearly opposite, rather rigid, oblong, obtuse, mostly equal-sided, pubescent beneath; panicle tomentose, canesceut ; fruit globose. — Coast of South Florida. — A small tree. 4. CARDIOSPEEMUM, L. Sepals 4, the 2 outer cues much shorter. Petals 4, irregular, each with a petal-like scale at the base within; those of the 2 outer petals entire, the others with a crested ajjpeudage on the inner edge. Stamens 8. Disk 2- glandular. Cells of the ovary 1-ovuled. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-angled, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, inflated. Seed furnished with a cordate aril. — Herbs, cliinl>ing by tendrils. Leaves biternate. 1. C. Halicacabum, L. — South Florida, aj^pareutly native, and not uncommon in cultivation. — Annual. Stem slender. Leaflets ovate-lanceo- late, incisely lol)ed and toothed. Capsule pear-shaped, 1' iu diameter 5. .ffiSCULUS, L. HoRSECHESTNUT.. Buckeye Calyx 5-lobed, unequal. Petals 4-5, unequal, clawed. Stamens 5-8, usually 7, inserted on the aunnlar hypogynous disk. Style slender. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 2-ovuled. Capsule coriaceous, 1 -3-celled, loculicidally 2-3- valved, 1 -3-seeded. Cotyledons very large and thick, partly luiited. — Trees or shrubs, with opposite long-petioled digitate leaves, and showy polygamous flowers, in terminal panicles. § 1. JEsciJLUs proper. — Fruit pricUy. 1. J^. glabra, Willd. Stamens almost twice the length of the erect nearly equal pale yellow petals ; panicle oldong-ovate, loosely flowered ; leaf- lets 5, oval or oblong, acuminate, unequally serrulate, smooth or slightly pu- bescent beneath. (yE. pallida. Will'/.) — Banks of rivers, Tennessee. May - June. — A small tree with rough strong-scented bark. Flowers small. §2. Pavia. — Fruit smooth. 2. .Si. Pavia, L. Stamens slightly exserted ; claws of the two upper petals as long as the tubular calyx ; panicle oblong ; leaflets 5, varying from lanceolate to oval, short-acuminate, finely serrate, smooth, or nearly so, on both surfaces. — Rich soil. March - May. — A shrub, or iu the upper districts a small tree. Flowers red. SAPINDACE.E. (SOAP-BERKY FAMILY.) 87 3. ^. flava, Ait. Stamens included ; claws of the lateral petals longer than the tubular-campauulate calyx ; panicle oblong, pubescent ; leaflets 5-7, obovate-oblong, acuminate, finely serrate, pubescent beneath. — Rich soil, in the middle and upper districts of Georgia to North Carolina. April -May. — A shrub or small tree. Flowers pale yellow. JE. discolor, Pursh, is a forna of this species with more strongly serrate leaflets, and flesh-colored or dull purple flowers. 4. JS^. parviflora, Walt. Stamens 3 times as long as the corolla ; claws of the nearly similar petals longer than the obconical calyx ; panicle race- mose, very long; leaflets 5-7, oval-obovate, tomentose beneath. — Upper districts of Georgia and South Carolina. April-May. — Shrub 3°-9° high. Flowers white. Stamens 6 or 7. 6. ACER, L. Maple. Flowers polygamous. Petals usually 5-8, or none. Stamens 4-12. — Leaves simple, palmately lobed. Flowers clustered or racemose. * Flowers in terminal racemes, appearing after the leaves. 1. A. Pennsylvanicum, L. (Striped Maple.) Racemes simple, drooping; flowers (15-25) large; petals obovate ; leaves slightly cordate, with 3 acuminate finely serrate lobes ; samara large. (A. striatum. Lam.) — Banks of mountain streams, Georgia and Carolina. May. — A shrub or small tree, with striped bark. Flowers greenish. 2. A. spieatum, Lam. (Mountain Maple.) Racemes compound, erect ; flowers small, very numerous ; petals linear-spatulate ; leaves cordate, 3-lobed, coarsely serrate ; samara small. — With the preceding. — Shrub 6°- 10° high. Leaves pubescent beneath. * * Flowers on long and drooping umbellate or corymbose pedicels, developed from lateral and terminal buds. 3. A. saccharum, Marsh., var. barbatum, Trelease. Leaves 2'-4' wide, paler beneath, truncate, or cordate with a shallow sinus, 3-lobed, the lobes entire, contracted and acuminate above the middle, slender-petioled ; wings 6" -9" long, divergent, the pedicels long and mostly dichotomous; calyx and ovaries bearded. — Rocky banks, Georgia, Tennessee, and west- ward. March- April. 4. A. Floridanum, Chaprn. Leaves smooth and shining above, downy and canescent beneath, 2' - 4' wide, truncate and slightly cordate at the base, 3 - 5-lobed, the lobes short, obtuse, and mostly 3-toothed ; wings nearly erect ; calyx bearded. (Var. acuminatum, Trelease, the leaves green on both sides, the lobes acuminate.) — Rocky woods, Florida and westward, the var. in the upper districts. * * * Flowers on short a7id erect clustered pedicels, developed from lateral buds, and appearing before the leaves: fruiting pedicels long and drooping. 5. A. dasycarpum, Ehrh. (Silver Maple.) Leaves cordate, 3-5- lobed, sharply toothed and serrate, white beneath ; petals none ; samara large, woolly when young. — Banks of rivers. Feb. - March. — A tree 30° - 50° high, with soft wood. Flowers yellowish. 88 POLYGALACEiK. (miLKWOKT FAMILY.) C. A. rubrum, L. (Ki;i» or Swami- Mai'lk.) Leaves 3-5-lol)C(l, or Uiulividinl, .siiiootli or puliesieiit, eilliur lurdatc ur rounded, or soiiieliiiies acute at the lijisc, toothed and serrate, white heneatli ; petals ohloiijj or linear; sa- mara small, smooth. — Swaiiiiis. I'eli. - .March. — A small tiee. Flowers aud fruit red. 7. NEGUNDO, Mauch. Ash-leaved Maple. Flowers diaeious. Caly.\ minute. Petas uone. Stamens 4-5, hypogynous, — A small tree, with smooth green bark. Leaves ])innately 3 - .'j-foliohite, the leaflets ovate or ohloug, lohed or toothed. Flowers small, greenish; the sterile ones on long and drooping clustered jjedicels, the fertile ones racemose, both from lateral l)uds appearing witii or before the leaves. 1. N. aceroides, Moench. — Uiver banks. March -April. Order 41. MALPIGHIACE.S:. (Malpigiiia Family.) Trees or shrubs, with opposite simple dotless and inostly stipulate leaves, and regular racemose or corymbose flowers on usually jointed pedicels. — Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, alternate with the calyx lobes, unguiculate, sometimes wanting. Stamens 10, alternate with tlie petals, and inserted with them on a hypogynous disk : anthers round- ish. Ovary solitary, mostly 3-lobed, consisting of three more or less united carpels. Styles 3, distinct or united. Fruit composed of one to three l-seeded cells or carpels. Seeds pendulous, without albumen. Cotyledons thick or leafy. 1. BYRSONIMA, Kich. Calyx with 10 glands at the base without. Petals 5. Stamens monadel- phous at tlie base. Styles 3. Fruit drupaceous, 3 celled, 3-seeded. — Racemes terminal, simple or branched. I. B. lucida, Rich. Smooth; stem much-branched ; leaves coriaceous, wedge-obovate, obtuse, entire, short-petioled, shining above, paler beneath, veinless ; racemes erect, bracted, simple, twice the length of the leaves ; pedi- cels slender, spreading- petals yellow, orbicular-cordate, wavy, long-clawed ; drupe smooth, globose. — South Florida. — A small shrub. Leaves 1' long. Drupe as large as a grain of pepper. Order 45. POL\)iM- lanceolate and scattered ; spike linear, loug-peduncled ; wings obo- vate, as long as tiie capsule; caruncle iialf as long as the oblong-obovate curved and very hairy seed. — Kich calcareous soil, Florida, Georgia, and westward. May -July. ^ — Stems 1° - 2° liigh. Leaves 1' long. Spikes 2' -3' long. Flowers white. 24. P. verticillata, L- Annual ; stems low, 4-augled, much branched ; leaves 4 - 5 iu a whorl, linear, acute, the u])per ones sciittered ; spikes lanceo- late ; wings roundish, as long as the capsule ; lobes of the caruncle half as long as tlie oblong hairy seed. — Dry sandy soil. June - August. — Stem 4' - 8' iiigh. Spikes i'- r loug. Flowers greenish white. 25. P. ambigua, Nutt. Very closely allied to the preceding, bat taller (6' -1.5' iiigh), tlie branches erect; leaves usually broader, only tlie lower ones verticillate ; spikes more slender, more loosely flowered ; wings white. — Gravelly hills in the upper districts. May. 26. P. leptOStachys, Shuttlw. Annual; stems filiform or setaceous, simple, or branched above, straight; leaves 4-5 in remote whorls, narrow- linear or filiform, acute ; spike linear, loiig-peduncled ; wings oval, nearly se.ssile, smaller than the capsule ; caruncle half as long as the smooth curved davate-obovate seed. — Dry sand hills, Florida. May -August. — Stems 10'- 15' high. Flowers greenish. § 3. Flowers axillary, and with imperfect radical ones, as in No. 19. 27. P, paucifolia, L. rereunial ; flowering stems erect, simple, leafy at the summit ; loaves large, ovate, alternate, narrowed into a petiole, the lower ones bract-like; flowers (1-3) pedunded, crested, very large; wings obovate ; lobes of the caruncle subulate, varying in length ; seeds hairy ; radical spikes bracted. — Mountains of Georgia and Carolina. May. — Steins 4' -6' high, from a long prostrate base. Flowers %' long, jiurple. Order 46. KRAMERTACEiE. (Riiatany Family.) Silky-pubescent herbs or shrubs, with diffuse stems, alternate leaves, and ii-regular hj'pogynous purplish flowers, on axillary 2-bracted LEGUMINOS.li:. (pulse FAMILY.) 93 and jointed peduncles. — Sepals 5, colored, deciduous. Petals 5, shorter than the sepals ; the 3 posterior ones long-clawed, often united ; the 2 anterior broad, sessile and fleshy. Stamens 4, the pos- terior ones distinct or united. Anthers 2-celled, opening by a termi- nal pore. Ovary 1-celled, 2-ovuled. Fruit 1-seeded, woody, indehis- cent, armed with hispid prickles. Albumen none. Radicle concealed in the cotyledons. 1. KRAMERIA, Loefl. Charafters of the order. 1- K. lanceolata, Torr. Herbaceous; stems slender, prostrate, mostly brauchiug; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute; peduncles longer than the leaves, leafy-bracted above the middle ; claws of the posterior petals, and stamens, united ; fruit globose, downy, armed with few strong spreading spines. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and westward. — Root long and woody. Stems 1° long. Order 47. LEGUMINOS^E. (Pulse Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with chiefly compound alternate stipulate leaves, and papilionaceous or regular perigynous or hypogynous flowers. — Sepals 5, more or less united. Petals 5, rarely fewer, or none. Stamens monadelphous, diadelphous, or distinct. Ovary simple, free, forming a legume in fruit. Seeds without albumen. Leaves almost always with entire margins. Synopsis. Suborder I. PAPILIONACE^E. Corolla of 5 (rarely fewer) irregular petals, inserted on the base of the calyx, rarely perigynous, imbricated in the bud, mostly papilionaceous ; viz. one upper and exterior, termed the vexiUum ox standard ; two lateral, called w/n^s ; and two lower and interior, oftener united by their contiguous margins, forming together the keel. Stamens 10 (rarely 5), separate, monadelphous, or diadelphous (9 & 1, or 5 & 5). Legume 1-celled (sometimes partly 2-celled by the introversion of the sutures), or sev- eral-celled by transverse partitions. Style simple. Cotyledons thick. Tribe I. LOTE.^. Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens 10 (except No. 8). Legume con- tinuous (not jointed). Cotyledons leafy in germination. — Stems (except No. 12) not twining nor climbing. * Stamens monadephous : anthers of 2 forms. Leaves simple, or palmately compound. 1. CROTALARIA. Calyx 5-lobed. Legume inflate 1. Upper stipules decurrent. 2. LUPINUS. Calyx 2-lipped. Legume flattened. Stipules not decurrent. » * Stamens diadelphous : anthers alike. Leaves trifoliolate, rarely palmate or pinnate, the earliest ones alternate. 3. MEDIC AGO. Legume membranaceous, curved or coiled, 1 - many-seeded. Flowers racemed. 94 LEGL'MINOS.T=:. (I'ULSE FAMILY.) 4. MKLILOTUS. Lefnuiie coriaceous, straiglit, rugose or veined, 1 - 4-geeded. Flowers ra<"eim'd or Bpiki-d. 5. TRIFOLIUM. Legume emootli, nieiubranaceous, 1 -4-8eeded. Flowers capitate. 6. HOSACKIA. Legume straight, maiiy-seeded. Peduncle 1-3-flowered. • • • Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume mostly 1 -seeded and indehiscent. Plants dotted with small dark glands. Earliest leaves opposite. t- Legume included in the calyx. 7. PSORALEA. Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens 10, diadelphous : half of the anthers often imperfect. 8. PETALOSTEMON. Stamens 5, united into a cleft tube, and adnate to the claws of four of the nearly regular petals. 9. DALEA. Stamens 9 or 10, the tube partly adnate to the claws of the petals. ■h- -I- Legume exserted. 10. AMORPHA. Stamens 10, monadelphous. Wings and keel none. ♦ * * * Stamens mostly diadelphous. Legume 1 - many-seeded, 1-celled, 2-valved. Leaves pinnate. ■1- Trees or s'arubs. 11. ROBIXIA. Legume flat and thin, margined on one edge. Trees or shrubs. 12. WISTARIA. Legume nearly terete, coriaceous, contracted between the seeds. Twin- ing shrubs. ■I- ■*- Herbs. 13. TEPHROSIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Vexillum large. Legume compressed, many-seeded. Leaves unequally pinnate. 14. INDIGOFERA. Calyx minute, 5-cleft. Vexillum small. Legume terete or angled, 2 - many-seeded. Leaves unequally pinnate. 15. SESB.^NIA. Calyx 5-toothed. Legume very long and slender, many-seeded. Leaves abruptly pinnate. « « « « « Stamens diadelphous. Leg^ume 2-celled lengthwise, or 1-celled, with one of the sutures turned inward. Leaves pinnate. IC. ASTRAGALUS. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Legume tumid. Tbibe II. VICIE^E. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume 2-valved, not jointed. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, remaining under ground in germination. — Climbing vines ; the petioles of the pinnate leaves ending in a tendril. 17. VICIA. Style flliform, bearded at the apex, or on the side facing the keel. 18. LATHYRUS. Style flattened, bearded on the side facing the vexillum. Tribe III. HEDYSARE^. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume sepa- rating transversely into 1-seeded indehiscent reticulated joints, or 1-jointed. — Stems not twining. * Flowers yellow. 19. .ESCHYNOMENE. Leaves pinnate. Stamens diadelphous (5 & 5). Flowers perfect. 20. ZORNIA. Leaves palmately compound. Legume 2 - 5-jointed. Flowers pei feet. 21. STYLOSANTHES. Leaves trifoliolate. Anthers of 2 forms. Flowers monoecious. 22. CHAPMAJTIA. Leaves pinnate. Anthers alike. Flowers monoecious. * • Flowers white or purplish. 23. LESPEDEZA. Legume 1-jointed. Peduncles axillary. 24. DESMODIUM. Legume 2- C-jointed. Bristly. Racemes terminal. Tbibe IV. PHASEOLE-^. