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PKOCEEDLNGS H

01" THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION 1875-'5^,) (^^ J i

November 4;tli, 1875.
Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, iu the ('hair.
The Minutes of the h\st Meeting were read and signed.
Dr. P. S. M. Moodelly was elected a Fellow.

The following papers were read : —

1. "On Bees, Wasps, and Ants."— Part III. By Sir John
Lubbock, Bart., P.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " On the Eate of Growth of the Female Flower-stalk of
ValUmeria spiralis.'" ■ By A. W. Bennett, M.A., F.L.S.

3. " Enumeration of Plants collected by V. Lovett Cameron,
Lieut. E.N., iu the Eegion about Lake Tanganyika." By D.
Oliver, F.E.S., F.L.S.

4. "Note on a Collection of North- Celebes Plants made by
Mr. Eiedel of Gorontalo." By D. Oliver, F.E.S., F.L.S.

November 18th, 1875.

Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, iu the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Joseph Henry Gilbert, Ph.D., William Paul, Esq., and James
Eeuny, Esq., were elected FelloAvs.

The following paper was read : —

1. " On the Organization and Systematic Position of the Orni-
thosauria."— Part I. By H. G. Seeley, F.L.S., F.G.S.

LINN. SOC. PKOCEEDINOS. — SESSIONS 1875-80. 6

II PROCEEDINGS OF XUL

December 2ud, 1875.
Prof. G. J. Allmax, M.D., E.E.S., President, iu the Chair.
The Minutes oftlic last Meeting were read and signed.

Mr. J. G. Baker, on behalf of Mr. T. E. Archer Briggi^, exhi-
bited fruits of Pi/rus communis, var. Brir/r/sii, Symc, from tlie
ueighbourliood of Plymouth. The fruit of the Devonshire wild
plant is turbinate, aiid not more than half an inch in length.

The lion. David Arnot, Francis M. Balfour, Esq., George
btewardson Brady, Esq., John Buclianan, Esq., Henry Eam.say
Cox, E(>q., Francis Darwin, M.B., Frank Blackwell Forbes, Esq.,
Edward Morell Holmes, Esq., John Leckenby, Esq., J. W. H.
Lush, Esq., Edward Jolin Micrs, Esq., Henry D'Arcy Power,
Esq., "W. D. Eobinson-Douglas, Esq., George J. Eomanes, Esq.,
Charles T. Staigor, Esq., James Stirton, M.D., and James W. H.
Trail, Esq., were elected Fellows.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Polynesian Ferns of tlie ' Challenger ' Expedition."
By J. G. Baker, F.L.S.

2. "Eevision of the Authericese and Eriospermeee." By J. G.
Baker, F.L.S.

3. "Botanic Notes from Darjceiing to Touglo." By C. B.
Clarke, M.A., F.L.S.

4. " On Edqaria, a new Genus of Cucurbitacea)." By C. B.
Clarke, M.A.,^F.L.S.

December IGth, 1875.
Prof. G. J. Allma>-, M.D., F.E.S., President, iu the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting Avcrc read and signed.

Isaac Bayley Balfour, Esq., William Christopher Boyd, Esq.,
Alfred Craven, Esq., and James Hector, M.D., were elected
Fellows.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Structure and Development of the Bird's Skull."
—Part II. By \V. K. Parker, F.K.S., F.L S.

2. " On a Sport in Faritium tricuspc, G. Don." By G. King,
M.B., F.L.S.

3. " Supplement to the Enumeration of the Fungi of Ceylon."
By the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, F.L.S., and C. E. Broome, F.L.S.

4. " Contributions to the Botany of the ' Challenger.' Notes
on Plants collected and observed at the Admiralty Islands."' By
H. N. Moseley, M.A. Communicated by Dr. Hooker, F.E.S.,
F.L.S.

LINKEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. iii

January 20tb, 1S76.

Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.H., Presideut, in the Chair.

The Minutes of tlie last Meeting were read and signed.

Jolm Henry Baklock, Esq., and G. W. Bloxam, M.A., were
elected Fellows.

The following papers were read ; —

1. " On a new Species of Oak from the Sikkiui Himalaya." By
George King, M.B., P.L.8.

2. " On some Orchidaceio collected by Mr. Moseley, of the
' Challenger' Expedition, in the Admiralty Islands, Ternate, and
Cape York ; one of which forms the type of a new Section of the
Genus Dendrohiuiii." By Prof. H. G. Eeichenbach. Communi-
cated by Prof. Oliver, E.E.S., E.L.S.

3. " Supplement to the Enumeration of the Fungi of Brazil."
By the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, F.L.S., and M. C. Cooke,'M. A., LL.H.

4. " On Steere's Sponge, a new Geniis of the Hexactinellid
Group of the Spongidre." ]3y James Murie, M.D., F.L.S.

February 3rd, 187G.
Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair,
The Minutes of the last jMeeting were I'ead and signed.

William Hillhouse, Esq., Daniel Pidgeon, Esq., David Eobert-
sou, Esq., and Edwin Eay Lankester, M.A., were elected Fellows.

Mr. Algernon Peckover, F.L.S. , exhibited specimens of Insects
collected in Madagascar in 1875 by Mr. Kingdom.

The following papers were read : —

1. " JS^ote on Boca C'oOTwersonw, E. Br." By Henry Trimen,
M.B., F.L.S.

2. "On the Geographical Distribution of the Vultures." By
E. Bowdler Sharpe, F.L.S.

3. " On new British Lichens." By the Eev. W. A. Leightou,
B.A., F.L.S.

4. " Lichenes Capenses et Lichenes Terrse Kergueleni ; an
Enumeration of the Lichens collected by the Eev. A. E. Eaton
at the Cape of Good Hope and Kerguelen Land during the Venus
Transit Expedition in 1874-75." By the Eev. James M. Crombie,
F.L.S.

February 17th, 1S7G.

J. GwiN Jefpkeys, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

David Douglas Cunningham, M.B., Isathaniel Clissold Tuely,
Esq., Charles Marcus Wakefield, Esq., and Charles Frederick
White, Esq., were elected Fellows.

b2

iv niOCEEDINOS OF THE

Di'. Cobbolcl exhibited specimens of a ucw liumau fluke
{Distoma sinense) discovered by Prof. M'Couuell, of Calcutta.

The following papers were read : —

1 "Additional Observations on iVnts." By Sir John Lubbock ,
Bart, M.P, F.ll.S, F.L.S.

2. " On the Cloacal Bladders and on the Peritoneal Canals in
Chelonia." By John Anderson, M.D, F.L.S.

A letter from P. C. Owen, Esq, Director of the South Ken-
sington Museum, was read from the Chair, calling the attention
of the Society to the approaching Loan Exhibition of Scientific
apparatus ; and requesting that any Members who might be willing
to contribute, would furjiish at their early convenience, on special
forms, descriptions of the objects proposed to be lent.

March 2ud, 1876.

Prof. Cr. J. Allman, M.D., E.E.8., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Before proceeding to the business of the Meeting, the President
called attention to the serious loss sustained by the Society by
deaths since the last Meeting, of John Joseph Bennett, P. E,.S., who
for twenty years had filled the ofiice of Secretary, during great
part of which time he had been the sole Editor of the Society's
publications, and of M. Adolph Brougniart, one of the oldest
Eoreign Members of the Society.

Sir A^ictor Alexander Brooke, Bart, Elchard Benyon Croft,
Esq.,Ealph Grooding, M.D., Erederick John Horniman, Esq., and
W. Percy Sladen, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. Carruthers, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of Phyiojyhthova
infesfans, Pytliiim vcxans, and other parasitic fungi prepared by
Prof, de Bary.

Mr. Grwyn Jeftreys, V.P.L.S., exhibited a specimen of the great
Felt- or Blanket-Sponge, Askonema setuhahnse, obtained on the
Telegra])h-cablc off" Cape Finisterre, on the 24ith August, 1875,
by Sir James Anderson.

Prof. Seeley, F.L.S., exhibited a mould of the cranium of Ornl-
ihocheirus, and various fragments of the skeleton.

The following papers were read : —

1. "On a new Genus of Turneracea? from Eodriguez." By I.
Baylf y Balfour, D.Sc, F.L.S.