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume 2-valved, not jointed. Cotyledons thick and fleshy ; usually raised above ground in germination. — Chiefly twining vines. * Ovary 1 - 2-ovuled. 25. RHYXCHOSIA. Legume oblong. Flowers yellow. Leaves trifoliolate. LEGUMIXOSxE. (pulse FAMILY.) 95 * * Ovary few- or many-ovuled. ■(- Keel spirally twisted. 26. APIOS. Leaves pinnate, not stipellate. •27. PHASEOLUS. Leaves trifoliolate, stipellate. -1- -t- Keel straight. Leaves trifoliolate (except one species of Galactia). ++ Legume terete, torulose. 28. VIGNA. Flowers yellow. Vexillum roundish. Stems twining. 29. ERYTHRINA. Flowers scarlet. Vexillum narrow, elongated. Stems erect. ++ ++ Legimie flattened. = Bracts opposite. Vexillum very large. 30. CLITORIA. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Vexillum spurless at the base. 31. CENTROSEMA. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Vexillum spurred at the base. = = Bracts alternate. 32. AMPHICARPvEA Calyx 4 -5-toothed. Flowers of two kinds. Bracts persistent. 33. GALACTL\.. Calyx 4-cleft. Bracts deciduous. Legume linear. 34. CANAVALIA. Stamens monadelphous. Calyx bilabiate. Hilum linear. Legume three-ridged on the back. 35. DIOCLEA. Stamens diadelphoua (9 & 1). Calyx 4-cleft. Hilum linear. Tribe V. DAL.BERGIE^. Stamens 10, monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume indehisceut. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. -^ Trees or shrubs. 3G. PISCIDIA. Legume compressed, 4-winged. Leaves pinnate. 37. ECASTAPHYLLUM. Legume flat, orbicular, 1-seeded. Leaves 1-foUolate. Teibe VI. SOPHORE.^. Stamens 10, separate. Legume not jointed. — Erect herbs, shrubs, or trees. * Legume dehiscent. 38. BAPTISIA. Stamens deciduous. Legume inflated, stipitate, few-seeded. Leaves simple or trifoliolate. 39. THERMOPSIS. Stamens persistent. Legume nearly sessile, flattened, many-seeded Leaves trifoliolate. 40. CLADRASTIS. Stamens persistent. Legume flat, few-seeded. Leaves pinnate. Tree. * * Legume indehiscent. 41. SOPHORA. Legume moniliform. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs. Suborder II. CJESALPINIE^E. Corolla irregular and somewhat papilionaceous, or almost regular, imbricated in the bud; the upper petal interior. Stamens separate. Embrvo straight. 42. CERCIS. Flowers perfect, somewhat papilionaceous. Calyx 5-toothed. Leaves simple. 43. CASSIA. Flowers perfect, irregular. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Anthers dissimilar. Leaves pinnate. 44. GLEDITSCHIA. Flowers polygamous, almost regular. Calyx 3 -5-parted. Leaves pinnate and bipinnate. 45. GYMNOCLADUS. Flowers polygamous, regular. Calyx funnel-shaped. Stamens 10. Legume linear. Leaves pinnate. 4G. C^S.4.LPI\IA. Flowers perfect, irregular. Calyx cup-shaped. Stamens 10. Legume broad. Leaves bipinnate. 47. PARKINSONIA. Flowers perfect, irregular. Calyx cup-shaped. Stamens 10. Le- gume linear. Leaves pinnate. OC LKlilMI.NOS.E. (I'L'LSK FAMILY.) SiiK^tDKU III. MIMOSI'LE. Corolla rofjiilar, hypo^^v nous, valv.ite in till' liml. Staint'iis (li.stiiict or uiiiti'd, often very numerous, in.seried with the j>etals. Kinbryo straijjht. — Leaves jiinnale, or 2- 3-i)innate. Flowers polygamous. • Flowers perfect, and staminate. Petals mostly uuit«d. ■<- Herbs. Leaves sensitive. 48. MIMOSA. Legume broad, tlat, jointed. Stamens 4 - .j. 49. SCHRANKL\. Legume linear, angular, joiiitless. Stamens 8 -10. ■>- -1- Trees or shrubs. 50. PITHECOLOBIUM. Legume coiled or twisted. Leaflets 4, large. 51. ACAC1.4.. Legume straiglit or bent. Leaflets numerous, small. * « Flowers perfect and neutral. Petals distinct. 52. DESMANTHUS. Sterile filaments filiform or petal-like. Stamens 5 or 10. Suborder I. PAPILIONACE^S:. Pulse Family. 1. CROTALARIA, L. Kattle-box. Calyx .^-parted. Vexillum cordate : keel falcate. Stamens monadelphous. Anthers alternately oblong and roundish. Legume inflated, oblong, many- seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with simple or compound leaves; the stipules often broad, decurreut, inversely sagittate. Racemes mostly opposite the leaves. Flowers yellow. Legumes dark purple. * Leaves simple. 1. C. sagittalis, L. Annual; .stems low, branching, villous or hairy; leaves nearly ses.sile, oval or oblong, hairy; racemes short, 2-3-flowered. — Barren sandy soil. June -July. — Stem 3'-6' high. Kacemes 2'-3' long. 2. C. OValis, Pursh. Perennial ; stems several, branching, prostrate or ascending, rough with appressed hairs ; leaves short-petioled, oval or oblong, hairy; racemes long, 3-6-flowered. — Dry pine barrens. May -July. — Stem 6' -12' high. Racemes 4' -6' long. Flowers distant. 3. C. Purshii, DC. Perennial ; stems slender, erect, roughened with scattered appressed hairs ; leaves thick, smooth above, the lower ones oblong, the upper linear; racemes long, .5- 10-flowered. — Flat grassy pine barrens in the lower districts. May-June. — Stem 12'- 18' high. Racemes 6'-12' long. Flowers distant. 4. C. retusa, L. Annual ; stem erect ; leaves cuneate-oblong, retuse, glal)rous above, silky-pube.scent beneath, pellucid-dotted ; stipules minute or none ; racemes terminal, many-flowered ; legumes oblong, glabrous. — South Florida. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Flowers large. 5. C. maritima, Chapm. Perennial?, silky-pubescent; stem decumbent, excessively branched ; leaves exstipulate, varying from oblong to linear, nearly sessile, more or less succulent ; racemes very numerous, opposite the leaves, 2-4-flowered; sepals lanceolate, as long as the small petals; legume oblong, glabrous. — Coast and Keys of South Florida. May. LEGUMINOSiE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 97 * * Leaves trifoJiolate. 6. C. pumila, Ortega. Shrubby or perennial ; stem slender, decumbent ; leaflets small, cuneate, emarginate, longer than the petiole ; peduncles longer than the leaves, few-flowered ; corolla small ; legume oval, pubescent, few- seeded. — Sandy beach at Casey's Pass, South Florida. Oct. — Stem 2°- 3° long. 7. C. incana, L. Annual, tall, much branched, pubescent ; leaves long- petioled ; leaflets round-obovate ; racemes stout, many-flowered ; keel of the corolla toraentose on the margins ; legume oblong, hairy. — South Florida, near the coast. — Stems 2° -4° high. 2. LUPINUS, Tourn. Lupine. Calvx 2lipped, .^toothed. Vexillum with the sides reflexed. Keel falcate, acute. Stamens monadelphous, with alternate anthers oblong and roundish. Legume oblong, compressed, many-seeded ; the seeds often separated by cel- lular partitions. — Herbs, with simple or palmately 5 - many -foliolate leaves, and showy flowers in terminal racemes. 1. L. perennis, L. Stem pubescent, erect; leaves palmately 7-9-folio- late ; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, more or less hairy ; stipules minute ; racemes long, loosely many-flowered ; flowers purplish or purplish blue, rarely white. — Var. gracilis (L. gracilis, Nutt.) is a more slender and hairy form, with smaller and narrower, often acute leaflets. — Dry sandy soil. April - May. 11 — Stem 1° - 1^° high. 2. L. villosus, Willd. — Biennial , villous and hoary'; stems thick, pros- trate or ascending ; leaves simple, lanceolate-oblong, mostly acute, long-peti- oled ; stipules linear-subulate, elongated, adnate below to the petioles ; racemes erect, densely many-flowered ; flowers pale red, the vexillum dark purple in the centre ; legume very wooll^^ — Dry sandy barrens in the lower districts. April. — Stems \°-2° long. Leaves (with the petiole) 6'- 8' long. 3. L. dififusus, Xutt. Perennial ; silky-tomentose and hoary ; stems prostrate or erect, much branched ; leaves simple, oblong or obovate, obtuse, short-petioled ; stipules short, often wanting on the branches ; racemes many- flowered ; flowers blue, the vexillum dark purple in the centre ; legume woolly. — With the preceding. April -May. — Stems I°-2° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. 3. MEDICAGO, L. ■ Calyx 5-cleft ; the lobes subulate or setaceous. Corolla deciduous. Vexil- lum longer than the partly united wings and keel. Stamens 10, diadelphous (9 & 1), equal. Style smooth. Legume falcate or coiled, 1 -many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves trifoliolate. Stipules adnate to the petioles, mostly incised. Flowers yellow, in axillary spikes. 1 . M. lupulina, L. Pubescent ; stem procumbent ; leaflets obovate, toothed; stipules nearly entire ; spikes globose, many-flowered ; flowers mi- nute ; legumes reniform, 1-seeded, black. — Waste places. Introduced, (l) — Stem l°-2° long. 7 98 LKorMixos.i:. (ri-Lsic family.) -. M. dcnticulata, \\'illtl. Slcms prostrate; leaflets ol)o\ ate or olicor- date, ileiiticiilate ; sii|iulcs eiliatc-tootlieil ; 8i)ike8 2-r)-flowere(i, the flowers puii)lisli ; lefxiiine flat, coiled, the thin marf^iii fringcrl with a double row of curved hooked liristles. — Waste ground. Introduced. 3. M. maculata, Willd. Like tlu- ])recedin{;;, l)Ut the leaflets mo.stly purplisli ill tlie centre, the stipules more strongly toothed, aud the margins of the leguuio tiiicker. — New Orleans. Introduced. 4. MELILOTUS, 'iV.iirn. .Mki.ii.ut, Sweet Clover. Calyx 5-toothed ; the teeth long and e(|ual. Corolla deciduous. Wings and keel cohering. Stamens diadclphous (9 & 1). Legume ovoid, cori- aceous, veiny or rugose, longer tlian the calyx, 1 - 4-seeded, scarcely dehiscent. — Smooth herbs. Leaves trifoliolate. Leaflets often toothed. Stipules ad- nate to the petiides. Flowers yellow or white, in axillary racemes. 1. M. officinalis, Willd. stem erect, branching; leaflets obovate-ol> long, tootliod ; flowers yellow ; vexillum striped with brown, as long as the keel and wings ; legume obovate, rugose. — Cultivated ground. Introduced. d) and (2) — Stems l"-3° high. Legumes drooping, 2-secded. 2. M. alba, Lam. Stem erect, branching; leaflets oblong, truncate, ser- rate ; racemes elongated ; flowers white ; vexillum longer than the wings and keel; legumes ovate, rugose, 1-seeded. — Cultivated grounds. Intro- duced. (T) — Legumes drooping. 3. M. parviflora, Desf. Annual; stems ascending; leaflets of the lower leaves roundish entire, of the ujjper oblong, denticulate ; flowers very small, densely spiked, yellow; legume ovate, rugose, 1-seeded. — Waste ground. Introduced. 5. TRIFOLIUM, L. Clover. Calyx 5-cleft ; the teeth subulate or setaceous. Corolla withering or per- sistent ; the keel shorter than the wings, and united with tliem by tlieir claws. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1 ). Legume smooth, membranaceous, 1 - 6-seeded, often shorter than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent. — Tufted or diffuse herbs. Leaves trifoliolate, the leaflets mostly toothed. Stipules adnate to the jjeti- oles. Flowers (in our species) capitate. * Fruiting calyx erect. 1. T. pratense, L. (Eep Clover.) Hairy; stems erect; leaflets ob- long-ovate or oval, often cmarginate, slightly serrulate ; heads large, ovate ; calyx teeth setaceous, hairy; flowers purple. — Around dwellings. Exten- sively cultivated, but scarcely naturalized, at least in the low country. — Stems \°-2° high. Leaves usually marked with a pale 3-angled spot abf)ve. 2. T. arvense, L. (R.^hrit-foot Clover.) Softly pubescent; stems erect; leaflets linear-oblong, minutely 3-toothed ; heads oblong; calyx teeth setaceous, plumose ; corolla white, with a purple spot on the wings. — Old fields, chiefly in the upper districts. Introduced, (l) — Stems 8' -12' high. LEGUMIXOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 99 * * Fruiting calyx refiexed. 3. T. reflexum, L. (Buffalo Clover.) Pubesceut ; stems ascend- ing ; leaflets roundish or ohcordate, toothed, the uppermost obloug; heads globose; calyx tube very short, the subulate teeth long and hairy ; vexillum broadly ovate, purple; the wings and keel white; legume 3-5-seeded. — Waste places and pastures. April - May. (T) and (2) — Stems 6'- 1 2' long. Heads large. 4. T. stoloniferum, Muhl. Very near the preceding, but smooth throughout ; stems creeping ; leaflets broadly ohcordate ; heads more loosely flowered ; legumes 2 - 3-seeded. — Open woods and pastures, Tennessee. May - June. 5. T. repens, L. (White Clover.) Smooth; stems creeping ; leaflets roundish or ohcordate; heads globose, long-peduncled ; calyx teeth short; flowers white; legume 4-.seeded. — Pastures aud around dwellings. Intro- duced. May. ^ — Stems 6' - 1 2' long. 6. T. procumbens, L. Pubescent ; stems slender, erect or procumbent ; leaflets small, thin, obovate or ohcordate, toothed, the middle one stalked ; heads small, ovate ; flowers yellow ; legume 1-seeded. — Waste places ; more commou in the upper districts. Introduced. (T) — Stems 6'- 12' long. 7. T. Carolinianum, Michx. Pubesceut; stems tufted, prostrate ; leaf- lets small, ohcordate, slightly toothed ; heads roundish, long-peduncled ; flowers white, tinged with purple ; vexillum acute ; legume 4-seeded. — Fields aud pastures. March -April. ^ — Stems 6' -10' long, in .shady places erect. , 6. HOSACKIA, Dougl. Calyx 5-cleft. Vexillum as long as the keel and spreading wings. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume cylindrical or compressed, smooth, wingless, many-seeded. — Herbs. Leaves trifoliolate or pinnate. Stipules mostly mi- uute and gland-like. Peduncles 1 -several-flowered. 1. H. Purshiana, Benth. Hairy; stem much branched ; leaves trifolio- late, with oblong leaflets; peduncle 1-flovvered, longer than the leaves; keel acute ; bracts simple ; legume linear, nearly terete. — North Carolina. — Stem 12'- 15' high. Flowers rose-color. 7. PSORALEA, L. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, with the lobes acute. Stamens diadelphous or partly monadelphous : half of the anthers often imperfect. Legume often wrinkled, 1-seeded, indehiscent, included in the calyx. — Perennial usually glandular herbs. Stipules cohering with the petioles. Flowers axillary or terminal, purplish or white, racemose or spiked. * Leaves l-3-foIiolate. 1. P. virgata, Nutt. Smoothish; stem virgate, sparingly branched; leaves very remote, 1- (or the lowest 2-3-) foliolate ; leaflets linear or oblong- linear, obtuse, the lower ones broader and long-petioled ; stipules setaceous ; peduncles much shorter than the leaves; spikes dense, cylindrical; bracts 100 LKOrMINOS.lC. (rrLSR FAMILY.) ovate, !K-uiniii:ito, and, like tlie calvx, ^^laiidiilaf ami liairy ; CDrolla vii)l('t. — Near St. MaryV, (Joorj^ia, and tlio adjatiMit parts of J-lnrida. July. — Stem 2' hi-ili. LcaHcts 2' - .5' lonj;. 2. P. melilotoides, .Miilix. (ilandular and sii.irinf^lv pubescent; leaves trifoliiilate ; ieatlels olilung lanceolate or elliptical; .>itij)ulc8 subulate; spikes oblong, on jiedundes 2-3 times as long as the leaves; bracts ovate, acumi- nate, veiny; corolla violet; legume rugose. — \'ar. (P. eglandulosa, Ell.) Glandle.xs or nearly so ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, and, like the calyx, villous. — Dry soil, Florida to Tennessee, and westward. May -June. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaficts 1'- 2' long. "5. P. Onobrychis, Niut. Pubescent; leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate, acuminate; racemes elongated, somewhat secund; calyx glandular, the teeth small, obtuse, equal ; legume ovate, muricate, wrinkled transversely. — Near S)iartanburg, South Carolina. June- July. — Stem 3°-5°high. Leaves very large. 4. p. canescens, Michx. Hoary-pubescent; lower leaves trifoliolate, the up]>er simjik', slmrt petioled ; leaflets obovate, glandular; racemes longer than tlie leaves, few-Howereil ; calyx inflated ; flcjwers blue, turning greenish ; legume even. — Dry ])ine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April - May. — Stem bushy, 2° high. Resembles a Baptisia. * * Leaves palmatelij 5 - l-fuliulate. 5. P. Lupinellus, Michx. Smooth; stem slender, declining, sparingly branched ; leaflets flliform ; racemes longer than the leaves, loose-flowered ; flowers violet; legumes rugose. — Dry ])ine barrens, Florida to North Caro- lina. May- June. — Stem 2° long. Leaflets 2' -3' long. 6. P. subacaulis, Torr. & Gray. Nearly .stemless; white with spread- ing hairs; leaflets obovate-oblong ; peduncles longer than the leaves, rigid; spikes dense, ovate or oblong. — Rocky hills near Nashville, Tennessee. April -May. — Leaflets 1' long. Peduncles 4' -6' long. Flowers purple- * * * Leaves pinnate. 7. P. multijuga, F.ll. Stem branching ; leaflets numerous (9- 10 pairs), oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, pubescent ; spikes oblong ; bracts small, membrana- ceous, without glands. — Abbeville District, South Carolina. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaflets small. 15racts half as Icfng as the calyx. Flowers violet. 8. PETALOSTEMON, Michx. Calyx nearly equally .5-toothed or 5-clcft. Petals almost regular, on fili- form claws, four of them united with the tube of stamens, the fifth free, cor- date or oblong, folded. Stamens 5, united into a cleft tube. Ovary 2-ovuled. Legume iudeliiscent, I-seeded, included in the calyx. — Perennial glandular herbs, with une(iually pinnate leaves, and white or purple flowers in terminal spikes or heads. § 1. Lower bracts involucrate, empty: calyx teeth setaceous, plumose: heads globular, corymbed. 1. P. COrymbosus, Michx. Glandular; stems erect, clustered, very leafy ; leaflets 5-15, cuueate-oblong, obtuse, 3" - 4" long ; bracts 9 or more, LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 101 roundish, ciliate ; calyx villous ; petals white, obtuse ; style aud ovarv bearded. — Dry piue barrens iu the middle and lower districts. — Sept. - Oct. — Stem 2° high. Var. trif oliatus. Glandless, or nearly so ; leaflets mostly 3, filiform ; bracts 3-4, broadly ovate, acute ; style bearded below the middle ; petals acute. — With the preceding. § 2. Lower bracts nut involucrate, nor empty: calyx teeth shorter than the tube: spikes single, terminal. * Petals white or Jlesh-colored. 2. P, gracilis, Nutt. Stems decumbent, virgate ; leaflets 5-7, oblong- linear, obtuse ; spikes oval, becoming cylindrical in fruit, peduncled ; vexillum obovate. — Low pine barrens, Florida, and westward. August. — Stems 2° long. Leaflets ^ long. 3. P. qarneus, Michx. Stems erect, much branched, very leafy ; leaf- lets 5 - 7, linear, acute; spikes oblong, long-peduncled ; calyx as long as the subulate bracts ; vexillum oblong. — Dry sandy soil, Florida aud Georgia, westward. — Stems 2° -3° high. Flowers white or reddish. 4. P. candidus, Michx. Stem rigidly erect; leaflets 5 - 9, lanceolate, obtuse ; spikes cylindrical in fruit ; calyx sulcate, half as long as the setaceous- pointed bracts, the teeth acute; vexillum "broadly cordate." — West Tennes- see, and westward. August - Sept. 5. P. multiflorus, Nutt. ? Glabrous ; stem corymbose-branched ; leaf- lets 3-5, filiform ; lieads numerous, globose; calyx smooth, longer than the subulate bracts, tlie short teeth obtuse ; legume partly exserted. — St. Peters- burg, Florida (C L. Brownell). — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 3" -4" long. Heads 3" wide. * * Petals purple or rose-color. 6. P. violaCGUS, Michx. Stem erect, corymbose above, very leafy; leaflets 3-5, narrow-linear ; spikes oblong or cylindrical ; calyx silky, the short teeth obtuse, as long as the lanceolate acuminate silky bracts. — West Tennessee, and westward. — Stem 2° high. Flowers violet-purple. 7. P. roseus, Nutt. Leaflets narrower ; calyx smooth, the teeth as long as the tube, shorter than the setaceous bracts ; petals obovate, rose-color ; otherwise like the preceding. — Low pine barrens. East Florida. 8. P. folioSUS, Gray. Smooth, very leafy ; leaflets 16-29, linear-oblong, mucronate, the glands few aud small; spikes cylindrical, short-peduncled ; bracts slender-awned from a lanceolate base, exceeding the rose purple flow- ers; calyx glabrous, the teeth about half the length of the cylindraceous tube {Gray). — Near Nashville, Tennessee. 9. P. decumbens, Nutt. Stems decumbent, branching from the base ; leaflets 6 or 8, linear-oblong, mucronate ; spikes ovate-oblong ; calyx shorter than the acuminate bracts, the teeth longer than the smooth tube; petals deep violet-purple, linear-oblong, obtuse at the base, vexillum cordate. — Northern Alabama, Tennessee, and westward. — Stems 1° long. Leaflets 6" - 8" long. 102 LEGUMTXOS^. (I'ULSE FAMILV.) 10. P. Feayi, Cliaimi. Smooth; stems several, deeiimltcut, much braiulied ; leaves loiigiH-tioled, the 4-8 leaHcts soon involute-filiform, obtuse or truueate; heads globular, corymbose, loug-peduneled ; calyx tube smooth, twice the length of the ovate acute pubescent teeth, and smooth bracts ; jjetals bright rose-color; stamens long-exserted. — IJartow, South Florida {Feai/). — Stems 1°- l^° long. Leatiets 5" -8" long. Heads 3" -4" broad. 9. DALEA, L. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous ; petals clawed ; four of them united with the tube of stamens below the middle, the fifth (vexillum) free, cordate, and inserted into the bottom of the calyx. Stamens 10, united into a cleft tube. Legume I -seeded, memju-anaccous, indehiscent, included in the calyx. — Mostly glandular herbs, with spiked or capitate flowers. 1. D. alopecuroides, Willd. Stem erect, smooth ; leaves pinnate, with numerous liiicai-olilinig leatiets; s])ikes dense, cylindrical, silky-\*illons ; co- rolla small, ])alc violet, the vexillum white. — Kich soil, Alabama, and west- ward. July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 2. D. Domingensis, DC. Erect, velvety-pubescent ; leaflets 12 or 14, obovate ; spikes capitate, short-peduuded ; calyx villous, the lobes subulate. — Key Biscayue, South Florida ( Curtiss). 10. AMORPHA, L. Calyx obcouical, 5-toothed, persistent. Vexillum straight, concave. Wings and keel none. Stamens mona(lel])lious at the base, exserted. Legume 1 - 2- seeded, oblong, curved, glandular, indehiscent or nearly so. — Shrubs, with unequally pinnate leaves, the numerous leaflets punctate with pellucid dots. Flowers blue or white, in slender terminal and axillary racemes or spikes. 1. A. fruticosa, L. Stem 5° - 10° high, arborescent, pubescent or gla- brous; leaHets 5- 10 pairs, f'-l|' long, elliptical or oblong, obtuse or emar- giuate, the lowest commonly distant from the stem; racemes mostly 1-3, 4' - 6' long ; calyx teeth short, obtuse, or tlie 2 upper obtuse, the 3 lower or the middle one acute ; vexillum deep blue; legume mostly 1-seeded. — Mostly in low ground and river banks. May - July. Very variable. 2. A. herbacea, Walt, stem lower {■2°-4° high) ; leaflets 10-20 pairs, oval or oblong, 6" -9" long, the lowest near the stem; racemes spicate, 6'- 12' long, often panicled ; calyx teeth more or less villous; vexillum blue or white; legume 1-seeded. — Low sandy pine barrens, in the lower districts. June- July. 3. A. canescens, Xutt. Hoary-tomentose ; leaves se.ssile ; leaflets nu- merous, small, clliiitical , crowded ; spikes short, panicled, dense-flowered; calyx teeth acute, nearly ecjual ; legume l-seeded. — Near Augu.sta, Georgia, and westward. July - August. — Shrub 1 ° - 2° high. Flowers bright blue. 11. ROBINIA, L. Locust. Calvx short, 5-toothed or ri-cleft. tlie two upper teeth shorter and more or less united. Vexillum large, roundish; keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 103 (9 & 1). Style bearded ou the side facing the vexillura. Legume com- pressed, mauy-seeded, the seed-bearing suture margined. Seeds flat. — Trees or shrubs, often with stipular spines, uueipially pinnate leaves, and showy white or rose-colored flowers in axillary racemes. 1. R. Pseudacacia, L. (Locust, False Acacia.) Smoothish ; spines small on the older branches, straight; leaflets 9-17, oblong-ovate or ellip- tical; racemes pendulou?, oblong, many-flowered; flowers white; legume 4 - 6-seeded. — Rich soil, in the upper districts. April - May. — A tree 30°- 60° high, witli hard and durable wood. Eacemes 3' - 5' long. Calyx spotted. Legume smooth, flowers fragrant. 2. R. viscosa, Vent. Branches, petioles, peduncles, and legumes gland- ular-viscid ; spines very small ; leaflets 11-25, ovate and oblong, obtuse or slightly cordate at the base, paler and pubescent beneath, tipped with a short bristle ; flowers crowded in roundish erect racemes, rose-color ; legume 3-5- seeded. — Banks of streams, on the mountains of Georgia and Carolina. May -June. — A tree 20° -40° high. Flowers inodorous. 3. R. hispida, L. Branches, etc. more or less bristly; stipules very slender and bristle-like, deciduous ; leaflets 11 - 18, smootii, ovate or oblong- ovate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, tipped with a long bristle; flowers large, in a loose and mostly pendulous raceme, bi-ight rose color. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, both the ordinary form, and the var. ROSEA {Pursh), with pubescent brandies and few-flowered racemes. May. — Shrub 3° - 8° high. \'ar. Elliottii. Branches, etc. pubescent; stipular spines very stout, spreading or recurved. (R. hispida, var. rosea. Ell.) — Pine barrens in the central parts of Georgia, and southward. — Shrub 3°- 5° high, with tliick and rigid branches. A still smaller form, scarcely a foot high (var. nana, Ell.), is found at Columbia, South Carolina. 12. WISTARIA, Nutt. Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip broad, 2-cleft, the lower 3cleft. Vexillum large, with 2 parallel ridges at the base. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume coriaceous, nearly terete, contracted between the seeds, at length 2-valved. — Twining shrubs, with unequally pinnate leaves, and showy purple flowers, in a crowded raceme. 1. W. frutescens, DC. Young leaves and branches silky-pubescent; leaflets 9- 13, ovate-lanceolate or oblong; stipels none; racemes on short branches, dense-flowered. — Margins of swamps in tlie lower districts. April - May. — Leaflets V long. Racemes 4' -6' long, 2' -3' in diameter. Legume 1 - several-seeded. Bracts large, caducous. 13. TEPHROSIA, Pers. Calyx nearly equally 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Vexillum large, roundish, spread- ing or reflexed, usually white within, and reddish or purple and silky with- out ; keel obtuse, cohering with the wings. Stamens monadelplious or dia- delphous. Style smooth or laterally bearded. Legume compressed, linear, 104 LEGUMINOS^. (PULSK FAMILY.) iiianv-scfilcd. — rircmiial licrKs, witli iiiii'c|n:illy jiiiinatc leaves, witli the k-alii'ls uitiiositu nimruiialo and slraif^lil-veiiu'il, and white lluwers, turning ])ur|di.sli. » Kluwers siixjle or by pairs in the axils of the leaves ; the uppermost often crowded in a dense raceme. 1. T. Virginiana, I'ers. (Goat's Rue.) Soft-hairy and soniewliat hoarv or .>imoothish ; steins very leafy, clustered, erect, simple; leaflets 11- 25, oblong or linear-ohlong, acute or obtuse, siuootliisli above ; flowers yellow- ish wliite tinged with ])ur])le. — Dry soil. June -July. — .Stems l°-2° high, from long ami slender roots. Tlowers showy. * * Flowers in long-ped uncled racemes ojijiosite the leaves : vexillum pubescent ' externalljj. 2. T. spicata, Torr. & Gray. Hirsute or villous with rusty hairs ; stems simple or diffu.sely branched ; leaves scattered, short-petioled ; leaflets 9-15, oval or cuneale-oblong, rounded and stn)ngly mucronate at tlie a))e.\, smooth- ish above; racemes 2-3 times as long as the leaves, 6 - lO-flowered ; lobes of the calyx linear-subulate ; flowers large. Varies with linear, acute, and reflexed leaflets, the odd one elongated. — Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June -July. — Stems l°-2° long. 3. T. hispidula, Tursh. Hirsute ; stems slender, terete, erect or pro- cuml)ent; petiole shorter than the lowest leaflets; leaflets 11-15 (4" -8" long), oblong, acute or obtuse ; peduncles slender, terete, commonly longer tluin the leaves, 2 - 4-flowered. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June- July'. — Stems 6'- 18' long. Legume slightly hispid. 4. T. chrysophylla, Pursh. Prostrate, rusty-pubescent; stems dif- fusely branched; leaves sessile or nearly so, short (I'-lf long); leaflets (yellowish) 5-7, cuneate-obovate, obtuse or emarginate, smooth above; peduncles longer than the leaves, terete, 2 - 3-flowered ; calyx teeth short, acute. — Varies with smaller (h' - \' long) leaves and flowers, the latter mo.stly solitary on the short peduncles. — Dry pine barrens, Florida, Georgia, and westward. — Stems 6'- 18' long. 5. T. ambigua, M. A. Curtis. Hoary-pubescent, or nearly smooth ; stems decumbent, angled ; leaves scattered, long-petioled (5'- 6' long) ; leaf- lets 7-15, distant, wedge-oblong, truncate or emarginate at the apex, paler and often smooth above, pur])lish and strongly veined beneath ; peduncles flattened, ei[nalling or exceeding the leaves, few-flowered ; calyx teetli short, acute. — Dry sandy soil, Fhn-ida to Nortli Carolina. June- July. 6. T. onobrychoides, Nntt. Softly pubescent; stem erect, mostly simple; lea\es ])etio]od; leaflets numerous, narrowly oblong, truncate or emarginate at the apex, nmcronate, soon smooth above ; racemes very long, erect, many-flowered ; legume nearly straight. — Pine barrens near Mobile (J/o/(r), and westward. — Stem 2"^ high. Leaflets 1' long. Kacemes l°-2° long. 7. T. leptOStachya, DC. Stem erect, branching, slightly pubescent; leaflets 12-14, wedge-oblong, when young silky beneath; stipules subulate; LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 105 racemes long and slender ; flowers distant ; legume erect. — Sandhills at Cajie Canaveral ( Curtiss). July. — Stem l°-2° high. 8. T. angUStissiraa, Shuttl. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; stems slender, prostrate, diffusely branched ; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets 10-15, linear, acute, mostly opposite ; racemes very slender, longer than the leaves, bearing 2-4 small scattered flowers ; calyx slightly pubescent, with triangular- ovate acute teeth. — South i'lorida [Rugel). — Stem 1° long. Leaflets 8" - \2" long, 1" wide, spreading. Corolla about 3" long. 14. INDIGOFEEA, L. Indigo. Calyx 5-cleft. Ve.xillum roundish. Keel with a subulate spur on each side, often elastically reflexed. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume 1 - many-seeded. Seeds usually truncated at each end, often separated by membranaceous partitions. — Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves, and white, brownish, or purplish axillary flowers. Legumes drooping. * Racemes longer than the leaves. — Indigenous species. 1. I. Caroliniana, Walt. Smoothish; stem erect, tall, branching; leaf- lets 10- 15, obovate or oblong; racemes many-flowered; calyx teeth short, acute ; flowers yellowish brown ; legume oblong, veiny, 2-seeded. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July -August. % — Stem 3° -5° high. Flowers small. Legume 4" - 5" long. 2. I. leptosepala, Nutt. Hough hairy; stem decumbent; leaflets 7-9, obovate-obloug or cuneate ; racemes 6-1 5-flowered ; calyx teeth slender- subulate ; flowers pale scarlet ; legume linear, even, 6 - 9-seeded. — Georgia, and westward. — Stem 2° -3° long. Legume \\' long, straight, 4-angled. 3. I. subulata, Vahl. Somewhat shrubby, sparsely pubescent with ap- pressed hairs; stem filiform, decumbent; leaves distant ; leaflets 5, oblong, mucronate ; racemes loosely many-flowered, in fruit many times longer than the leaves ; calyx teeth subulate ; legume filiform, reflexed, nearly terete, 6 - 8-seeded. — South Florida. — Stem 2' - 3' long. Legume 2' - 3' long. * * Racemes shorter than the leaves. — Introduced species. 4. I. tinctoria, L. Stem erect ; leaflets 9-11, oval, pubescent beneath ; legume terete, torulose, curved. — Waste places. August. 5. I. Anil, L. Stem erect ; leaflets 7-15, oval ; legume compressed, even, thickened at each suture. — Waste places. These two species were formerly cultivated in some of the States, and em- ployed in the manufacture of Indigo. 15. SESBANIA, Pers. Calyx bibracteolate, campanulate, truncate, 5-toothed. Petals clawed. Vex- illum round or reniform ; wings straight, as long as the curved obtuse keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Style smooth; stigma truncate. Legume con- tinuous, contracted between the seeds, 2 -many -seeded, the seeds separated by cross partitions. Cotyledons thick; radicle incumbent. — Leaves abruptly pinnate. Flowers in axillary racemes. lOG leguminos.t:. (pulsk family.) * Inner icall of the legume sejHiratiiKjfrmn the outer one (it inaturili/ in the form of a membranous stick enclosing the seeds. 1. S. vesicaria, Kll. Annual, 2*'-10°lii{,^h,filiil)rtiu.s; If.iflctsnniiirrons, 1' lonj;, linoar-ulihing, niiuToiiate ; racemes sliorter tlian the leaves, simple or coniitDund ; (lowers small, vclinw ; lej^nine olilong, 1^^' long, 2-seetle(l. ((ilot- tulimn, JJesr.) — Damj) ground near the coast. August. * * Inner and outer walls united : suture thick or winged. 2. S. macrocarpa, Mulil. Annual, .3°- 10° high, glabrous; leaflets very numerous, V- 1' long, oiilong-linear, olduse; racemes short, 1 -4-tlo\vered; Howers yellow, dotted, the vexillum orhicnliU"; legume 6'- 10' long, linear, compressed - 4-angle(l, many-seeded. — Marshes along the coast. August - Sept. 3. S. punicea, Henth. Trutcsceut, 2°-.')° high ; leallets 10-20, linear- ohlong ; racemes few-flowered ; flowers large, scarlet ; legume oblong, 4-wiuged, few-seeded. — Low ground. Sparingly introduced. 16. ASTRAGALUS, L. Milk-Vktch. Ciilyx 5-toothed ; the 2 upper teeth separated. Vexillum as long as the wings and obtuse keel. Stamens 10, diadeljihous. Legume commonly turgid, few -many -seeded, usually partly or completely 2-celled by the introversion of one or both of the sutures. — Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves, and ax- illary spiked or racemose flowers. * Legume partli/ or completely 2-celled bij the introversion of the dorsal suture. 1. A. Canadensis, L. Tall, pubescent , leaflets 21 -31, oblong, obtuse ; sti]jules (jvate, clasping ; peduncles as long as the leaves, closely many-flowered ; calyx teeth subulate; legume inflated, oval, terete. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. June -August. ^ — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets 1'- ly long. Flowers f long, pale yellow. 2. A. glaber, Michx. Stem tall, iiearly smooth ; leaflets 15 -2.5, oblong- linear, ])ubes(ent l)eneath ; .stipules minute, spreading ; s])ikes longer than the leaves, loo.sely many-flowered ; calyx teeth broad and short ; legume curved, oblong, flattened edgewise. — Dry pine barrens in the mitldle districts. April. 11 — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 6" - 8" long. Flowers white. 3. A. obcordatus, Ell. Smoothish; stems prostrate; leaflets small, 17- 25, obcordate ; peduncles as long as the leaves, loosely^ 8- 15-flowered ; legumes crescent-shaped, compressed, veiny. — Dry sandy barrens in the lower dis- tricts. April -June. ^ — Stems 6'- 12' long. Leaflets 3" -4" long. Flowers i)a]c ])nr])l(>. 4. A. caryoearpus, Ker. Stems prostrate or ascending, appressed- pubescent ; leaflets 16-24, oblong ; stipules ovate ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; racemes rather loosely flowered ; the flowers violet-purple ; legume ovate, acute, smooth, thick and succulent, corky when dry. — Near Nash- ville, Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger), and westward. 5. A. Plattensis, Nutt., var. Tennesseensis, Gray. Villous, ca- nescentj stems prostrate or ascending; leaflets about 20, oblong or linear- LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 107 oblong, obtuse or emargiiiate ; stipules ovate-lanceolate ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; racemes short, 10- 15-flowered ; calyx teeth subulate ; legume ob- long, curved, thick and fleshy, many-seeded. — North Alabama and Tennessee. March -April. 2/ — Stems 4' -6' long. Flowers 8" -9" long, apparently purple. * * Legume l-celled : the ventral suture thickened and sometimes slightly inflexed. 6. A. villosus, Michx. Villous and hoary; stems pro.strate; leaflets about 13, oval or oblong, commonly emarginate ; stipules lanceolate ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; racemes ovate, dense-flowered ; calyx teeth longer than the tube; legume oblong, curved, 3-augled, l-celled. — Dry pine barrens^ Florida to South Carolina. April - May. 2/ — Stems 4'- 6' long. Flowers small, dull yellow. 17. VICIA, Tourn. Vetch, Tare. Calyx tulnilar, 5-cleft, the two upper teeth usually shorter. Style filiform, hairy at the apex, or on the side facing the keel. Legume 2 - many-seeded, 2-valved. Seeds orbicular. Cotyledons thick. — Slender climbing herbs. Leaves pinnate ; the petiole terminating in a tendril. Stipules mostly semi- sagittate. Flowers axillary. * Peduncles shorter than the leaves, l-2-Jlowered. 1. V. sativa, L. (Vetch or Ta^e.) Pubescent; stem simple; leaflets 10-12, varying from obovate-oblong to linear, emarginate; flowers by pairs, nearly sessile, pale purple; legume linear, several-seeded. — Cultivated grouuds. Introduced, (l) — Corolla Y long. Stem 1° - 2° long. 2. V. mierantha, Nutt. Smooth; leaflets 4-6, linear, obtuse or barely acute; peduncles 1-2-flowered; flowers minute, pale blue; legume sabre- shaped, 4- 10-seeded. — Banks of rivers and shaded places, Florida to North Alabama, and westward. April. (T) — Stems 2° -3° long. Seeds black. * * Peduncles commonli/ longer than the leaves, 3 - manjj-Jlowered. 3. V. hirsuta, Koch. Hair}-; leaflets 12-14, oblong-linear, truncate; peduncles 3 - 6-flowered, about as long as the leaves ; calyx teeth equal ; flow- ers small, bluish white ; legume short, oblong, 2-seeded. — Cultivated ground. Introduced. April - May. 4. V. acutifolia, Ell. Smooth ; leaflets about 4, linear or rarely oblong, acute or truncate ; peduncles 4 - 8-flowered, usually longer than the leaves ; flowers pale blue, the keel tipped with purple ; legume linear, 4 - 8-seeded. — Damp soil near the coast. March -May. 2/ — Stems angled, 2° -4° long, brandling. 5. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Smoothish; leaflets 8-12, linear or linear- olilong, obtuse or Ijarely acute ; stipules small, subulate ; peduncles many- flowered ; calyx teeth sliorter than the tube ; flowers nearly white, tlie keel tipped with blue ; legume oblong, several-seeded. — Dry open woods, chiefly in .the upper districts. April -May. ^ — Stems 3° -4° long, branching. Flowers 4" - 6" long. 6. V. Ludoviciana, Nutt. Smoothish ; leaflets 10-15, elliptical, rounded or emarginate at the tip ; peduncles 2 - 4-flowered, flowers small, pale blue ; 108 HSGUMINOSiE. (pulse FAMILY.) calvx liuiry; leguinc liruadly sabrcsliaped, 5 - C-seo(le. D. CUSpidatum, Tnrr. &(!ray. SUiii sniDotli.trcct ; loavfs smooth, oviito or l:iiii(i>l:itf-ovatt-, aiuiiiinate; jtanirle mostly siiii]ile, elongated; How- crs anil bracts lar^e ; le>;;nme 4-G-jointe(l. the joints rhomhic-oldonp;, eon- necteil l>y a i>roail neck. — Dry open woods. .Inly- Aiij^u.st. — Stem ."3^-5° high. Leali.is .5 - ">' l..ng. Legume 1 i'-'i' long. 7. D. viridiflorum, Beck, stem stout, tomentose, rough above ; leaves large; leaHets ovate or roundish, obtuse, very mugh above, jiale ami velvety beneath; stijjules ovate, acuminate, rather snuill ; panicle large, lealless ; legume 3-4-jointed, on a stipe twice as long as the calyx, the joints half orbicular, connected by a narrow neck. — Rich open woods. August. — Stem 3°-4°high. Leaflets 2' -4' long. Corolla turning greenish. 8. D. OChroleucum, M. A.Curtis. Stems decumbent, hairy ; leaflets smoothisli, ovate, reticulate ; stipules large, ovate ; racemes elongated ; corolla whitish; legumes twisted, 2-4-joiuted, the large joints rhomboid, smooth. — North Carolina, and northward. 9. D. humifusum, Beck. Nearly glabrous; stem prostrate; leaflets ovate, mostly obtuse, thin, faintly veined, I'-U' long; stipules small, lance- olate; flowers small, purple; joints of the legume 3-4, triangular, minutely scabrous. — ( )pcn wooils, Tennessee, and northward. 10. D. rotundifolium, DC. Stem long, trailing, hairy; leaflets or- bicular, pubescent ; stipules ovate, large, reflexed ; racemes simple, the termi- nal ones panided ; lobes of the calyx longer than the tube ; legume 2 - 4-jointed, very adhesive, the large joints half-rhombic. — Dry open woods. August. — Stem 3° -5° long. Flowers showy, occasionally yellowish white. * * Stipules subulate, deciduous: legume 3-5-jointed, nearly strair/ht on the upper suture, ike joints triangular, rarehj rounded on the lower suture. 11. D. Canadense, DC. Stem erect, hairy; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, more or less hairy; panicle leafy; flowers and bracts large; legume with 3-4 rather large obtusely 3-angled joints. — Dry woods in the upper districts. August. — Stem 2° -3° high, furrowed. Upper leaves subsessile. 12. D. Dillenii, Darl. Stem erect, furrowed, hairy; \eaflets oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, smoothish above, paler and pubescent beneath ; panicle large, leafless, rough ; joints of the legume 3-4, triangular. — Open woods, common. August. — Stem 2°-3° high. Leaflets l'-2' long. Bracts and flowers small. 13. D. glabellum, DC. Stem erect, nearly glabrous; leaflets small, ovate, obtuse, scabrous-pubescent on both sides ; joints of the legume about 4, triangular, minutely hispid. — In shady pla-^es, North and South Carolina. — Resembles D. Marilandicum in foliage and D. paniculatum in fruit. 14. D. laevigatum, DC. Stem smooth, terete ; leaflets thick, ovate, obtuse, smooth, or slightly pubescent and paler beneath ; panicle leafless, rough; joints of the legume 3-4, triangular. (H. rhombifolium. Ell.) — Dry rich soil. August. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaflets V-2' long, the lateral ones occasionally wanting. LEGUMIXOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 113 ?5. D. paniculatum, DC. Stem slender, mostly smooth, with long and virgate branches ; leaflets varying from oblong to linear-lanceolate, ob- tuse, smooth or slightly pubescent ; legume 3 - 5-jointed, tlie joints triangular. — Shady woods. August. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaflets ratlier rigid. * * * Stipules subulate, deciduous : legume 2-3-jointed ; the joints small, oral, or ohliquelj obovate : flowers small. 16. D. tenuifolium, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, erect, rough-pubes- cent al)Ove ; leaflets linear, reticulated, obtuse, smooth above, keeled, much longer than the short petiole; panicle leafless, very rough; flowers small; legume sessile, mostly 2-jointed. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Caro- lina. July - August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaflets 2' - 3' long. 17. I>. strictum, DC. Stem erect, mostly simple, straight and slender, smooth or rougliish ; leaves on short petioles ; leaflets narrowly linear, rather obtuse, coriaceous, reticulated, nearly smooth ; panicle virgate, few-flowered ; the pedicels very slender ; legume stipitate, 1 - 3-joiuted. — Pine barrens. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - AP high. Leaflets 1' - 2'loug. 18. D. sessilifolium, Torr. & Gray. Stem 2° -3° high, brandling, softly pubescent ; leaves nearly sessile ; leaflets 1'- 2' long, rather rigid, linear- oblong, obtuse, scabrous above, tomentose beneath ; flowers crowded on the long branches of the panicle, short-pedicelled ; joints of the nearly sessile legume 2-3, hisj)id. — Dry open woods, Tennessee, aud northward. 