2. " On Pollen." By Michael Pakenham Edgeworth, F.L.S.

3. " List of the Musci and Ilepaticce collected in Kerguelen's
Island by the Ecv. A. E. Eaton, A.M." By William Mitten,
A.L.S.

4. " Notes on Algae found by the Eev. A. E. Eaton at Kergue-
len's Laud." By George Dickie, A.M., M.D., F.L.S.

XINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON, V

March 16tb, 1876.
Prof. G-. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

The President read a letter from Mr. Van Voorst, P.L.S,,
offering for the acceptance of the Society two volumes of speci-
mens of British Alga) arranged and named by the late Prof.
Harvey. The special thanks of the Society were directed to be
presented to Mr. Yan Voorst for this valuable donation.

Edward E. Alston, Esq., and David Blair, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Plastron of the Grangetic Mud-Turtle, 'Emyda dura,
Bueh." By John Anderson, M.D., E.L.S.

2. " On the Eate of Growth of the Flower-stallc of tlie Hya-
cinth." By A. W. Bennett, M.A.,F.L.S.

8. " On the Hygroscopic Mechanism by which certain Seeds
are enabled to bury themselves in the Grround." By Francis
Darwin, M.B., F.L.S.

4. " On the Licliens of Antarctic America, collected by Dr.
E. 0. Cunningham during the Voyage of the ' Nassau.' " By the
Eev. J. M. Crombie, F.L.S.

A discussion on Prof de Bary's recent researches on the
Potato disease, commenced at the last Meeting, was resumed and
closed,

April 6th, 187G.
Geoege Btjsk, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair,
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.
Agar Padley Agar, Esq., the Eev. Eobert Francis Clarke,
William E. Guilfoyle, Esq., Dr, Henry Alleyne Nicliolson,
John Scully, Esq., and William Waterfield, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

The Chairman called attention to the Index to the First Series
of the Transactions now completed; and the special thanks of the
Society were given to Mr. Bentliam for the great labour he had
bestowed on its preparation,

A letter was read from Lady Smith, now in her 103rd year,
announcing the donation of a copy of Passaeus's * Hortus floridus,'
Utrecht, 1614.

Dr. Day, F.L.S,, exhibited specimens of a Madras-bred Trout ;
also a Kingfisher, Aleedo lengalensis, caught and drowned by
the closing of the valves of a species of Unio which the bird had
attempted to seize,

Vi PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Mr. E. M. Holmes, F.L.S., exhibited living plants of some rare
Kentish Mosses.

The following papers were read: —

1. "Account of some new Species, Varieties, and Monstrous
Porras of 3Ic(hts(e." By G. J. liomanes, M.A., F.L.S.

2. " On a Collection of Eiahes from the Deccau." By Dr.
Francis Day, F.L.S.

3. " On the Introduction of Tench and Trout into India." By
Dr. Franci.s Day, F.L.S.

4. " Kotos on the Ycuous System of Birds." By Charles IT.
Wade, Esq., F.L.S.

5. " On a new Genus of Trematoda and some new or little-
known Parasitic Ilinidines.'' By J. D. Macdonald, F.K.S. Com-
municated by Dr. Dohson,M.A., F.L.S.

G. " Notes on Lowe's MS. List of AVebb's Type Shells from
the Canaries, and on the Annotations thereon of D'Orbigny and
Lowe." By theEev. R. BoogA'/at£ou,F.R.S.E. Communicated
by J. Gwyu JefFrey-s F.E.S., V.P.L.S.

7. "List of Marine Shells, chiefly from the Solomon Islands,
with Descriptions of several new Species." By E. A. Smith, Esq.
Communicated by Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

April 20th, 1876.
George BEyin^M, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

The Chairman, on the part of the President, proposed Eobert
Hudson, Esq., E. C. Alexander Prior, M.D., H. T. Stainton,Esq.,
and Charles Stewart, Esq., as Members of the Committee for
auditing the Treasurer's Accounts; and on a show of hands being
taken, they were declared to be elected.

The following papers were read : —

1. '•' Identification of the Modern Copal-tree, Tracln/lobhim
jror«(^«m/??2?(7?»<OT, with that which yields the Copal or Aninii now
found in the earth on the East Coast of Africa." Bv John Kirk,
M.D., F.L.S.

2. " On the African Species of Coffea."" Bv W. P. Hiern,
M.A., F.L.S.

3. "On the Clas-sificatiou oi Narcissus !" By Shirley Hibberd,
Esq. Communicated by George Bentham, F.E.S., V.P.L.S.

4. "On the Plant yielding Latakia Tobacco." By W. T.
Thiselton Dyer, M.A., F.L.S.

5. " Contributions to the Botany of the ' Challenger.' — Algfe,
chiefly Polvnesian, collected by Mr. jNIoseley." By Prof . Dickie,
F.L.S. ' ' ■

G. " Species ac Genera nova Algarum aquje dulcis .... in Ex-
peditionc Veneris transit, liieme 1874-75 in Insula Kerguelensi

LINNEASr SOCIETY OF LONDON. vii

a cl. Eatou colleetis." Aucfc. Paul Fred. Reiiiscli Couiuiimi-
cated by Dr. Hooker, C.B,, P.E.S., F.L.S.

May 4tli, 1876.
Geoeqe Bentham, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

George Henry Parke, Esq., and George Dawson Eowley, Esq.,
were elected Fellows, and Don Jose Vincente Barboza du Bocage
and Prof. AYilliam Nylander were elected Foreign Members.

Mr. Duppa Crotch, F.L.S., exhibited skins of the Silver Fox,
Canis fidviis var. arcjentata, and of the Norwegian Lemming,
Lemmus norvegicus, Desm.

Dr. Buxton Shillitoe, F.L.S., exhibited a specimen of parasitic
fungoid growth, in the fresh state, formed on the larva of an iVus-
tralian beetle.

Dr. John Anderson, F.L.S,, exhibited the eye of the Gaugetie
Dolphin, PJatanista r/angetica, and specimens of two grasses
{Ischcemum rugosum and Faspalum scrobiculafum) taken from its
stomach.

The following papers were read : —

1. "Trematode Parasites from the Dolphins of the Ganges."
By T. S. Cobbold, M.D., F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " On the Genus HooJia, with a Diagnosis of a new Species."
By W. T. Thiselton Dyer, M.A., F.L.S.

3. " On the Migration and Habits of the Norwegian Lemming."
By W. Duppa Crotch, F.L.S.

4. " Report on the Fungi collected in Kerguelen Island during
the stay of the Transit-of- Venus Expedition of 1874-75." By
the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.

5. ^^'^oic on Arctomgs cUcJirous." By John Anderson, M.D.,
F.L.S.

May 24th, 1876.

Annivcrsm'y Ileefing.

Prof. G. J. Allmak, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

The President announced that Mrs. Bennett had presented, on
the part of her late husband, three Linnean Medals — one of gold,
two of silver ; these formerly belonged to Eobert Brown, and
were bequeathed by him to Mr. Bennett. The special thanks of
the Society were directed to be presented to Mrs, Bennett for
this very acceptable addition to the Society's collection of Linnean
memorials.

Dr. Prior, from the Committee appointed to audit the Trea-
surer's accounts, reported the state of lliem to be as follows, viz. ; —

vm

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON. IX

Tlie Treasurer theu read the following Greneral Statement of
the Society's Aceoimts : —

Balance in tbe handss of the Bankers at the last £ s. d.

Audit 818 3 1

Eeceived since 1956 15 10

2774< 18 11
Paid since (exclusive of £563 15s. Od. invested in

Consols) 1641 6 11

Balance cash (£569 175. 0</.) invested (£563 15s. J.)- 1133 12,
Deduct Balance at last Audit '.. 818 3 1

Increase on Cash on invested Balance 815 8 11

Amount of Liabilities at last Audit 458 4 8

Do. do. present 312 6

Decrease in amount of Liabilities 146 4 2

Add increase on Cash on invested Balance 315 8 11

Balance in favour of the Society on the year's Account. 461 13 1

Amount of property invested £2460

The Secretary reported that the following Members had died,
or their deaths been ascertained, since the last Anniversary,
viz. : —

Fellows (14).

G. G. McPherson, Esq.

Thomas Allis, Esq.
AV. Archer, Esq.
"VV". S. Atkinson, Esq.
J. J. Bennett, Esq.*
C. C. Corsellis, M.D.
Robert Dickson, M.D.*
AV. T. Iliff, M.D.

Sigismund Eucker, Esq.*
E. J. Shuttleworth, Esq.*
J. J. Stainton, Esq.
William Temple, Esq.
Felix "Wakefield, Esq.
Robert Younge, Esq.

Foreign Members (2).

Adolphe Theodore Brongniart, Gr. P. Deshayes.*
M.D.*

Associates (2).
John Brett, M.D. | John Denson, Esq.

Fifty-three Fellows and two Foreign jMembers had been
elected since the last Anniversary.

The Ballot for the Council having closed, the President
appoiiited Dr. Braithwaice, Mr. Grut, and Mr, Matchwick as
Scrutineers to examine the lists and report thereon ; the votes
having been counted and reported to the President, he declared
the following result : —

" For reference to notice, see Index,

X PKOCEEDINGS OF THE

Tor removal from the Council.
AV. T. T. Dyer, Esq., J. E. Jlarting, Esq., \(. V. Hicro, Esq.,
J. D. Hooker, C.B., M.D., J. J. Weir, Esq.

For election into tlie Council.
J. G. Baker, Esq., "W. B. Carpenter, M.D., Henry Lee, Esq,,
W. Iv. Parker, Esq., S. J. A. Salter, M.B.

Tlie Ballot for the Officers having closed, the President
appointed the same scrutineers to examine the lists and report
therou ; the votes having been counted and rep orled to the
President, lie declared the following to be elected, viz. : — Presi-
dent, Prof. Gr. J. Allman, M.D. ; Treasurer, J. Gwyn Jeffreys,
LL.D. ; Secretaries, Frederick C'urrey, M. A., and 8t. Greorge
Mivart, Esq.

After the delivery of the President's Addres.s, it was moved
by Dr. Hooker, seconded by IMr. Grote, and carried unanimously,
That the thanks of the Society be given to Dr. Allman for his
excellent Address, and that he be requested to allow it to be
printed. [The Address was printed in the .Tournah Zoologv,
xiii. 2G1-30-5, Xo GO. J

June 1st, 1S7G.

Prof. G, J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

The President nominated Mr. Bentham, Mr. Busk, Dr. Car-
penter, and Dr. Jeffreys, Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year.

Thomas Higgins, Esq., and William Hope Boixlth, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

Mr. Bull, F.L.S., exhibited living plants of Liberian and Ara-
bian Coffee.

Mr. Jackson, xV.L.S., exhibited samples of Liberian and Mocha
Coffee, also of Coffcea steno^diylla ; likewise a series of Photographs
illustrating the Cultivation of Coftee in Central America.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Origin of Floral yEstivation." By the Eev. George
Heuslow, M.A., F.L.S.

2. " On Glandular Bodies on Acacia sphcerocepliala and Cecro-
pia peltata, serving as Food for Ants." By Francis Darwin, M.B.,
F.L.S.

3. "On a Collection of Ferns formed by Mr. Pool in the Li-
terior of Madagascar." By J, G. Baker, F.L.S.

4. "Lichens from Madagascar collected by Mr. Pool." By
the Rev. J. M. Crombie, M.A., F.L.S.

5. " ^Xotice of new living Crinoids belonging to the Apiocri-
nidce:' By Prof. C. Wyville Thomson, F.L.S.

G. " Notice of some peculiarities in the Mode of Propagation
of certain Echinodernis of the Southern Sea." By Pi*of C.
"VVyville Thomson, F.L.S.

ITNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XI

Juue 15 til, 1S7G.
Prof. Gr. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Ciuilr.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.
Theodore Eathbone, Esq., was elected a Pellow.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Domestic Pig of Prehistoric Times in Britain."
By George Eolleston, M.D., P.E.S., P.L.S.

2. " On the Superposed Arrangements of the Parts of the
Plower." By M. T. Masters, M.D., P.E.S., F.L.S.

3. " On the Histology and Development of BalJia.'" By W.
Archer, P.E.S. Communicated by AV. T, T. Dyer, F.L.S.

4. " On tlie Osteology and Pterylosis of Enrynorlninclms jiijg-
mcens^ By John Anderson, M.D., F.L.S.

5. " On some Points in the Histology of certain Species of
CoraUinecer By Major-General Nelson, E.E., and Prof. P. M.
Duncan, F.E.S. Communicated by Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

G. " Notes on a small Collection of Birds from S.E. New
Guinea." By E. B. Sharpe, F.L.S.

7. " Notes on Oxystomatous Crustacea." By E.J. Miers, F.L.S.

8. " On the Digestive Ferment of Nepenthes." By S. H.
Vines, B.A. Communicated by W. T. T. Dyer, F.L.S.

9. " Notes on a Lomaria from the Malvern District, Canter-
bury, New Zealand." By T. H. Potts, F.L.S.

10. " Habits of Ferns observed about the Malvern Hills, Can-
terbury, New Zealand." By T. H. Potts, F.L.S.

11. "Additioual Note relative to the Norwegian Lemming."
By W. Duppa Crotch, F.L.S. . ., ^

12. " Lichenes Insula? Eodriguesii. Enumeration of Lichens
collected by Dr. Balfour in the Island of Eodriguez." By the
Eev. J. M. Crombie, M.A., F.L.S.

13. " Botany of the ' Challenger ' :—

" IMarine Algse collected by H. N. Moseley, M.A., in
Japan." By George Didde, M.D., F.L.S.
11, " Marine Alg?e collected by Mr. Moseley at Juan Fer-
nandez." By George Dickie, M.D., P^.L.S.
15. " Marine Algfe collected by Mr. Moseley in the Sand-
wich Islands and in Torres Straits." By George Dickie,
M.D., F.L.S.
10. " Note on the Freshwater Algae of Kerguelen Island."
By "W. Archer, F.E.S. Communicated by Dr. Hooker, C.B.,
Prcs.E.S., F.L,S.

PEOCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION 1876-77.)

Noveinbei" 2ud, 1876.
Prof. Gr. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Mr. D. Crotch, P.L.S., exhibited live Lemmings, with drawings,
and maps of their migrations.

Mr. Algernon Peckover, P.L.S., exhibited specimens of youDg
Insectivora, Hemicentetes nigriceps, and Insects from Mada-
gascar.

Mr. A. Gr. Butler, P.L.S., exhibited specimens of Insects be-
longing to the genus Euptijcliia.

Mr. A. de Crespigny exhibited specimens of Toi'dylium maxi-
mum, which he had gathered in August last in considerable quan-
tity near Tilbury Fort.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Distribution of the Monocotyledonous Orders into
primary Groups, more especially with reference to the Australian
Plora." By George Bentham, P.R.S., V.P.L.S.

2. " On some Irish Sticklebacks ( (7«6Yerosfe«6^)." By Surgeon-
Major Francis Day, P.L.S.

3. " On the Eespiratory Action of the Carnivorous Water-
Beetles {Bytiscidce)^ By D. Sharpe, Esq., and

4. "Descriptions of some new ScarahceiclcB from Central Ame-
rica." By D. Sharpe, Esq. Both communicated by H. "W . Bates,
F.L.S.

5. "Descriptions of two new Lepidopterous Insects from
Malacca." By A. G. Butler, F.L.S.

6. " Descriptions of new Species of the Lepidopterous genus
EujJtychia:' By A. Or. Butler, F.L.S.

7. "Botany of the 'Challenger': Supplemental Note on the
Algse of the ' Challenger' Expedition." By George Dickie, M.D.
F.L.S.

XIV PKOCEEDl^GS OF THE

Noveuabcr 16tli, 187(3.

Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., P.E.8., Preisident, iu the Chair.

The Minutea of the hist Mectiug were rend and aigucd.

J. C. Omau, Esq., E. H. Peck, Esq., aud D. G. Eutherford,
Esq., were elected Eellows.

Mr. Moseley exhibited, in illustration of his paper, examples of
the Insular Floras of the Soutli Atlantic and Indian Oceans ;
also a collection of Japanese books bearing npon Botany, Horti-
culture, and Zoology.