19. D. Marilandicum, Boott. Stem erect, smooth, mostly simple; leaflets small, ovate or roundish, obtuse, smooth, pale beneath, commonly shorter than the petiole; panicle rough; legume mostly 2-jointed. (H. ob- tusum, Ell.) — Dry open woods. August. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets rarely more than 1' long, sometimes oblong. 20. D. ciliare, DC. Very much like the last, but the stem and leaves rough-hair}^, and the (sometimes acute) leaflets longer than the short petiole. — With the preceding. 21. D. rigidum, DC. Stem erect, branched, rough-pubescent ; leaflets (pale) oval or oblong, obtuse, rough above, hairy beneath, strongly reticulated on both sides ; panicle ample, leafy below ; legume mostly 3-joiuted. — Dry woods. August. — Stems 2° -3° high. Leaflets I'-S' long. 22. D. lineatum, DC. Stem prostrate, slender, smooth ; leaflets oval or roundish, smooth ; racemes elongated, axillary and terminal, simple or paniculate, rough; legume 2-3-jointed. — Open grassy pine barrens in the lower districts. August. — Stem l°-2°long. Leaflets seldom more than I' long. Racemes ]°- 2° long. 23. D. Floridanum, Chapm. Stem short, rigid, very rough; lower leaves 1 -3-foliolate ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, acute or olituse, very rough above, pubescent and strongly reticulate beneath ; stipules subulate ; panicle elongated, sparingly branched, leafless; legume 2-4-jointed, the stipe shorter than the calyx; joints obliquely obovate. — Dry sandy soil near the coast. Florida. July- August. — Proper stem 1° higli, the panicle 2°-3°. Leaflets 2' -3' long, the stipules and stipels rigid. Bracts and flowers small. 8 Ill LKCrMINOS.!-:. (PILSK FAMILY.) § 3. I^i/itiiii' scssilf, nearly even on both sutures, the juints quadram/ular. 24. D. triflorum, DC (Votping, jHilHsicnt ; leatlt-ts obconliite ; pe- tlmiclfS iixilliin, siiii;lf, di'J-.I toj^ctlier, l-lluwin-il ; li-jjiuno curvctl, 3-4- joiiiti'd. — M;iii;it(c, Smitli Flnrida. Iiitrcuiiiced. — Stem G'-12' l"iig. 25. RHYNCHOSIA, DC. Calyx 2-lii)pcd, with tiif iippi r lip 2-( liii uml the lower S-parted, or nearly eipially 4-i)arted. Stamens diadclphous (9 & 1). Style smooth, siil)ulate. Legume ol)li)iig or seimitar-slia])ed, mo.xtly 1-2-seeded. Seeds earuiKuhite. — Krett or twining herbs or slirul)s, with 1 or 3-folis.ic. (itlsk famii.v.) » Fliiirtrs sidlUrid in Ion;/ raremi's: hijumis sriiiiildr-slKijird. 1. P. perennis, Walt. Stom iliniKinf;, )inlK'S(i'iit ; leadcts ovate, acute, entire, inciiiliiatiiutiiiis ; raceincs tifleii hruiicliiii^, twice as loiij; as tlu; leaves. — l^ow woods ami margins ol' fields. July -i\iii;iisU ^ — l.,ealiels 2'-4' long. Flowers purple. 2. P. sinuatus, Nutt. Stem]in).stratc,sniootliish; leaflets small (1' long), rouniiisii or ^-lolied, strongly reticulate, ratlicr rigiil ; racemes 6-8 times as long as the leaves, solitary, simple. — Dry samly jiine liarrens. Florida. July - August. "21 — Stem 8°- 12° long. Flowers pale jmrple. » * Flowers clustered iii the snmmil nf the jieduneles : lei/ume linear, nearli/ terete : seed scurf II . (Strophostvi.ks, Ell.) 3. P. diversifolius, Pers. Annual ; stems i)rostratc or trailing, mugli- liairy ; leiitleis cvnte. entire or 2-;Mol)e(l; peduncles twice as long as the leaves. — Sandy soil. Jniie-Sejit. — Stems 2° -4° long. Corolla purple, withering greenisli. 4. P. helvolus, L. Perennial, smooth or hairy ; stems prostrate, leaflets varying from ovate to oljlong-linear, rarely 3-lobed ; peduncles 3-6 times as long as the leaves. — Woods and margins of fields. June-Sejit. — Corolla pale purple. 5. P. pauciflorus, Bentb. Annu.il, softly pubescent ; stem twining; leaflets r-l.\'long, obloug-ovate, obtuse ; peduncles often sliorter than the leaves, few-flowered ; flowers small, legume broadly linear, com])rcssed, hir- sute, few-seeded ; seeds oval, smooth. — Waste ground, ]\Iississi])pi, Tenuea- see, and westward. 28. VIGNA, Savi. Calyx 4-tootlied, the upper tooth broader, entire or 2-cleft. Vexillum de- pressed-orbicular, with thickened knobs near the base. Keel not twisted. Stamens included in the keel, diadelphous, aud with the style bent upward. Style hairy above, appendaged below the stigma. Legume nearly terete, somewhat torulose, the seeds separated by cellular tissue. — Twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and racemose axillary flowers. 1. V. luteola, Benth. Annual, smooth or hirsute; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate; racemes on stout peduncles longer than the leaves; flowers yellow, crowded ; legume terete, liirsutc. — Bracki.sh maislies along the coast, .luly - Sept. 29. ERYTHRINA, L. Calyx tubular-campaniilate, truncate, toothless. Vexillum narrow, straight, elongated. Keel and wings very small. Stamens and style partly exserted. Legume stipitate, torulose, partly dehiscent. — Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, often armed with prickles. Leaves trifoliolate, the terminal leaflet long- petiolulatc. Flowers showy, scarlet, in long racemes. 1. E. herbacea, L. Stems herbaceous, .several from a very thick root, prickly, the flowering ones mostly leafless ; leaves long petioled ; leaflets ovate or somewhat hastate; vexillum lanceolate, folded; seeds scarlet. — Light LEGUMINOS.E (pulse FAMILY.) 117 sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. April -May. — Stems 2° -4° high. Racemes l°-2° long. Flowers 2' long. Legume opening by one suture opposite the seeds. Var. arborea. Stems woody, 10° -20° higli, widely branching at the summit ; racemes axillary, few-flowered ; flowers smaller ; legume erect. — South Florida. 30. CLITORIA, L. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Vexillnm very large, spurless on the back, obovate, emargiuate. Keel shorter than the wings. Stamens monadelphous below. Style curved, hairy. Legume stipitate, linear-oblong, torulose, vein- less. — Perennial herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and very large purple flowers on axillary peduncles. Bracts opposite. 1. C Mariana, L. Smooth; stem erector twining; leaflets ovate-ob- long, pale beneath; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1 -3-flowered; legume 3-4-seeded. — Dry soil. July -August. — Stem 1°-. 3° long. Flowers 2' long, pale purple. Bracts shorter thau the calyx. Legume l|'-2' long. 31. CENTROSEMA, DC. Calyx short, 5-cleft, the 2 upper lobes more or less united. Vexilluin very large, spurred on tlie back, orbicular, emarginate. Keel nearly as long as the wings. Stamens monadelphous below. Style smooth. Legume nearly sessile, linear, compressed, the sutures tliickeued, the valves lined with an intra-marginal vein. — Twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and very large purple flowers on short axillary peduncles. Bracts opposite. 1. C. Virginiana, Beuth. Rough with a short hooked pubescence; stem very slender, much branched ; leaflets ovate to linear-oblong, strongly reticulate ; peduncles single or by pairs, 1 -4-flowered ; calyx teeth subulate, barely exceeding the ovate bracts ; vexillum adhesive ; legume slender, elon- gated, curved, many-seeded. — Dry soil. June- Sept. — Flowers 1|^' long. Legume 4' - 6' long. 32. AMPHICARP^A, Ell. Flowers of two kinds ; tiiose on the upper racemes perfect, but mostly abor- tive, those near the base of the stem or on the prostrate branches apetalous, but fruitful. Calyx tubular, 4 - 5-toothed. Ye.xillum obovate and partly enclosing the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous, or in the fertile flowers distinct or wanting. Fertile legume obovate, fleshy, 1 - 2-seeded. — Twining annual or perennial herbs, witli trifoliolate leaves. Flowers white or purplisli, iu simple or cnuipound axillary racemes. 1. A. monoiea, Nutt. Hairy; .'^tems much branched; leaflets rhombic- ovate ; sterile racemes single or by pairs, often compound, nodding ; bracts striate ; calyx teeth short, triangular ; fertile legumes hairy. Rich soil. August- Sept. 33. GALACTIA, P. Browne. Calyx 4-toothed, the upper one broadest. Vexillum oblong or obovate, re- flexed in flower. Stamens diadelplions. Legume more or less compressed, 2-valved, few - many-seeded. — Prostrate or twining, rarely erect, perennial lis LEGUMINOS.I?. (Pl'LSK FAMILY.) licrlis, with loiig-ovai, oljtu.se or emargiiiate at both ends, smooth ahove, pubescent beneath ; racemes spike-like, mostly longer than the leaves ; legume coriaceous, compressed, falcate, thickeued at the .sutures, sprinkled with short ajipressed hairs, 6- lOseeded. — .South I'lorida. Aug. - .Si'pt. 2. G. pilosa, Ell. Tuliesccut or smoothish ; stem branching, twining , leaflets varying from oval to linear-oblong, obtu.se ; racemes (including the slender peduncle) 2' -10' long, rarely reduced to a single sessile flower; flowers mostly single, distant ; calyx smoothish ; legume straight, slightly compressed, lO-seeded. (G. mollis, Niitt.) — Dry soil, common. July- August. 3. G. mollis, Michx. Villous and .somewhat hoary ; stems mostly pros- trate and simple ; leaflets oval or oblong, obtuse or emarginate at both ends, or the upper ones acute; racemes 6' -10' long, the flowers, 2-3 together, approximate near the summit of the stout peduncle; calyx, like the .straight 10-seedcd compressed legume, very villous and hoary. (G. j)ilosa, NiUt.) — Dry sandy pine barrens. July - August. — Stem 2° - 3° long. 4. G. flliformis, Bonth. Stem long, twining, villous ; leaflets oval or oblong, silky beneath, .shorter than the many-flowered curved racemes; flowers rather large, purple, the vexillum finely and obliquely striate with deeper lines; legume silky, falcate, compres.sed, 10-seeded. — Keys of South Flor- ida. Nov. 5. G. Floridana, Torr. & Gray. Iloary-pubescent ; stems prostrate; leaflets oval or oliloiig, rarely acute, reticulate; racemes simple or branched, often by ])airs, many-flowered, rarely longer than the leaves ; flowers large, approximate; legume flat, lO-seeded. — Var. microphtlla. Every way smaller, the leaflets (^'-f long) acute or emarginate, the few flowers almost sessile in axillary clusters. — Dry sandy pine barrens, near the coast of Florida. June -August. — Stem 2° -4° long. Leaflets 1' - 2' long. 6. G. glabella, Michx. Stem prostrate, minutely pubescent ; leaflets rather rigid, ot)loiig, rarely acute, smooth and shining above, .slightly hairy beneath ; racemes seldom as long as the leaves, 3 - 6-flowered ; style elon- gated ; legume slightly falcate, at length smoothish, 4-6-seeded. — Dry pine barren.s. July -August. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaflets 1' long. Flowers large, reddish purple. * *Leaves trifoliolafe, with nearhf sessile leaflets: stems erect. 7. G. brachypoda, Torr. & Gray. Stems .slender, branching, and, as well as the leaves and peduncles, smoothish ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets oblong, obtuse ; flowers few, somewhat clustered at the summit of the slender peduucle ; calyx woolly. — Dry sandy pine barrens of Middle Florida. July- LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 119 August. — Stems 1°- 1^° higli. Leaflets shorter than the petiole. Flowers small, ]iuiijlf. 8. G. sessiliflora, Torr. & Gray. Stem short, smooth, simple ; leaflets oblong or liuear-obloug, obtuse, smooth on both sides ; flowers crowded in nearly sessile axillary clusters ; calyx hairy. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June -August. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Flowers M'hite. Le- gume oblong-linear, tomeutose, 6 - 8-seeded. * * * Leaves pinnate : stems twining. 9. G. Elliottii, Nutt. Leaflets 7-9, elliptical-oblong, emarginate, nearly smooth and .shining above, pubescent beneath ; racemes longer than the leaves, few-flowered near the summit of the peduncle ; corolla white tinged with red ; legume oblong compressed, villous, falcate, 3 - 5-seeded. — Dry soil, Florida to South Carolina, near the coast. May - June. — Plant some- times silky throughout. 34. CANAVALIA, DC. Calyx tubular, 2-lipped ; the upper lip larger, with two rounded lobes, the lower entire or 3 clef t. Vexillum large, orbicular, with two ridges within; keel incurved. Stamens monadelphous. Legume oblong-linear, compressed ; the valves with a longitudinal ridge near the thickened upper suture. Seeds separated by interposed cellular tissue: hiluni linear. — Prostrate or twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and showy flowers in axillary racemes. 1. C. obtusifolia, DC. Smoothish; stem long, prostrate ; leaflets thick, oval or orbicular, pointless ; racemes stout, longer than the leaves, 6-8- flowered ; flowers rose-color ; legume 6-seeded. (C. rosea and C. miniata, DC.) — Sandy shores of St. Vincent's Island, Florida, and southward. July - Sept. — Stem 10° -15° long Leaflets 3' long. Legume 4'- 5' long, V wide. Seeds brown. 2. C. altissima, Macfadyen. Frntescent; stem climbing; leaflets ob- long, mi;cronate-awned ; racemes many-flowered, the petals large, purple ; legume slightly curved, ll-seeded, the seeds "ovoid, dark brown." — South Florida (Feay), climbing over the tallest trees. — Legume 8' - 1 0' long, 1' - \\' wide. 3. C. gladiata, DC. Annual; stem climbing; leaflets thin, ovate; ra- cemes many-flowered; petals white; legume falcate, 10- 12-seeded ; seeds oblong, brownish red. — South Florida. August. — Leaflets 3' -4' long. Legumes 1° long, \^' wide. Seeds V long. 35. DIOCLEA, HBK. Calyx bibracteolate, 4-cIeft. Vexillum obovate-oblong, with two callosities near the base, and a membranous expansion at the sides. Wings and keel nearly equal, oblong. Stamens diadel]3hous. Style hooked, glabrous. Leg- ume oblong, compressed, coriaceous, narrowly 2-winged, few-seeded. Seeds oval, separated by a thin membrane. Ililum linear. — Trailing vines, with trifoliolate leaves and red or purple flowers in axillary racemes. 1. D. Boykinii, Gray. Perennial, pubescent ; leaflets thin, large, or- bicular, abruptly acute ; racemes shorter than the leaves, many and densely IL'O I.KCilMINOS.E. (PITLSE FAMILY.) floworc'il at tlic suiiiiiiil . Jamaica Dcxiwooi). Calyx caiiijiaimlatL', o-luuilu-d. Kiil olituse. A'exilliiin roiiiided. Sta- nieii.-* diailtdplious at the biuse, iii()iiadelpli()u.>< above. Style (ilifonii, smooth. Legume stipitate, linear, eontraeted between the seeds, furnished with four nienibranaieuus longitudinal wings. Seeds compressed. — Tropical trees. Leaves uiie(|nally ](iniiate. Flowers in terminal ])anieles. 