Mr. Sharpe exhibited drawings of the birds described in his
paper.

The following papers were read: —

1 . " Notes on the Flora of Marion Island." By H. N. Moseley,
M.A. Communicated by Prof. Oliver, F\E.S., F.L.S.

2. '• On the Birds collected by Prof. J. B. Steere in the Philip-
pine Archipelago." By E. Bowdler fSharpe, F.L.S.

3. " IS'ote on an American Grasshopper, Caloptenus femur-
ruhrtim.^' By A. Oppermann ; with Eemarks by Frederick Smith,
Esq. Communicated by Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

December 7th, 1870.

George BejsTiiam, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

David Alfred Mitchell Aird, Esq., Eaudal H. Alcock, Esq.,
Capiaiu AVilliam E. Armit, James Armstrong, Esq., Edward
Bibbius Aveling, D.Sc, George Dransfield Brown, Esq., Henry
Laver, Esq., Henry Skey Muir, M.D., Horace Pearce, Esq.,
Greenwood Pirn, Esq., Count Werner van den Steen, John David-
son Walker, Esq., and Arthur AV. Waters, Esq., were elected
l^cllows.

Mr. Thomas Christy, Jun., exhibited specimens of the so-
called "Black Coral," Antipathcs sp., from the Philippines.

The following papers Avere read: —

1. " On the Geographical Distribution of Indian Ereshwater
Fishes." By Dr. Francis Day, F.L.S.

2. " Systema Iridacearum." By J. G. Baker, F.L.S.

3. "New British Lichens." By Eev. AV. A. Leightou, M.A.,
E.L.S.

December 21st, 1876.

Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., IMI.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read aud signed.

Thomas Chri.sty, Juu., Esq., aud Eobert Draue, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

tlKNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDOX. XV

The tbllowiug papers were read : —

1. " The Butterflies of Malacca." By A. G. Butler, F.L.S.

2. " On the Male Genital Armature iu the European Ehopalo-
ccra." By F. Buchanan AVhite, M.D., E.L.S.

3. "On a Commercial Cane ealleci '"Whangee,' Phyllostachys
sp." By John R. Jackson, A.L.S.

4. "On a new Hornbill from the Island of Panay." By K.
BoNvdler 8hai'pe, F.L.S.

5. " On the Habits of Horubills." By John Anderson, M.D.,
1\L.S.

G. " Morphological Notes on certain Species of Tlmnlerala,''^
By M. M. Hartog, T.L.S.

7. " On new Deep-sea Ascidiaus from the ' Challenger' Expe-
dition," By H. jST. Moseley, M.A. Communicated by Dr.
Murie, E.L.'S.

8. " On the Comparative Anatomy of the Auditory Ossicles of
the Mammalia." By A. H. G. Doran, Esq. Communicated bv
W. H. Flower, E.L.S.

9. " On Actcemorpli.a crosa, a new Crustacean." By E. J.
Miers, E.L.S.

January iSth, 1877.
Prof, G. J. Allmajt, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

William Miller Ord,M.D., Thomas Eoutledge, Esq., and Samuel
David Titmas, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. E. I. Lynch exhibited young plants of wheat grown from
seed which had been exposed, during the Polar Expedition of
1874-70, to the intense cold of Smith's Sound.

The following papers were read : — •

1, " On the Amphibious and Migratory Fishes of India." By
Dr. Francis Day, F.L.S.

2. " Account of new Species, Varieties, and Monstrous Forms
of Medusae."— Part II. By G. J. Eomanes, F.L.S.

February 1st, 1877.

Geoege Bentham, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

George Boulger, Esq., Alfred S. Heath, Esq., and William
Melles, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. Bennett, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of Mimicking Insects
captured in Syria by IS". Goadman, Esq.

Mr. Stevens, F.L.S., exhibited some unusually large Oak-leaves
gathered near Croydon ; also an example of dorsal cohesion in
the flowers of a species of Anemone.

XVI pnocEEDixas or the

The tbllowiug papers -were read : —

1. " On the Habits of Auts, Bee?, aud AVasps."— Part IV.
By Sir Johu Lubbock, Bart., F.K.S , F.L.S.

2. " Aspect of the Vegetation of llodriguez." By Isaac Ba\'ley
Balfour, D.So., E.L.S.

3. " Tropical Fenis collected by Prof. Stecre iu 1870-75." By
M. "VV. Harrington, Esq., M.A. Communicated by J. G. Baker,
F.L.S.

4. " Enumeration of Fungi collected during the Expedition of
JLM.S. ' ChalUuiger ' " (3rd notice). By the Eev. M. J. Berkeley,
M A., F.L.S.

February 15tb, 1877.

Prof. (Jr. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Ciiair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

AVilliam Burns, Esq., Edmund Thomas G-arduer, Esq., Mark
W. Harrington, Esq., J. W. 8. Meiklejolm, M.D., the Eev. John
Stobbs, and Sir Charles William Strickland, Bart., were elected
Fellows.

Mr. Lister, F.L.S., exhibited under the Microscope, and made
some remarks on, specimens of the Plasmodium or Amoeboid
stage of Myxomyceics,

The following papers Avere read : —

1. " On the Root-stock of Marattia fraxi)iea, Sm." By John
Buclianau, Esq., F.L.S.

2. " On Algfc collected by Dr. Isaac B. Balfour, F.L.S., at the
Island of Eodriguez." By George Dickie, M.D., F.L.S.

3. " On a new example of the Phyllodocid {Anaitis rosea)."
By \V. C. M'Litosh, M.D., F.E.S.E., F.L.S.

4. " On certain new forms of Actinariie dredged in the Deep Sea
by H.M.S. ' Cliallenger,' with a Description also of certaiu new
Pelagic surface-swinnning species." By H. N". Moseley, M.A.
Communicated by Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

5. " On the Pouch of Marsupials." By E. D. Fitzgerald,
FL.S.

March 1st, 1877.
Prof. a. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read aud signed.

Eobert Gillies, Esq., Herbert Goss, Esq., A. C. L. G-. GiintheT,
M.D., and Matthew Moggridge, Esq., were elected Fellows ; and
Dr. M. C. Cooke was elected an Associate.

Mr. Hiern, F.L.S., exhibited and made some remarks on the
embryo of Diospyros Einhryopteris, Persoon, upon which species
Gacrtncr founded liis genus Emhryopteris.

LlKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. XVll

Dr. Masters, P.L.S., exhibited and gave detailed notices of a
number of trees from Gordon Castle, Banffshire, sent to him by
Mr. J. "Webster, gardener and forester to the Duke of Eiehmond
and Grordon.

The following papers weve read : —

1. " Spicilegium Fiorse Maroccana5." By John Ball, F.R.S.,
F.L.S.

2. " On the Liliaceie, Iridacea;, Hypoxidace;e, and Hfemodo-
raceae of Dr. AVelwitsch's Angolan Herbarium." By J. Gf.
Baker, F.L.S.

3. '• Description of a new form of Ophiuridip." By Edgar A.
Smith, Esq. Communicated by Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

4. " Further Contributions to the Lichenographia of New
Zealand." By Charles Knight, F.L.S.

March IStli, 1877.

Prof. Gr. J. Allma-N, M.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

The Eev. E. Gardner Smith and Alexander Young Stewart,
Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. A. Young Stewart exhibited samples of a Bark from New
Zealand, believed to be that of a species of Leptospennum, and
said to possess remarkable medical properties. He also laid before
the Society a sample of what has been termed " Persian Mauua."

The followiug papers were read : —

1. " On poisoned Spears and Arrows." By the Eev. Tho nas
Powell, F.L.S.

2. " Contributions to the Ornithology of New Guinea." — Part
II. By E. Bowdler Sharpe, F.L.S.

3. " Notice of two large extinct Lizards formerly inhabiting
the Mascareue Islands." By Dr. A. Giinther, F.E.S., F.L.S.

April 5th, 1S77.

Prof. G. J. AlLxMan, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Clialr.

The Minutes of the last Meeting wore read and signed.

Captain Chinmio, E.N., the Eev. John Constable, and Archi-
bald Liversidge, Esq., Avere elected Fellows.

Sir Charles Strickland, Bart., exhibited a flowering specimen
of Crinum aquaticim, a native of Graham's Town, Cape of Good
Hope.

The followiug papers were read : —

1. " On a Collection of Ferns made by Miss H. Gilpin in the
Interior of Madagascar." By J. G. Baker, F.L.S.

2. " Contributiones ad floram Algarum aqucO dulcis Prom.
Bona? Spei." By Paul F. Keiusch. Communicated by Dr,

Hooker, C.B., Pres.E.S.

LI>X. see. I'KOCEEDIXOS. — SESSIONS 1875-SO. c

Xviii I'ftOCKEblNGS OF THi:

3. '• Ou Jlifodcs Lcmmus in Norway." Dy Eoberl Collclt.
Communicated by Dr. Murie, T.L.S.

■1. " List of Hepaticrc collected by the Rev. A. E. Eatou at the
Cape of Good Hope." By William Mitten, A.L.S.

5. " Xew TBrilisih Lichens." Bv the Eev. AV. A. Leighton,

r.L.s.

April 19th, 1S77.

Geohoe BEXTiiAiT, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last IMecting ^vc^e read and signed.

The Chairman proposed Di*. Boycott, Mr. Lee, Mr. M''Ltichlan,
and ^[r. Stainton as Members of the Committee for auditing tiic
Treasurer's accounts ; and a show of hands having been taken,
they were declared to be elected.

The following papers were read : —

1. '• On the G-eographical Distribution of the 3Ieh'((ce(e." By
M. Casimir de Candolle. Communicated bv George Beutham,
1\E.S., V.P.L.S.

2. "On tlie Disarticulation of Branches." By E. L Lynch,
Esq. Communicated by J. G. Baker, F.L.S.

3. " Ou the Geographical Distribution of ludiau Treshwater
rishcs."~Part II. By Dr. Pranois Day, P.L.S.

4'. " On the Eegadera {EitpJectella aspergilJuiii).''' By Captain
Chimmo, E.X., P.L.S.

5. "On a new form of GloViijcriixaP Bv Captain Chimmo.
K.N., P.L.8.

May 3rd, 1877.

Prof. G. J. Allmax, M.D., P.E.S., President, in the Ciuiir.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

James Paton, Esq., Avas elected a Fellow ; and M. Pierre
Duchartrc, Professor Carl Gegcnbaur, and Professor Eudolph
Leuckart were elected Foreign Members.

Mr. A. AV. Beunett exhibited specimens of the Common Prim-
rose gathered by Miss Dowson near Beccles, showing the curious;
abnormal characters of the stamens being from six to ten in
number and completely dissociated from the corolla.

The following papers were read : —

1. "On Thlasid perfolialum as a British Plant." By G. S.
Boulger, F.L.S.

2. *' On tlic Structure and Affinities of the Genus Ahcoliles
and Allied Fonns." By Prof. Nicholson, F.L.S., and E. Ethe-
ridge, Jun., Esq.

3. " Ou the Sacral Plexus and Sacral A'ertebra) of Lizards."
Bv Prof. St. George J. Mivart, F.E.S.. F.L.S., and the Eev.
Eobcrt Clarke, F.L.S.

Lrx>'ElX SOCIEXr of LO^'DO".

lis

May 24th, 1877.

Aiiniversai'i/ Meetinr/.
Prof. G-. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, iu the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Mr. M'^Lachlau, from the Committee appointed to audit the
Treasurer's accovmts, reported the state of them to be as follows
(see p. xx).

The Treasurer then read the following General Statement of
the Society's Accounts from the 1st Mav, 187G, to the 80th April,
1877, viz.: —

Balance iu the hands of the Bankers at the last £ s. cL

Audit ^ 5(30 17

Keceivcd since (including legacies, £700) 2.368 G 10

3138 3 10

Paid since 1^10 J_4

Cash (£856 Oa'. 6t/.) or invested Balance (£372) ... i228 6
Deduct Cash Balance at last Audit 569 17

Increase in the Cash or invested Balance 658 3 6

Amount of Liabilities at hist Audit 312 6

Do. do. present Audit 68 6 10

Decrease in amount of Liabilities 213 13 8

Add increase in the Casli or invested Balance 658 3 6

Balance in favour of Society on year's Account £ 901 17 2

Funds invested at date £2860

The Secretary reported that the following Members had died,
or their deaths been ascertained, since the last Anniversary,
viz. : —

Pellows (12).

J. Scott Bowerbanh, LL.D,

E.E.S.*
John Butter, M.D.
William Carr, M.D.
Henry Collinson, Esq.
Charles Enderby, Esq.*
Eev. Thomas Hugo *.

Charles Lambert, Esq,
eFohn Leckenby, Esq.*
Edward Xewman, Esq.*
John llussell liecves, Esq.*
Sudlow Eoots, Esq.*
Alfred Smec, Esq.*

Eoiu:iG^' Membeks (5).

Karl Ernst vun Baer, M.D.*
Alexander Braun, M.D.*
Christian GJottfricd Ehrenbcrg,
M.D.*

''' Fur I'croreiiee tu uulicc, sue Index.

Wilhelm Hufmeisler, M.D.*
Guisepjie de Notaris, M.D.*

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I'llOCEEDlNGS OF THE

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDOIST Xll

That tljo following Pellow had withdrawn,
A. P. Haselden, Esq.

And that forty-three Fellows and three Foreign Members had
been elected since the last Anniversary.

The President then opened the business of the day, and tho
Members pi'csent proceeded to ballot for the Council and Ofllcers
for the ensuing year.

The Ballot for tho Council having closed, the President nomi-
nated JMr. Grut, INIr, M'Lachlan, and jNIr. Pascoo to be Scruti-
neers ; the votes having been counted and reported to the Presi-
dent, he declared the following Members to be removed from tlio
Council, viz. : —

George Bentham, P.E.S.,Lieut.-Gen. Scott, C.B.,"R. B. Sharpe,
Esq., H. T. Staiutou, Esq., Cliarles Stewart, Esq.

And the following to be elected into the Council, viz. : —

Lieut.-Col. Grant, "William Carrnthers, Esq., Eobert Iludson,
Esq., John Millar, M.D., E. C. A. Prior, M.D.

The Ballot for the Officers having also closed, the President
appointed the same Scrutineers ; the votes having been counted
and reported to tho President, he declared the following to be
elected, viz. : — President, Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D. ; Treasurer,
J. Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D. ; Secretaries, Frederick Currey, Esq.,
and St. George J. Mivart, Esq.

After the reading of the President's Address, it was moved by
Mr. Busk, seconded by Dr. Carpenter, and unanimously resolved.
That the thanks of the Society be given to Dr. Allman for his
excellent Address, and that he be requested to allow it to be
printed. [It will be found in the Journal, Zoology (No. 71), xiii,
pp. 3 85- 1-39.]

June 7th, 1877.

Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

W. E. M'Nab, M.D., Captain George Peter Moore, and Thomas
William AVonfor, Esq., wei'e elected Fellows.

The President nominated George Busk, Esq., AV. B. Carpenter,
M.D., William Carruthers, Esq., and J. Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D.,
A^ice-Presidents for the ensuing year.

The following papers were read : —

1. "On some Points in the Morphology of the Primulacea\"
By M. T. Masters, M.D., F.E.S., F.L.S. '

2. "Note on the Causes of Numerical Increase in the Parts of
Plants." By the Eev. George Heuslow, M.A., F.L.S.

3. " On the Nymph-Stage of the Embidce, with Notes on the
Habits of the Family." My Eobert M^Lachlau, F.L.S.

xxii rnocEEDixGS or tiie lixxeax sociExr of loxdox.

4. "Observations on British Polyzoa." Bv C. W. Peach,
A.L.S.

5. " On tlie Floral Development and Symmetry of the Natural
Order Sapotacea?." By Marcus M. llartog, F.L.S.

G. " Lichens of the 'Cliallenger ' Expedition." By the Eev. J.
M. Crombie, F.L.8.

7. " On Species of Crustacea living within Philippine Sponges
{E,ipJcctclJfi and Me>irrinn)'' By Edward J. iNIiers. F.L.S.