1. P. Erythrina, L. Young branehes, leaves, and panicle silky and hoary, at length snioothish ; leaflets 7 - 9, obhjng or obovate, al)rnptly acute, straight-veined, distinctly petiolulate ; panicles axillary and terminal, many- flowered, shorter than the leaves; ujiper teeth of the calyx ]>artly united; legume 6-seeded. — South Forida. March -April. — A small tree. Leaves deciduous. Corolla white, lined with red veins. Legume 2' long, the broad wings wavy. 37. ECASTAPHYLLUM, V. Urowne. Calyx campanulate, UMe(jnally 5-toothed. Vexillum orbicular. Stamens 8 or 10, diadeliilious. Ovary stipitate, 2-ovuled. Style short anil slender. Legume orbicular, compressed, mostly 1-seedcd. — Tropical shrubs, with pin- nate leaves, and small flowers in short axillary panicles. I. E. Brownei, Hers. Stem branching ; leaf reduced to a single ovate acute leaHet, ])ubescent above, pale and velvety beneath ; panicles duster-like, shorter than the petiole ; corolla white ; legume 1-seeded. — Banks of rivers, South Florida. Xov. — Shrub 4°- 8° high. Leaflet 3' - 5' long. 38. BAPTISIA, Vent. Calyx campanulate, 4-cleft ; the up]ier lube broader anil mostly cmarginate. A^e.\'illnm roundish, with the sides reflexed ; wings and keel straight. Sta- mens 10, distinct, shorter than the wings, deciduous. Legume stipitate, oval or oblong, inilated, few-seeded, pointed with the persistent style. — Erect widely liranching perennial herbs. Leaves simple or palmately trifoliolate, witlieriiig-]iersistent. Stipules deciduous or persistent, rarely wanting. Flow- ers showy in terminal racemes, rarely axillary and solitary. * Leaves simple, xessile, or perfoliate. 1. B. simplicifolia, Croom. Smooth; leaves large, sessile, broadly ovate, oljtuse ; stipules none; racemes numerous, terminal, many-flowered, sessile or short-pedunded ; ovary villous and hoary; legume small, ovate, coriaceous, smooth. — Drv- pine barrens near Quincy, Middle Florida. July. — Stem luuch branched, 2^-3° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Flowers rather small, yellow. Plant dries black. 2. B. perfoliata, Brown. Smooth ; leaves perfoliate, oval or orbicular, glaucous; sti]jules none; flower axillary, solitary; k^gume small, ovate, cori- aceous. — Dry sandy soil in the middle districts of Georgia and South Caro- LEGUM1N0S.E. (pulse FAMILY.) 121 Una. May. — Stem 2"^ high. Leaves 2' -.3' long. Flowers small, yellow; ve.xillum orbicular, emargiuate, shorter than the wings and keel. Ovary and style smooth. * * Leaves trifoliolale, petiolecl. ■*- Flowers yellow. 3. B. lanceolata, Ell. Pubescent when young, at length smoothish ; leaves on very short petioles, the upper ones nearly sessile ; leaflets varying from lanceolate to obovate, thick, obtuse, tapering at the base; stipules and bracts small and caducous ; flowers large, solitary in the a.xils, and in short terminal racemes, siiort-pedicelled ; ovary villous ; legume ovate or globose, coriaceous, slender-pjinted. — Dry pine barrens. Ajiril-May. — 8tem 2° high. Leaflets r-2' long. Plant turns black in drying. 4. B. villosa, Ell. Pubescent; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets oblong and obovate, tapering at the base, becoming smooth above ; lower stipules and lanceolate bracts persistent; racemes many-flowered, declining; ovary villou.s ; legume smoothish, coriaceous, oblong, strongly beaked. — Dry sandy soil, North Carolina. May. — Stem stout, 2° high. Leaves and flowers larger than in Xo. 3, the latter on slender pedicels. Plant turns black in drying. 5. B. megacarpa, C'hapm. Stem smooth, with slender widely spread- ing branches ; leaves on slender petioles; leaflets thin, elliptical or obovate, minutely pubescent and glaucous beneath ; stipules and bracts caducous ; racemes numerous, terminal and opposite the leaves, few-flowered ; flowers large, pale yellow, on slender drooping pedicels ; ovary smooth ; legume large, thin, ovoid, slender-pointed. — Light rich soil, Gadsden County, Middle Flor- ida. May. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaflets 1^' - 2' long. Legume 1' - H' long. Plant unchanged in drying. 6. B. tinctoria, R. Brown. Smooth ; branches slender, elongated ; leaves small, on sliurt petioles, the upper ones nearly sessile ; leaflets wedge- obovate ; stipules and l)racts minute, caducous ; racemes numerous, short, few-flowered ; flowers small, on short and bractless pedicels ; ovary smooth ; legume small, roundish, slender-pointed. — Dry sandy soil. May -June. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets ^' - 1' long. Plant usually becomes blackish in drying. 7. B. stipulaeea, Ravenel. Smooth; branches spreading; leaves small, short-petioled, 2 - 3-f oliolate, the upper ones mostly simple and partly cla.sping; leaflets round-obovate, cuneate at the base; stipules and bracts large, round-cordate, persistent ; flowers numerous, small, axillary, the upper ones racemose : pedicels short and bractless ; ovary smooth, or slightly pubes- cent on the edges; legume small, ovoid, slender-pointed. (B. microphylla, Nutt.) — Sand-hills, near Aiken, South Carolina (Ravenel). June -July. — Stem 2° -3^ liigh. Leaflets ^'-f long. Plant nearly unchanged in drying. 8. B. Lecontei, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent; stem diffusely branched; leaves small, short-petioled ; leaflets cuneate-obovate ; stipules sul)ulate and caducous, or the lower ones larger and persistent ; racemes numerous, short, few-flowered, somewhat leafy at the base ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, persistent ; flowers small, on long 2-bracted pedicels ; ovary villous ; legume small, ovoid, slender-pointed. — Dry sandy soil, Florida and the southern parts of Georgia. May- June. — Stem 2° l)igh. Leaflets 1' long. Plant unchanged in drying. \2'2 LEOVMixos.t:. (pi'lse family.) 9. B. calycosa, Cunln-. Sniootliish, imicli braiuhed ; leaflets wedp;e- ohovnte; stipules ami bracts lanceolate, persistent; racemes numerous, ter- minal, the lohj^ (I - -') peilicels hiliracteulate ; luhes ng-ol)ovate, cuneate ; flowers in a long loo.sc central raceme, and in short racemes terminating the branches ; pedicels longer than the calyx in fruit ; segments of the calyx villous on the inside ; legume olilong, inflated, the stipe longer than the caly.x. — Society Hill, South Carolina (Curtis). May -June. — Stem diffusely branched, l°-2° liigh. Leaflets 1' long. Leg- ume 8" lung. I'lant unciianged in drying. •^ ■•- F lowers white. 11. B. alba, K. Bmwn. Smooth and glaucous ; branches slender, flexu- ous, hiirizontal ; leaves all distinctly petioled ; leaflets thin, cuneate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse; stipules and bracts minute, caducous; raceme usually soli- tary, central, very long, those on the branches few-flowered ; legume cylindri- cal. — Dry woods, North Carolina, and westward. April. — Stem 2°-3° high, often ])urple. Leaflets 1' long. Kacemes 1° -3° long. Corolla ^' long. Plant unchanged in drying. 12. B. leucantha, Torr. & Gray. Smooth and glaucous; branches spreading, leaves short-petioled ; leaflets oblong and obovate, obtuse ; stipules lanceolate, as long as the petioles, deciduous ; racemes central, and terminating the branches, hmg, many-flowered ; ovary smooth ; legume large, oblong, much inflated, long-stipitate. — Kiver banks. South Carolina, aud westward. March- A])ril — A stouter plant than the ])receding, with larger leaves and flowers, changing Idackish in drying. Legumes 1^' long. 13. B. leucophsea, Nutt. Hairy or smoothish ; stem stout, angled; leaves sliort-petinh'd ; leaflets varying from oltlanceolate to obovate, rigid, reticulate, soon smooth above ; stipules and bracts leafy, ovate-lanceolate, persistent; racemes stout, declined, 1-sided; flowers large, yellowish white, on long and slender erect pedicels ; ovary villous ; legume ovoid, long-pointed. — Dry rich oak woods, Georgia, and westward. April. — Stem low, with widely spreading branches. Kacemes 4'- 12' long. Flowers 1' long, the vex- illum spotted with brown. Plant turns black in drying. •t- -1- -t- Flowers blue. 14. B. australis, K.Brown. Smooth; leaves all short-petioled ; leaflets cuneate-obovate ; stii)ulcs leafy, lanceolate, twice as long as the petioles; ra- cemes large, erect, many-flowered; flowers (indigo blue) very large; bracts deciduous; legume oblong. — Banks of rivers, Georgia (Pnrsh), and west- ward. June -July. — Stem 2° -.3° high. Flowers T or more long. Legume 2' long. Plant unchanged in drying. 39. THERMOPSIS, K.Brown. Stamens mostly persistent. Legume linear or oblong linear, nearly sessile, flattened, many seeded. Stipules leafy, persistent. Otherwise chiefly as in Baptisia. Flowers yellow. LEGUMINOS.E. (pulse FAMILY.) 123 1. T. Caroliniana, M. A. Curtis. Stem stout, simple, smooth; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets membranaceous, obovate-obloug, silky beneath ; stipules very large, ovate or oblong, clasping ; racemes elongated, villous, erect, rigid, many-flowered ; flowers on short pedicels ; bracts ovate, deciduous ; legumes obloug-linear, erect, straight, villous and lioary, 10- 12-seeded. — Mountains of North Carolina. May -July. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Raceme 6' -12' long. Legume 2' long. 2. T. fraxinifolia, M. A. Curtis. Stem branching, slender, smoothish ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets oblong, narrowed at the base, often acute, smooth above, glaucous aud slightly pubescent beneath ; stipules lanceolate, much shorter than the petioles ; racemes erect, glabrous ; flowers on slender spread- ing pedicels; bracts small, lanceolate, persistent; legume linear, falcate, pu- bescent, spreading, short-stipitate, 10-seeded. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Stem 2° high. Legume 3' long. 3. T. mollis, M. A. Curtis. Pubescent ; stem diffusely branclied ; leaf- lets obovate-oblong ; stipules leafy, oblong-ovate, as long as the petioles ; ra- cemes declined ; pedicels shorter than the calyx and lanceolate bracts ; legume linear, flat, short stipitate. (Baptisia mollis, vl//c/i.r.) — Rocky woods in the middle districts of North Carolina. April -May. — Stem 2° high. Legume 2' - 3' long, many-seeded. 40. CLADRASTIS, Raf. Yellow- Wood. Calyx 5-toothed ; the nearly equal teeth short and obtuse. Vexillum large, roundish, reflexed, scarcely longer than the oblong wings and separate keel petals. Stamens 10, distinct ; filaments slender, incurved above. Legume short-stipitate, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4-6-seeded, at length 2-valved. — A small tree, with yellow wood, pinnate leaves, and large white flowers in terminal drooping panicled racemes. 1. C. tinctoria, Raf. (Virgilia lutea, Michx.) — Hillsides, in rich soil, Tennessee and Kentucky. May. — Leaflets 7-11, oval or ovate, acute, smooth, parallel-veined, 3' -4' long ; the common petiole tumid at the base. Stipules none. Racemes 1° long. Flowers V long. 41. SOPHORA, L. Calyx campanulate, obliquely truncated or 5-toothed. Stamens 10, free or cohering at the base. Legume moniliform, wingless, many-seeded, inde- hiscent. Seeds subglobose. — Trees or shrubs, with unequally pinnate leaves. Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. 1. S. tomentosa, L. Hoary-tomentose ; leaflets 11-17, oblong, coria- ceous, liecoming smooth above ; raceme elongated ; calyx minutely 5-toothed. — South Florida, near the coast. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. Flowers showy, yel- low. Legume stipitate, 5' long. SuBOKDER ir. CAESALiPINIE^E. (Brasiletto Family.) 42. CERCIS, L. Red-bud. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Petals ^11 di.stinct, the vexillum shorter than the wings. Stamens 10, distinct. Legume oblong, compressed, many seeded ; iL'l LKtUMlNOS.K. (PILSK FAMILY.) the ii|)]ii'r MUmc wiiiiii''!. — Trees, willi liroailly enrdiite simple stipulate leaves, and reiltiisli ]itirple clustered flowers ajipeariiig before the leaves. 1. C. Canadensis, L. — Hieh soil. Fell. -March. — Tree 15°-20C high. Flowers wry nuim-rous, from lateral buds. 43. CASSIA, L. Sknx.v. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals. Petals 5, iiiK'(iual. Stamens 5-10. Anthers mo.stly of different forms, opening by two terminal pores. Leg- ume many-seetled. Seeds often separated by cross partitions. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves aliruptly pinnate. Flowers yellow. * Stamens ]0, unei/ual : jiuit oj' the utillurs ahoilice : sefials obtuse ; stipules deciduous. 1 C. OCCidentalis, I- Annual, smoothish ; stem stout, branching ;. leaf- lets aliout 10, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute; petiole with a globular gland at the base; racemes 2-4-tlowered, tlie u])])er ones crowdeil. — Waste places, common. — Stem 1'' - b^ liigli- Legume linear, comjtressed, slightly incurved, 3' -4' long. 2. C. obtusifolia, L. Annual, roughish ; stem slentler, leaflets 6, cune ate-obovate, w ith a tuotli-likc glauil lietween the lowest pair ; flowers by pairs ; legume narrow-linear, 4-angIed, recurved. — Witli the preceding. — -Stem l°-4° iiigh. Legume 6'- 10' long. 3. C. Marilandica, L. rerennial, smoothisli ; leaflets 12-18, olilong, acute; jjetiole with a club-sliaped gland near the base; racemes several- flowered, the nj)j)er ones crowded, forming a compact panicle ; legume linear, curved. — Kirli soil. August. — Stem .'5''-4° li'g'i- Legume .3'-4' long. Var. ? Floridana. Leaflets .smaller {\V h>iig), often alternate; pedicels longer (l.^'long); legumes straight, flat, 3" wide ; .seeds orbicular; flowers not seen. — St. John's County, East Florida {Mr. Seddiiuj). 4. C. ligUStrina, L. Smooth or nearly so ; stem branclied ; leaflets 6- 10, olilong, mueronate, very oblicjue at the base, with a conical gland on the petiole or between the lowest pair of leaflets ; flowers in a terminal panicle, on slender ])edicel.s ; se])als oblong-obovate ; petals veiny ; legume (3' -4' long) broaiUy linear, flat, straight or somewhat falcate, many-seeded. — South Fhjrida. F"eb. — Leaflets 9"- 12" long. Legumes 4" wide. 5. C. biflora, L. Slirubby ; leaflets 4-10, oblong, narrowed at the ba. ; legume linear, flat, straight or somewhat falcate, smooth, many-seeded. — Key West. — Leaflets 1' long. Legume 3' long, 2" wide. » * Stamens .5-10; anthers all perfect: sepals acute: stipules persistent: hf/umes erect. 