June 21st, 1877.
The Eev. George Hexslow, M.A., in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.
John Macdouald, M.D., was elected a Fellow.
Dr. Braithwaite, F.L.S. , exhibited a panicle of the Chamarops
Fortiinei which had flowered without protection for five conse-
cutive years in his gavdcn at Clapham.

The following papers were read : —

1. "On the Genus Actinometra, Miill., with a Morphological
Account of anew Species from the Philippines." By P. H. Car-
penter, Esq., B.A. Communicated by W. B. Carpenter, M.D.,
F.L.S.

2. "On the Conditions favouring Fermentation and the
Appearance of Bacteria &c. in previously boiled Fluids." By
H. C. Bastian, M.D., F.L.S.

3. " On a new Genus of Parasitic Algae (Mi/coidea), and on the
part which it plays in the Formation of certain Lichens." By
David D. Cunningham, M.B., F.L.S.

•J. " Notes on the Peculiarities and Distribution of Eubiacea)
in Tropical Africa." By W. P. Hiern, F.L.S.

5. " Fungi of the Counties of Dublin and Wicklow." By
Greenwood Pirn, M.A., F.L.S.

0. " Monograph of the Gymnozoidal Discostomatous Flagellata ,
a new Order of Infusoria." By W. S. Kent, F.L S.

7. " Descriptions of Genera and Species of Australian Phyto-
2)hagous Beetles." By Joseph S. Baly, F.L.S.

8. " Contributions to the Ornithology of New Guinea." —
Part III. By E. B. Sharpe, F.L.S.

9. " On the Annelida obtained during the Cruise of H.M.S.
' Valorous ' to Davis Straits in 1875." By AY. C. M'Intosh,
M.D., F.L.S,

PROCEEDINOxS

or TnE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON,

(SESSION 1877-78)

Kovember 1st, 1877.
.Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, iu the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Stuart M. Samuel, Esq., and Peter Wyatt Squire, Esq., were
elected Eellows.

The Eev. T. H. Sothcbv, of Langford Budvillo, Somerset, ex-
hibited branches of a remarkable Shrub originally from Lady
Eolles's garden at Bicton. It was described and figured by
Dr. Lindley in the Journal of the Horticultural Society, vol. v.,
as Golletia hictonensis, and there stated to be a seedling raised
from C spinosa ; but it had been described in the ' Botanical
Miscellany ' by Sir W. J. Hooker twenty years before as CoUefia
cruciata, from dried specimens collected by Dr. Grillies near Mal-
donado, La Plata.

Mr. Holmes, P. L.S., exhibited specimens of Sugar-cane attacked
by a Fungus, which is causing the destruction of a cane-planta-
tion in the south of India, lie also exhibited Mr. Ilanbury's
collection of Cardamoms from the herbarium of the Pharmaceu-
tical Society, to illustrate Dr. King's paper on the Winged
Cardamom.

Dr. Masters, P.L.S., exhibited specimens of a Grape within a
grape (adventitious fruit in placeof seed), and adventitious tabers
producing buds on the root or tigellum oi JSrmsica Bapct.

Mr. A. 0. AValker, P.L.S., exhibited flowering specimens from
his garden at Vhe^iev oi Fremont ia californica, Pentxtemoii Cleve-
landii, P. spectahilis, P. coi'difoUus,EHgcni(( oj[)iculataj &c.

XXIV PEOCEEDINQS OP THE

The followiug papers were read: —

1. " On tlic Source of the Wiap^ed Cardamom of Nepaul." By
George King, M.B., F.L.S., Superintendent of the Botanic
Garden, Calcutta.

2. " Note on Australian Finches of the Genus Po'cplnla.'" By
Captain William E. Armit, F.L.B.

3. " On the Self-fertilization of Plants." By the Rev. George
Hen slow, F.L.S.

" Revision of the llippida' (a Group of Anomurous Crus-
tncej

riensiow, x' .Xi.r>.

4'. " Revision of the llippida' (a Group of
tncea)." By E. J. Miers, Esq., F.L.S.

November 15th, 1877.
J. Gavy>- Jeffreys, LL.D., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair,
The Minutes of the last Meeting -were read and signed.

William Stewart Lawson, Esq., the Rev. Murray Alexander
Mathew, f.nd William Joshua, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Captain Feilden, E.N., exhibited specimens of Lepidoptera and
otbcr insects collected by himself during the recent Arctic E.vpe-
dition at Grinnell Laud between 78" and 88° N. latitude.

Mr. J. Jcnner Weir, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of Butterflies
captured on the Alps at an elevation of 8000 to 9000 feet.

Dr. Trimen, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of the Olibanum, or
Frankincense-tree, BosweJlia Carterii, Birdwood, gathered by
Mr. James Collins at Aden in October 1877. He also made some
observations on the variability of the foliage of the species of
£osweJJia ; and expressed an opinion than £. Bhau-Dajiana,
Birdw., was not specifically separable from B. Carterii. B. Fre-
reana, in a wild state, is confined to Somali-land, where it was
recently gathered by Hildebraud.

Mr. Holmes, F.L.S., exhibited dried specimens of Bosu'ellia
from the herbarium of the late Daniel Hanbury (now the pro-
perty of the Pharmaceutical Society) ; also specimens of the gum-
resins produced by BosioeUia Carterii and B. Frereana.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Report on the Insecta (including Arachnida) collected by
Captain Feilden and Mr. Hart during the recent Arctic Expedi-
tion." By Robert M''Lach]an, F.R.S., F.L.S.

2. " Preliminary Notes on the Surface-fauna of the Arctic
Seas as observed in the recent Arctic Expedition." By Edward
L. Moss, IM.D. Communicated by Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

3. " Ou the Annelids of the British Nortli-Polar Expedition,"
ByAV. C. M'Intosh, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S.

December 4th, 1877.
Prof. G. J. Al!.ma^', M.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
Tbe Minutes of the last IMceting were read and signed.

LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XIV

John Nugeut Fitch, Esq., John Sykes Gamble, Esq., John
Macouu, Esq., Francis Taylor Piggott, Esq., and Alexander Banna-
tyne Stewart, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. Tliiselton Dyer, F.L.S., exhibited leaves and wood of the
Kaii-Mu Tree, a native of Yunan, probably belonging to the
natural family Lauracea:". The wood of this tree is highly valued
by the Chinese for building-purposes, and is also used for coffins.
He also exhibited a seed o{ EntaJa seandens and of an Anonaceous
plant (possibl}- Ci/athocaly.v Mainr/ai/i) found in the erecum of
Rhinoceros sumafrensls ; and a fruit o^ Oncocarpus ivom iXxG crop
of a Fruit-Pigeon {Carpophcu/a) ; and, in illustration of Dr.
Bayley Balfour's paper, part of tlie fruit-head of a species of
Pandanus, the fibrous portion of which forms a sort of brush.

Mr. J. E. Howard, F.L.S., exhibited from his garden at Tot-
tenham flowering specimens of two varieties of Cinchona Cnlisnija.

A small collection of Insects from Java was exhibited on behalf
of Dr. J. C. Ploem, Director of the Hospital at Sindang-lajeja,
Java.

Mr. Moggridge, F.L.S., read a note in reference to the occur-
rence in considerable abundance on AVallis's Down (a wild heath
to the north of Bournemouth) of Daheocia polifoVia and Erica
var/ans, which, liowever, although they appeared to have estab-
lished themselves there, lie did not believe to be indigenous.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On certain Organs of the Cidaridae." By Charles Stewart,
F.L.S.

2. "Observations on the Genus Pandanus.'" By Isaac B.
Balfour, Sc.D., F.L.S.

3. " On a Collection of Insects obtained by Dr. Ploem in Java."
By C. 0. Waterhouse, Esq. Communicated by Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

4. "Notes on theEev. Mr. Crombie's Paper on the Lie-hens of
tlie ' Challenger ' Expedition." By James Stirtou, M.D., F.L.S.

5. " Note on the Migration of Wild Geese." By R. C. A.
Prior, M.D., F.L.S.

December 20th, 1877.

Prof. G. J. Ar.L^fAN, M.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were road and signed.

Algernon Sidney Bicknell, Esq., Ernest Ayscoghe Floyer, Esq.,
and William Vincent Legge, Captain E.A., were elected Fellows.

Dr. Masters showed a remarkable specimen of CoJletia just
received by him in a living state from Signor Fenzi, of Florence,
of peculiar interest in connection with the specimens exhibited
on November 1st by the Eev, T, H. Sotheby ; the same branch
producing shoots with the broad flattened deltoid spines charac-
teristic of C cruciafa, Hook. (C hicfonensis, Lindl.), and othei's

XXVI PROCEEDINGS OF THE

with slender cylindrical spines, very similar to, but more slender
than, those of C. spinosa.

Mr. S. AV. Silver, F.L.S., exhibited a scries of Weapons and
other objects from New Caledonia ; and also Arrows and Poison
from the Fiji Islands obtained by Consul Edgar Layard.

Mr. Worthiugton Smith, F. L.S., exliiblted, and made remarks
on, a fossil Fungus {Peronosporites antiquarins) with zoospores
in aitu. He also cxhiliitod drawin;:^s of IBnlefu-^ frnhfoiuriifosus
and other Fungi.

The following ])apers were read : —

1. " On the Alga; found during the Arctic Expedition.'' By
George Dickie, M.D., F.L.S.

2. " Descriptions of new (xenera and Species of Phytophagous
Coleoptera." By Joseph Baly, F.L.S.

ij. " On the Anatomy of the Elk (Alces macJiUs).'^ By Prof.
M. Watson, M.D., and A. II. Young, M.B. Communicated by
Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

4. " On the Minnte Structure of Stromatopora and its Allies."
By Prof. 11. A. Xicliolsou, F.L.S., and Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

January l7th, 1S7S.

Prof. G. J. Allmax, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

John Bedford Kerswill, M.E.C.P., was elected a Fellow.

Mr. Tliiselton Dyer, F.L.S., exhibited specimens of the Dipte-
rocarpea; (three species) collected by Beccari in New Guinea.

Mr. Jackson, A.L.S., exhibited a nest of the Wool-bird con-
structed of cotton-pod wool, which had been forvvarded to the
Kew !}.[us( um by Sir Bartle Frerc from Malmesbury, South Africa,
lie also exhibited fasciated stems of Dipsacus fuUonum, which
had been largely imported by Messrs. Marshall and Snelgi'ove,
and employed by them as handles for parasols c^"c.

The following papers were read :- —

1. " On Ili/psiprjjinnodon, a Genus indicative of a distinct
Family in the Diprotodont Section of the Marsupialia." By Prof.
Owen,' F.E.S., F.L.S., &c.

2. " On tlie Nutrition of Broaera rofinulifoh'n." By Francis
Darwin, ]\LB., F.L.S.

3. "Notes touching Eeccnt Eesearches on the Eadiolaria,"
By Prof. St. George Mivart, F.E.S., F.L.S., «fcc.

Febriuiry 7th, 1878.

Prof. G. J. Allmax, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

John Giraud .Agar, Esq., and Charles Berjeau, E:<c[., were elected
Fellows.

LINXEAK SOCIETY OF LO>DOX. XIVU

Mr. Tlilselton Dyer, F.L.S., exhibited, aucl made some observa-
tions on, the " liaiii-tree," Moyabamla of Central America, Fithc'
colohium Saman, Benth.

Tiie following papers were read : —

1. '• Observations on the Habits of Ants, Bees, and Wasps."—
Part V. By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.B.S., F.L.8.

2. " On the Structure of the Shell of the Bryozoa." B7 Arthur
W. Waters, Esq., F.L.S.

The following Address to Professor von Sicbold, P.M.L.8.,
was proposed by the President and unauimously agreed to : —

" The Linnean Society of London sends Greeting to its illus-
trioxis Member, Carl Theodor Ernst von Siebold. It congratu-
lates him on the celebration of his Jubilee, as the recognition of
his many epoch-making researches, and of a lifetime passed in the
service of science.

" It trusts that many years of health and strength ai'e still befoi'e
him, and that science may long continue to have the benefit of
his labours,"

February 21st, 1878.

William Caerutiiees, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Henry F. Hance, Ph.D., Edward Milner, Esq., George Shearer,
INLD. , and the Eev. E. Boog Watson vrere elected Fellows,

Mr. Thomas Christy, F.L.S., exhibited a diagram on Ossenkop's
system of Plant propagation. He also exhibited some berries of
tlie Liberian Coffee of this year's growtli.

Mr. Holmes, F.L.S. , exhibited Galls from the Oak, formed by
Aj^li'doih'ir SielolcUi, from AVillesborough, Asliford ; also speci-
mens of Duboisia myojjoroides, E. Br., from Brisbane.

Mr. Lockwood exhibited a specimen of SponrjiUn Carferi from
Northern India.

Mr. Thiselton Dyer, F.L.S., exhibited the Inflorescence and a
Drawing of Ptycliosjjerma riq^icola, Thw. (Loxocoeeits, Wendl.),
which had flowered, for the first time in Europe, at Kew.

The following papers were read : —

1. '-Notes on the Mahwa Tree {Bassia lallfulia):' By E.
Lockwood, Esq. Communicated by Thomas Christy, F.L.S.

2. " Synopsis of the Ilypoxidacca^." By J. G. Baker, F.L.S.

3. " On the Schcepfiea^ and Cervantesiea*, distinct Tribes of tlio
Styracea^." By John Miers, F.E.S., F.L.S.

4. " On the Butterflies in the Collection of the British
Museum hitherto referred to the Genus Eur>loea, Fabr." By A.
G. Butler, F.L.S,

IXVlll PBOCEKDINGS OF TKK

March 7th, 1878.
J, Gwi'iV Jeffreys, F.K.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.
Charles C. P. Ilobkirk, Esq., was elected a Fellow.
The Cliairinan announced that in consequence of tlie lllue.s3 of
tlie Asisistant in the Libraiy, the Ecading-room would bt^ closed
(luring the next month at lialf-past four.

Mr. Thomas Christy oxiiibiteda series of Chinese fruits ; among
others a remarkable Citron, known in China as the " Claw of
Huddha."

Mr. Rich exhibited specimens of a rare variety of Helix
rir(/at(i.

Prof Lankester exhibited, and made remarks on, a series of
Fossil Walrus-tusks {Trichechodon Ilu.rlei/i) from the Crag of
Sufiblk.

The following papers were read : —

1. '"On some new Species of Nudibrauchiate Mollusca from
the Eastern Seas." By Cuthbcrt CoUingwood, M.A., F.L.S.

2. "On the Laws governing the Prodnction of Seed in ?F"/s-
taria sine)isisy By Thomas Meehau, Esq. Communicated by
the Rev. George Henslow, M.A., F.L.S,

3. '• Enumeration of the Fungi collected during the Arctic
Expedition of 1S75-7C."' By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, F.L.S.

4. '■ 0]i the Development of Fihiria sanguinis-hominis, and on
the Mosquito, considered as a Nurse." Bv Patrick Mansou, M.D.
Communicated by T. S. Cobbold, M.D., F.L.S.

5. '• The Life-history of Fllaria Bancrofti, as explained by the
Discoveries of Wucherer, Lewis, and othei's.'" Bv T. S. Cobbold,

:^r.D.. f.l.s.

March 21st, 1878.
"William Carrutheks, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

John Evans, Esq., Campbell Patrick Ogilvie, Esq., Arthur
Veitch, Esq., and Sidney II. Vines, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. Carruthers exhibited, on the part of G. T. Saul, Esq., an
example of enormous development and adventitious roots upon a
species of Berheris.

On behalf of Mr. J. AVillis Clarke of Cambridge, there were
exhibited three stufted specimens (male, female, and young) of
Fur Seals (Of aria ursina) from Alaska.

The following papers were read : —

1. " The Venation in tlie Leaf of Conium maculaium.'' By John
Gorhani, M.R.C.S.E. Communicated by the Botanical Secretary.

LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LO>"DOX. XXIX

2. '^ On some Genera of the Olacacese." By John Mierp,
F.E.S., F.L.S.