6. C. Chamsecrista, L. Annual-; stem smooth or rnsty-liairy ; leaflets small, numerous, linear oblong, mueronate; stipules acuminate, nerved; flowers borne above the axils, large, clu.stered, on long pedicels ; anthers 10; style slender; legume linear, nearl^straight. — Dry barren soil. July -Au- gust. — Stem 1°-H^ high. Tart of the petals often purple at the base. LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 125 7. C. nictitans, L. Annual; pubescent; leaflets numerous, oblong lin- ear; stipules and bracts subulate ; flowers small, 2-3 in a cluster above the axils, on short pedicels ; petals unequal ; stamens 5, nearly equal. Var. aspera. (C. aspera, Ell.) Hirsute; stamens 7-9, very unequal ; ovary very hairy ; flowers larger. — Dry old fields, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem 1° high, often prostrate. Leaflets about 40, sensitive, like those of the preceding species. 44. GLEDITSCHIA, L. Honey-Locust. Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5, united at the base, spreading. Petals as many, or less by tlie union of the two lower ones. Stamen.s 3-5, distinct, inserted with tlie petals on the base of the calyx. Legume stipitate, flat, 1 - many-seeded. Seeds compressed. — Thorny trees. Leaves aliruptly 1 - 2- pinnate, with oblong serrate leaflets. Flowers small, greeuisli, in short spikes. 1. G. triacanthos, L. Leaflets lanceolate-oblong;, thorns mostly com- pound ; legume very long, many-seeded, pulpy within. — Kich woods. June -July. — A large tree. Legume 12'- 18' long, 1' wide, twisted. 2. G. monosperma, Walt. Leaflets ovate or oblong ; thorns mostly simple; legume short, obliquely oval, 1-seeded, not pulpy. — IJeep river .swamps, Florida to Tennessee, and westward. July. — A small tree. Legume 1' long. 45. GYMNOCLADUS, Lam. Coffee-Tree. Flowers polygamo-diacious, tomentose. Calyx narrowly funnel-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 10, separate. Style long, exserted. Legume woody, pulpy within, few-seeded, the seeds large, compressed. — A slender tree, with thick thornle.'ss branches, very large bipinnate leaves, and small whitish flowers in axillary racemes. 1. G. Canadensis, Lam. — Rich woods, Tennessee, and northward. May. — Leaves 2° -3° long. Leaflets ovate, the lowest pair borne on the common petiole, and larger. Legume 6'- 10' long, 2' wide, 6— 8-seeded. 46. C^SALPINIA, L. Sepals unequal, united into a cup-shaped base. Petals 5, unequal, clawed. Stamens 10, all fertile, the long filaments ascending, and hairy at the base. Style filiform. Legume echinate or unarmed, compressed, wingless, 1 - many- seeded. — Trees or shrubs, with abruptly bipinnate leaves, and racemose mostly yellow flowers. 1. C. paucifiora, Benth. & Hook. Glabrous, armed with rather stout .stipular and .stipellate recurved spines ; pinna 2-4 pairs; leaflets 3-5 pairs, obovate, rounded at each end (4" -5" long); racemes sim])le, loosely few- flowered ; sepals obovate-oblong, little shorter than the yellow corolla and the slightly exserted stamens; legumes short, short-stipitate, oljliquely acuminate, 1 - few-seeded. — Big Pine Key, South Florida (C'u;-^/ss). — A low shrub. IL'O LK<;rMiN(»s.i:. (i-i i.sk kamilv.) 2. C. Bonduc, Hoiitli. & Hunk. Loaflcts 5-8 jciiis, iil)Ii<|Uf'ly cival, imi- croiiiitf, tin- t*ti|)iiliir thorns 2-3; raceiiu'.s loiifj;, (ienscly iiiaiiy-lluweri'il ; cahx lolies (Idwiiv within, simrtcr than the lung rccurvid (ifcifluuus hraits ; legume ovati', l-sueilcd. — South Florida. — A tall .xliruli. J.,eallfts i'-l' long. Kaceines 1° loug. Tlowers yiUow. 47. PARKINSONIA, I'lum. Scp.lls .'), equal, recurved. TetaLs .'j, ovate, the njiper one roundi.<;h, long- elawed. Stamens 10. Style filiform. Legume linear-ohlong, compressed- moniliform, several-seeded. — A spiny shruh. J^eaves ])innale, with the petiole broadly winged, tlie numerous leaflets small, ofteu deciduous or abor- tive. Flowers showy, yellow, in terminal racemes. 1. P. aculeata, L. — Key West, escaped from cultivation. SuBOHDEK TTT. I?II]TIOSEy"E. Mimo.sa Family. 48. MIMOSA, L. Sensitive Plant. Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute, 4-5-toothed. Petals united into a 4-5-cleft tulmlar-canipanulate corolla. Stamens 4 - 1.5, distinct, much ex- serted. Legume comjjressed, mostly jointed, 1 - many-seeded ; the broad valves separating at maturity from the persistent margins. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves bipinnate, sensitive. Flowers white or rose-color, capitate or spiked, on axillary peduncles. 1. M. strigillosa, Torr. & Gray. Herbaceous and rough with scat- tered appres.scd rigid hairs; stem prostrate; leaves loiig-petioled ; pinna; 5-6 pairs ; leaflets 10-14 pairs, oblong-linear; peduncles longer than the leaves; heads of flowers elliptical; legume oval or oblong, 1 -3-jointed, hispid. — Banks of rivers, Florida, and westward. July - August. — Flowers rose- color. M. PuniCA, L., the common Sensitive Plant, is partially naturalized in some localities. 49. SCHRANKIA, Willd. Sensitive Brier. Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-cleft. Sta- mens 8- 10, distinct, exserted. Legume not jointed, ])rickly, 1-celled, many- .seeded ; the narrow valves separating at maturity from the broad margins. — Perennial prostrate herbs, with l)ij)innate sensitive leaves, and purjde floAvers in globose axillary peduncled heads. Stem, petioles, peduncles, and legumes beset with short recurved prickles. * Lower surface of the leaflets reticulate with elevated veins. 1. S. uncinata, Willd.l Stem stout, grooved; leaves approximate; pinnas 4-7 pairs; leaflets 25-30, oblong, acute, 3" -4" long; peduncles mostly single, shorter than the leaves; legumes 2'-3' long, linear, short- pointed, thickly armed with rigid prickles, about the length of the peduncle. — West Tennessee, and westward. July. LEGUMINOS.E. (pulse FAMILY.) 127 2. S. Floridana, n. sp. Stem long, slender, 4-angled; leaves few and distant, long-petioled ; pinna 2-3 pairs; leaflets 30-40, oblong-linear, niu- cronate, 2" long ; peduncles single, shorter than the petioles ; legumes 3' - 4' long, filiform, armed with few weali and scattered prickles, long-pointed. — Sandy barrens, South Florida. * * Veins of the leaflets obscure on both surfaces. 3. S. angustata, Torr. & Gray. Stem, etc. armed Avith scattered weak recurved prickles; pinnaj 4-G pairs; leaflets about 30, linear-elliptical; pe- duncles single or by pairs, much shorter than the leaves; legume narrow-lin- ear, 3-4 times as long as the peduncle, ending in a long subulate smoothish point. 4. S. horridula, (Michx.?). Stem prostrate, very prickly ; pinnae 5-8 pairs ; leaflets 30-40, linear, \" long; peduncles single, or 2-4 in a cluster, the uppermost often racemed ; legume terete, V-2' long, thickly armed with strong prickles, broadly linear, abruptly short-pointed, mostly shorter than the peduncle. (Mimosa, J//cAa:.) — Dry piue barrens in the lower districts. July -August. Var.? angularis. Stouter and less prickly; leaflets longer (2" long) ; legume 4-angled, armed with scattered prickles, longer than the peduncle. — Dry open woods in the upper districts. July. 50. PITHECOLOBIUM, Martins. Flowers perfect, rarely polygamous. Calyx tubular-campauulate, 4-5- toothed. Corolla tnbular-funnel-shaped, 4-5-cleft. Stamens 10 or more, long-exserted, monadelphous near the base. Style filiform. Legume broadly linear, compressed, contorted or falcate, transversely partitioned, mealy or pulpy within. Seeds lenticular. — Trees or shrubs, often armed with stipular spines. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate. Flowers chiefly capitate, axillary and terminal. 1. P. Unguis-Cati, Benth. L'namied or spiny; leaves bipinnate; leaflets 4, thin, broadly and obliquely obovate, the partial petioles much shorter than the common one ; heads globose, in a loose raceme ; calyx teeth short, ciliate ; corolla yellowish, smooth ; stamens crispid, twice as long as the corolla; ovary smooth. (Inga, Willd.) — South Florida. — Leaflets I'-l^' long, light green. 2. P, Guadalupense, Chapm. Unarmed ; leaves bipinnate ; leaflets 4, coriaceous, obliquely oblong or obovate, the common and partial petioles nearly equal ; peduncles solitary, axillary, longer than the leaves, or the upper ones racemose ; calyx and corolla pubescent ; stamens 30 or more, 3-4 times as long as the corolla; ovary pubescent; legume smooth, falcate or hooked. (Inga, Desv.) — South Florida. — Leaflets 1' long, deep green. Legume 2'- 4' long. Flowers yellowish. 51. ACACIA, Necker. Flowers polygamous. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed. Petals 4-5, separate or united in a tube. Stamens numerous, inserted on the base of the corolla. Legume 2-valved, many-seeded. — Mostly trees or shrubs, with pinnately compound IL'S M.fUMINns.i:. (I'lI-SK KA.-MII.V.) leaves, and small llow-rs in si)ikc8 or heads. — Ours introdmcd, and sparingly spontancuus around lioniesteuds. 1. A. fllicina, W'illd. Ilerhaceous, unarineil, hirsute; stem erect; leaves hipinnatc ; jfallrts 50-00, very small, uldong-linear ; slipuU-s deiidu- ous; lioads ]Mduncled, axillary and terminal; flowers white; "legume Hat, few-seeded." — Gainesville, l-'lorida (Gttihrr). — Krom Mexico. 2. A. Farnesiana, W'illd. (nporoNAX.) Slunldiy. spiny, glabrou-s; pinna' aliout (J pairs ; leatiets 12-lf> j)airs, ohlonglinear ; sti|)ular spines long, straight; heads globose, on axillary single or clustered jjedundes; flowers yellow, fragrant; Ici^umo terete, torulose. — From West Indies. 3. A. Julibrissin, Willd. Arlioresceut, unarmed, glabrous ; i)inna;8- \-l pairs ; leaflets about ."iO pairs, oblong, obliijue ; heads in a terminal panicle ; flowers flesh-cijlor ; stamens longe.xserted ; legume flat, oldong, few-seeded. — From .i\sia. 4. A. glauca, Willd. Unarmed, glabrous; jiiniuv 4-.") pairs; leaflets 1:2- 1.') pairs, linear, distant, acute, glaucous beneath ; heads single or by i)air8 on axillary jK'duncles. — From West Indies. 5. A. latisiliqua, Willd. Unarmed, glabrous; pinnie ."> pairs ; leaflets 10 ]>air.s, elliptical; heads pauicled; flowers white; legume flat, stipitate, many-seeded. — A shrub or small tree. — From West Indies. 52. DESMANTHUS, Willd. Flowers polygamous. Calyx o-toothcd. Corolla of 5 oblong-spatulate pet- als, or tubular and 5-cleft. Stamens 5-10. Filaments of the lower flowers sterile. Legume linear or oblong, continuous, 2-valved. — Herbs or shrubs, w'ith abruptly bi])inuate leaves, and heads or spikes of white flowers borne on axillary peduncles. Leaves sensitive. 1. D. depressus, Humb. «&, Bonpl. Stems slender, prostrate, slirubhy at the base; pinna; 2 pairs; leaflets oblong-linear, very obtuse, obliipie and almost truncate at the base; peduncles 2- 4-flowered, the two upper flowers (sometimes all) perfect; stamens 10; legume linear, many-seeded; seeds angular, compressed. — South Florida. — Stems l°-2° long. Legume 1'- \V long. 2. D. virgatUS, Willd. Stem erect, rather rigid, smoothi.sh, angled ; pinnfE 1-7 pairs; leaflets numerous, oblong-linear ; a rather large ovate gland helow the lowest pin nee ; heads few-flowered; stamens 10; legume straight, linear, 10-.30-seeded. — South Florida. — Stem l°-2° high. 3. D. brachylobus, Benth. Smooth; stem erect; pinnae 6- 14 pair.s, each with a minute gland at the base ; leaflets numerous, linear ; heads glo- bose ; stamens 5; legumes oblong, curved, 4-6-seeded. ( Darlingtonia, DC.) — Mississippi (Carpenter). 4. D. luteus, Benth. Stems ascending, rough with short rigid hairs; pinna; 4 -.5 pairs; leaflets numerous, linear-oblong, mucronate, fringed on the margins, veiny beneath ; stipules ovate, acuminate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, rough, minutely bractcd ; heads oval or oblong, many-flowered, nod- ROSACEiE. (rose FAMILY.) 129 ding; petals distinct ; sterile filaments 8- 10, yellow, spatulate-linear ; fertile ones 10, white; legume oblong, 5-8-seeded. — Damp soil near the coast, Florida, and westward. June. % — Stems l°-2° long. Ordek 48. ROSACE^E. (Rose Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate stipulate leaves, and regular flowers. — Calyx of 3 - 8 (mostly 5) more or less united sejaals, and often with as many bracts. Petals as many (rarely none), inserted with the few or numerous distinct stamens on the edge of the disk which lines the tube of the calyx, mostly imbricated in the bud. Ovaries 1 - several, free, or more or less united with the calyx and with each other, 1 - f ew-ovuled. Seeds anatropous, and, witli few exceptions, without albumen. Embryo straight, with large and thick cotyledons. Fruit various. Synopsis. Suborder L CHRYSOBALANE^. Calyx bractless, free from the sol- itary ovary. Style single, arising from the base of the ovary. Ovules erect. Fruit a drupe. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple. 1. CHRTSOBALANUS. Calyx limb persistent. Stone grooved. Shrubs. Suborder II. AMYGDALE^. Calyx bractless, free from the solitary ovary. Style single, terminal. Ovules suspended. Fruit a drupe. Leaves simple. 1. PRUNUS. Calyx limb deciduous. Stone even, or grooved on the margins. Suborder III. ROSACEA. Calyx 3- 5-cleft, the lobes often alternat- ing tvith as many bracts, free from the 1 - several ovaries. Style lateral or terminal. Fruit a 1 - 10-seeded follicle, or a 1-seeded achenium. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves mostly lobed or compound. * Fruit a 1 - 10-seeded follicle. 3. PHYSOCARPUS. Petals imbricated. Carpels inflated, 2-valved. Seed albuminous. 4. SPIRvEA. Petals obovate or roundish, imbricated in the bud. Carpels 1-valved. 6. GILLENIA. Petals linear-lanceolate, convolute in the bud. * * Fruit a 1-seeded achenium. ■*- Fruiting calyx dry, the lobes mostly valvate in the bud. Achenia few, or numerous and collected into a head. ++ Calyx-tube contracted at the throat (except No. 5). Achenia 1 - 4. 5. NEVIUSIA. Petals none. Stamens indefinite. Calyx lobes serrate. 7. AGRIMONIA. Petals 5. Stamens 5-15. Calyx bristly. 8. POTERIUM. Petals none. Stamens 4. Style terminal. 9. ALCHEMILLA. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Style lateral. ++ ++ Calyx open, bracted. Stamens and dry achenia numerous, the latter rarely 2-4. = Seeds erect. 10. GEUM. Style persistent. Achenia numerous. 11. WALDSTEINIA. Style deciduous. Achenia 2 -6. 9 130 kosaoe.t:. (rosk faaiilv.) = = Seeds suBpendod or ajsceiiding. 12. POTENTILLA. RerepUcIe flnt or convex, dry. 13. KK.\(iAKIA. K«'ci'i)tiu-lf conical, uiilurKi-d and fli'Hliy in fruit. vf 44 -M. Calyx oiH-n, brnctless. StamenH and juicy adicnia numerous. 14. RUBUS. Aclienia crowded on the conical receptacle. *- — Calyx tube tlesliy, urn-shaped ; tlie lobes imbricated in the bud. Achenia numerous, inserted on the receptacle which lines the inside of the calyx tube. 15. ROSA. Aclienia dry and hairy. Prickly shrubs. SinoKDKK IV. I'O.MEyE. VaUx includiiijj; ami colieriiif; with tlic 1 - .'> ovaries, very tliick aiul tlesliy in fruit. IG. CRAT.EGUS. Fruit of 1 -5 bony 1 -seeded nutlets. 17. PYRUS. Fruit of 2 - 5 cartilaRinous or membranaceous 2-seeded cells. 18. AMELANCHIER. Fruit of 3 - 5 2-seeded cells ; seeds separated by a false partition. 1. CHRYSOBALANUS, L. Calyx bell sliaped, r)-cleft, peisi.steiit. Petals .'i. Stamens about 20; the inner ones often shorter and sterile Ovary with 2 collateral erect ovules ; the style arising from its base. Drupe 1 -seeded ; the stone grooved. — Un- armed shrubs. Le.aves nearly sessile, entire, with minute stipules. Flowers small, in axillary nr tormiiial paniculate cymes. 1. C. oblongifolius, INIichx. Leaves somewhat coriaceous, oblong, smooth on botii sides, or hoary-])ubescent beneath, deciduous; cymes many- flowered ; stamens and ovary smooth ; drupe ovoid. — Dry sandy pine bar- rens in the lower districts. May. — Stems creeping, the flowering branches 6' - 1 2' high. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Flowers greeni.^h w hite. 2. C. Icaco, L. (Cocoa Plum.) Leaves round-obovate, smooth, coria- ceous ; cymes few-flowered ; stamens and ovary hairy ; drupe large, roundish. —^ South Florida. — Shrub 4^- 12° high. Leaves 2' long, 1|' wide. Drupe yellow, purple, or black. 2. PRUNUS, L. Plum, Cherry. Calyx .5-cleft, deciiluous. Petals 5, spreading Stamens l.')-.30. Ovary ■with 2 collateral suspended ovules. Style terminal. Drupe fleshy ; the stone even. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple. Flowers white. § 1. Puuxus. (Plu^i.) — Drupe glaucot's : stone move or less compressed: haves convolute in the bud : Jioicers in lateral clusters, aji]iearing before the leaves: branches often Sj)ini/. 1. P. Americana, Marsh. Leaves thick, ovate or somewhat olwvate, acuminate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, pubescent beneath, sharply serrate, on glandular petioles; drupe large, globose. — Woods. March - April. — A small tree. Leaves 2' -3' long, smooth when old. Flowers very numerous. Plum reddish, |'-1' in diameter, pleasantly acid, ripening in September. 2. P. umbellata, Fll. Leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute at both ends, or the upper ones rounded at the base, finely and sharply serrate, smooth, or soft-downy beneath ; calyx teeth emarginate, pubescent ; drupe ROSACEA. (rose family.) 131 globose ; stone slightly compressed. — Dry light soil, Florida and Alabama to South Carolina. Feb. - March. — A shrub or small tree. Branches purple, shining. Leaves I'-l^' long. Plum rarely^' in diameter, dark purplish or black, sour and bitter, ripening in August. 3. P. Chicasa, Michx. Leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceulate- acute, smooth, minutely and sharply serrate, with the teeth glandular and incurved ; flowers short-peduucled ; calyx smooth ; drupe yellowish red, glo- bose. — Old fields, forming thickets. March. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves l^'-2' long. Plum about ^' in diameter, thin-skinned and of an agreeable flavor. 4. P. gracilis, Gray & Engelm. Low and bushy, the pubescent branches often spiny ; leaves short-petioled, ovate, acute, unequally serrate, glabrate above, pale and villous beneath, V-2' long; clusters 2-3-flowered; calyx pubescent; drupe, globose, 6" - 9" in diameter. — Lookout Mountain, Tennes- see ( Gattinger), and westward. 5. P. maritima, Wang. Low and straggling, spineless ; leaves ovate or obovate, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, glabrate ; clusters few-flowered ; drupe red or purplish, \' in diameter. — Alabama {Buckle i/). § 2. Cerasus. (Cherry.) — Drupe not glaucous: stone globular or slightly compressed : leaves folded in the bud, deciduous. — Spineless shrubs or trees. * Flowers clustered. 6. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, green and smooth on both sides; flowers several in a cluster, on long peduncles ; drupe globose, light red. — Mouutains of North Carolina. May. — A small tree. Fruit small and sour. * * Flowers in racemes terminating leafy branches. 7. P. serotina, Ehrhart. Leaves smooth, varying from oval to ovate, lanceolate, mostly acute or acuminate, serrate, with the teeth callous and appressed ; racemes long, spreading ; drupe globose, purplish black. — Woods. April - May. — A tree 20° - 60° high. 8. P. Virginiana, L. Smooth throughout, or the lower surface of the leaves, brandies, and racemes more or less pubescent ; leaves thin, oval, oblong or obovate, finely and sharply serrate, abruptly acute or acumi- nate ; racemes rather short and erect ; drupe red. -^ Light sandy soil in the upper districts. April. — Shrub 3° -9^ high. Leaves l'-3' long. Drupe astringent. §3. Laurocerasus. (Cherut Laurel.) — Drupe not glaucous : stone globular : flowers in racemes from ihc axils of evergreen leaves. 9. P. Caroliniana, Ait. (Mock Orange.) Leaves coi-iaceous, smooth and glossy, ovate-lanceolate, acute, mostly entire ; racemes shorter than the leaves, white; drupe ovoid, soon dry, black. — Banks of rivers, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. Feb. - March. — A small tree. 10. P. sphserocarpa, Swartz. Racemes small, erect, shorter than the leaf; leaves elliptical, entire, shining; flowers scattered; drupe sub-globose. — Key Biscayne (Curtiss), South Florida. — A small tree, 10° -15° high. 132 ROSACE.^, (rose famfly.) 3. PHYSOCARPUS, .Maxim. Nine-bauk. Carpels inflatod, 2-valved, 2 - 4-8ee(led. Seeds roundish, cruataceous. Al- Imiiicn co|)ii)us. OtliorwiiJc like 5y>//(r(i. — Shrubs. Leaves palmately loliefl or veined. 1. P. Opulifolius, Maxim. Leaves Itrnadly ovate or cordate, S-lohed, doulily ii(ii:itv->cii;ite, smooth ; corymbs umbellate, terminating the short brandies, mostly pul)e.rous ; leaves I' -2' luug, obovate, iKUte, finely but ob- tusely serrate, tapering into a short petiole ; Howers £' wide ; calyx lobes lauccolale, glandular, longer tiiau the tulxj ; styles 3; fruit globular, .J' iu dianietet. — Rocky hillsides, >.'orth Cieorgia and Teuuessee. April. — A small tree. * * Curyiiiis siiiijilt, I - G-jlutcired. 12. C. SBStivalis, Torr. & (iray. (ilandle.ss ; leaves rigid, pubescent, be- coming smooth ai>ove, and rusty-j>ubescent on the veins beneath, cuneate- obovate, crenate above the middle, tajiering into a short petiole ; corymbs smooth, 3-5-flowered ; styles 4-5; fruit large, glol)ose, red. — Varies (C. lu- cida, Ell.) with smaller (!'), thinner, and smooth leaves, which are glossy above. — Margius of piue barreu ponds, Florida to South Carolina, aud west- ward. March -April. — A small tree. Leaves 2' -3' long. Fruit juicy, edible. 13. C. flava, Ait. Glandular; leaves cuneate-obovate, serrate and slightly lobcd near the apex, smootli, tapering into a short petiole ; corynd)S smooth, 1 - 4-tiowored ; styles 4 - .5 ; flowers and pear-.shaped fruit large. — Shady sandy places, Florida to North Corolina, and westward. May. — Tree 15°- 20° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Fruit greenish yellow. 14. C. glandulosa, Mie, and inserted on its inner face, becoming 1-seeded achenia in fruit. Seeds anatropous, without alhumen. Cotyledons convolute. 1. CALYCANTHUS, I.. Sweet-scented Shrlb. Calyx tulie clo.-ied, IcalV-braittil ; tlie luhes and j)eta]s in several rows, lanceolate, somewliat fleshy. Stamens deciduous. Mature fruit dry, pear- shaped, enclosing tiie large achenia. — Aromatic sliruhs, with opposite or forking branches, short-petioled deciduous leaves, and large brownish pur- ple terminal flowers. 1. C. floridus, L. Branchlets, jietiules, and peduncles hoary-pubescent; leaves oval or oldong, mostly acute or acuminate, very rough on the upper surface, tomentose and hoary beneath ; sepals and petals linear lanceolate, acute. — Banks of streams in the upper districts. April. — Shrub 4° -8° high. Leaves 2' -.3' bmg. Flowers 1' in diameter, very fragrant. 2. C. ISBVigatus, Willd. Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles pubescent or smootliish ; leaves oMong or elliptical, mostly acute or acuminate, rough on the upper surface, paler and nearly smooth beneath ; sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, acute. (C. inodorus, Ell., leaves very rough above, but shining ; flowers inodorous.) — Banks of streams, Florida, Georgia, and west- ward. April-May. — Slirub 4^- 8° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. I'lowers 1^' in diameter. 3. C. glaucus, "Willd. Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles smooth ; leaves large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, green and roughish on the upper surface, smooth and glaucous beneatli ; flowers large, the sepals and petals lanceolate, and abruptly sharp-pointetl. — Low shady woods along the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. May -June. — Shrub 6° -8° high. Leaves rather rigid, 4'- 7' long. Flowers l^'-2' in diameter. The PoMEGKAyATE (PuxiCA Grakatcm, L.) belongs to the allied order Granate^. Order 50. SAXIFRAGACE^3i:. (Saxifr.\ge Family.) Cah-x of 4 - .5 more or less united sepals, free, or more or less ad- herent to the ovary, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, rarely- wanting. Stamens as many, or 2 - 4 times as many, inserted with SAXIFRAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 143 the petals on the calyx. Ovaries 2 or sometimes 3-4, commonly united below, and separate at the summit. Seeds few - many. Em- bryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. Suborder I. SAXIFRAGES. Herbs. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stipules adnate to the petiole, or noue. * Stamens as many as the sepals. 1. LEPUROPETALON. Styles 3. Capsule 1-celled, beakless. 2. HEUCHERA. Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled, 2-beaked. 3. BOYKINIA. Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked. * * Stamens twice as many as the sepals. 4- Capsule 2-celled. 4. SAXIFRAGA. Flowers perfect. Stamens 10. Leaves entire or lobed. 5. ASTILBE. Flowers polygamous. Stamens 10. Leaves ternately compound. •I- 4- Capsule 1-celled. 6. TIARELLA. Stamens 10. Petals 5, entire. 7. MITELLA. Stamens 10. Petals 5, piunatifid. 8. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Stamens 8 - 10. Petals none. Suborder II. ESCALLONIES. Shrubs. Petals valvate in the bud. Stipules none. Leaves alternate. 9. ITEA. Stamens and petals 5. Flowers in a dense raceme. Suborder III. HYDRANGIEJE. Shrubs. Petals valvate or convolute in the bud. Leaves opposite. Stipules none. 10. HYDRANGEA. Petals valvate. Stamens 8 -10. Styles distinct. 11. DECUMARIA. Petals valvate. Stamens 20 or more. Styles united. 12. PHILADELPHUS. Petals convolute. Stamens 20 or more. Styles 4. Capsule 4- valved. Suborder IV. RIBESIES. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, palmately veined or lobed. Stipules none. Fruit baccate. 13. RISES. Flowers in axillary racemes. Stems mostly spiny. 1. LEPUROPETALON, Ell. Calyx tube turbinate, cohering with the lower portion of the ovary, 5- parted. Petals 5, minute, spatulate. Stamens 5, very short. Styles 3. Capsule globular, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentte, many-seeded, locnlici- dally 3-valved at the apex. — A very small (^ high) tufted annual herb, with alternate spatulate leaves, and solitary terminal white flowers. 1. L. spathulatum, Ell. — Close damp soil, Georgia (near Savannah) and South Carolina. March - April. 2. HEUCHERA, L. Alum-root. Calyx campanulate, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, spatulate. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentte, many-seeded, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds rough or hispid. — Perennial herbs, with erect scape-like stems. Leaves chiefly radical, long- petioled, roundish cordate, lobed or toothed. Stipules adnate to the petioles. Flowers small, panicled. Ml SAXTFUACAc K.K. (sAXIFKAGE FAMILY.) * Cnliji er/ual-siileil. 1. H. Americana, L. Scapo k-aHess, f^landular ; leaves creiiately or acutely T-'J-inln-il aixi toothed, the teeth niiuronate ; panicles long, narrow, loosely tlowereil ; ealyx as long iis the wiiite petals, much shorter than the stamens and very slender styles. — Shady rocky jdaces in the middle and u]iper districts. April- May. — Scape 2° -3° hi<^h, sometimes with one or two leaves. Le.aves 2' -4' wide, on j)etioles 4' -12' long. 2. H. villosa, Michx. Scape hracted or somewhat leafy, and, like the petioles ami lower surface of the leaves, shaggy with long sjtreading rusty- hairs ; leaves sharply ."j-T-loljed and toothed, panicle loose; flowers minute ; petals white, very narrow, about as long as the stamens, styles ehmgated. — Mountains, Alabama to North Carolina. June -July. — Scajte l°-3° high. Leaves 3' - 8' wide. Flowers about a line in length. 3. H. Curtisii, (iray. Scape and petioles smooth; leaves lightly lolied ; . branches of the jjanide long, racemose, spreading; petals pur]»le ^ sj)atulate lanceolate, scarcely longer tlian the calyx; stamens slightly pubescent. — Buncombe County, North Carolina (Curtis). — Flowers larger than the last. 4. H. Hugelii, Shuttlw. Glandular-hirsute, and somewhat viscid ; scape slender (8'- 13' high), often leafy; panicle small (2'-5' long), the slender pedicels nodding ; petals linear-spatulate, twice as long as the calyx lobes ; filaments exserted; leaves thin, orbicular cordate (3' -6' broad), shortly and broadly 7 - 9-lobed, with rounded mucronate teeth, pubescent on the nerves beneath ; petioles filiform. — Shaded rocks on tlie mountains of Alabama and North Carolina (Mohr, Eu(jel). * * Cill ijx oblique. 5. H. pubescens, Pur.sh. Glandular-puberulent ; stem (2°) leafy; leaves round- cordate, acutely 5-7-lobed and toothed, with the sinus closed; stipules obtuse, friuged ; flowers nodding ; calyx ovoid, yellowish green, the ovate lobes obtuse ; petals spatulate, white, and, like the smooth stamens and styles, included. — Mountains of North Carolina. June - July. 6. H. hispida, Fursh. Hir.sute or minutely glan(lular-iiul)e.scent ; leaves 5_9.],,l)('f hard alliunien. — Sj)iny or unarmed shruhs, with alter- nate palma'.ely veined and luhed leaves, withuut stipules, and witii axillary raeeinose or elustered flowers. * Slrws sjiiiii/ (tiiii<^) ; k-aves very iiuiiuTiiiis, alltiiiatf, liiitar, olitiise ; cvine cuin]ios(Ml uf .sevcnil rueurvcil or .spnaciiiig bramlios ; H(jwcrs jialo purpk- ; sfjialrt miiili slmrlor tliaii llio polals ; staiiu'iis 8, tlioso of tlie ci-niral Howcrs mostly Id; tarjiels tapering into the l.iiii^ and sli-nilcr stvk>. — With tlie i)reie(ling. May -June. 4. S. Nevii, (iray. Stems l.nv (.i'-o'), iu-ieending; knaves akcrnatc, scat- tered, linear-elavate. ohtnse ; llouers sessile, scattere