3. " A new Arrangement of the Classes of Zoology founded on
the Position of the Oviducts, or, Avhen they are absent, on the
Position of the Ovaries, iucludiug a new JNIode of Arranging the
Mammalia." By Benjamin Clarke, P.L.8., M.R.C.8.

-i. " List of Fungi from Brisbane, Queensland, Avith Descrip-
tions of new Species." By the Eev. M. T. Berkeley, F.L.S., and
C. E. Broome, F.L.R.

April ith, 1878.

AViLLiAM Caerutuers, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of tlie last Meeting were read and sigued.

Frederick Mausou Bailey, Esq., Archibald Ilervan, M.D.,
George Payne, jun., Esq., and James Eobert Eeid, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

Dr. Triraen, E.L.8., exhibited a remarkable specimen of the base
of the stem of the Water-Hemlock (Cicufa virosa, L.), showing
the floating winter state of the plant.

Mr. George Murray placed on the table specimens of growing
SaproJegnicB exhibiting terminal and interstitial oogonia.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On some Minute Hymenopterous Insects." By Prof.
AVestwood, F.L.8.

2. "The Fungi of Texas." By M. C. Cooke, M.A., LL.D.,
A.L.S.

3. "Eemarks on the Peculiar Properties ascribed by the 8amoaus
to a Fungus." By the Eev. Thomas Powell, F.L.8.

April ISth, 1«7S.

J. Gw\^' JEri'KKis, F.E.8., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting ti\ ere read and sigued.

The Eev. Albert Augustus Harland, Frederick Towusend, Esq.,
the Eev. John James jMuir, and Walter George Piper, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

The Chairman reported the Donation, on the part of the Sub-
scribers, of a Portrait in Oil of the late John Claudius Loudon,
F.L.S., F.H.S., &c., painted from life in 1840-41, by John Linuell.
The special thanks of the Society were directed to be presented
for this very acceptable memorial of Mr. Loudon by so enainent an
artist as Mr. Linnell.

The Chairman proposed Mr. Bentley, Dr. Cobbold, Mr. Hudson,
and Dr. Prior as Members of the Committee for auditing the
Treasurer's Accounts ; and a show of hands having been taken,
thev were declared to be elected.

I\X IMIOCEEDIKGS or TilK

Tho follow iiit; papci'ri were read : —

1. •* Oil the Ucograpliical Distribution of the Gulls and Tcrus
(Laridcc)."' 13y Howard Saundcr;', IMv.S.

2. "Notes on the Action of Limpets in Sinking Pits and
Abrading tho .Surface of the Chalk at Dover." Bj J. Clarke
llawkshaw, Esq. Communicated by 13r. Muric, F.L.S.

li. "On the Fertilization oi Jlei/enia evcclit.'" By K. Irwin
Lynch, Esq. Communicated by Dr. Murie, E.L.8.

The following alterations in the Bye-Laws, agreed to by the
Council, were read by the Vice-President in the Chair, and ordered
to be suspended in the Meeting-lloom : —

It is proposed tliat tlic^rd, -Jtli,5tli,aii(l Gtli Sections of Chapter II. of the
15vc-Liuvs shiill be rei)eale(l ; and that in beu thereof the new Bye-Law»
licreafter set forth shall be made and established, and that the same shidl
be inserted and stand -aj, Sections III., IV., V,, VI., VII., VIII., and IX.
of Chapter II.

Proposcil Xcir Bifc-Laii's.

CHAPTER II.

SiccTiON III. — Every Fellow who shall be elected after the Twenty-
fonrth day of iMay, 182';^ and before the First day of November, 18/8,
shall, besides the Admission-Fee, further contribute towards the Funds
of the Society, ))rcvious to bis Admission, by paying the sum of Thirty
Pounds in lieu of all future Payments ; or he shall sign an Obligation for
the regular Payment of Three Pounds per Annum to the Society, so long
as he shall continue a Fellow.

Section IV. — Every Fellow elected after the Twenty-fourth day of
May, 1829, and before the First day of November, 18/8, may at any time
compound for his future Contributions by l)aying the Sum of Thirty
Pounds in One Year instead of the Annual Contribution for that Year ;
in which case his Obligation to make Annual Payments shall be void.

Section V. — The Yearly Contributions of all Fellows elected after the
Twenty-fourth day of ^lay, 182!', and before the First day of November,
18/8, shall be considered due and i^ayable at each Anniversary IMeeting
for the year in-eceding; but no such Fellow who shall have been elected
on or after the First day of February, 18/8, shall pay the Annual Contri-
bution falling due at the Anniversary Meeting of that Year.

Section VI. — Every Fellow elected on or after the First of November,
1878, shall, in addition to the Admission-Fee of Six Pounds, also pay
Three Pounds as his Annual Contribution in advance for the Year com-
mencing on the preceding Twenty-fourth of May, and a similar Contribu-
tion of Three Pounds annually on each successive Twenty-fourth of May,
so long as he shall continue a Fellow ; jnovided, bow ever, that any such
Fellow, if elected between the First of March and the Twenty-fourth of
Mav in any year, shall not be liable to the Contribution for the year com-
mencing on the ]n-cceding Twenty-fourth of ^lay, but shall pay his first
year's Contribution in advance on the succeeding Twenty -fourth of May.
Every such Fellow shall sign an Obligation for the regidar payment of bis
Annual Contribution of Three Pounds.

Section VII. — Everv Fellow who shall be elected on or pfter the First

LIKKEAN SOCIETY UE lOKDOX. XXXl

of November, 1878, uiuy at any time coiiipoinul for his future Contribu-
tiou, including that for the then current year, by pa} ing the Sum of Forty-
five Pounds. If he should have already paid the Contribution for the
current Year, such Payment shall be allowed in part of the Compo-
sition.

Section VIII. — In case any Fellow be not usually resident within the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, such Person shall, within
Six TMonths after his Election, or within such other time as the Council
shall permit, and before he be admitted, cither ])rovide such Security for
the Payment of the Annual Contributions as shall be satisfactory to the
Council, or shall pay to the Treasurer, in lieu of Annual Contributions,
such Sum as is hereinafter mentioned ; that is to say, if such Fellow shall
have been elected after the Twenty-fourth day of IMay, 182i>, and before
the First day of November, 1878, the Sum of Thirty Pounds ; and if such
Fellow shall have been elected on or after the First day of November, 18/8,
the Sum of Forty-tive Pounds.

Section IX. — If any Fellow i)aying yearly Contributions should fail
to bring or send in the same to the Treasurer, then, unless the said Payment
be remitted in whole, or in i)art, by special Order of the Councd, bis
Obligation shall be put in Suit for the Recovery thereof; and he shall be
liable to Ejection from the Society ; upon which the Council shall proceed
as they may see cause.

Miiy 2iid, 1S78.

W. B. Caepenteb, M.D., F.E.8., Vice-Presideut, iii the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

The j^roposed alterations in Chapter II. of the Bye-Laws were
again read by tlie Vice-President in the Chair.

M. Cesar Chantre and Thoinas Comber, Esq., were elected
Pellows.

Teodoro Camel, Ernest Cosson, M.l)., Dr. George Eiigelinaiiu,
Dr. Ediiard Eenzl, and Dr. Julius >Sachs Averc elected ]""'oreigu
Members.

Mr. J. E. JaeksoD. A.L.S., sent for exhibition specimens of tlic
Leaves, Emit, and portions of tlic yicniof Yucca haccata, Torrey,
from Mexico.

A drawing was exhibited and a letter read from the Eev. 11.
H. Higgius in reference to a large Tubularian Hydrozoon from
New Zealand, collected by Dr. Andrew fSiuclair.

Mr. Thomas Higgiu, E.L.iS., exliibiteda photograph, of natural
size, and microscopic specimens of CMtina crecopsis, a rare foi'in
of the H3"dractiniida} from New Zealand.

The following papers were read : —

1. "On Marupa^ a Geuus of the fSimarubacea'."' By John
Miers, E.E.«., E.L.«.

2. " On the (Seed-structure and Germiuation oi JBaclurar By
II. Irwin Lynch. Communicated by Dr. Murie, E.L.tS.

Xiill rilOCEKLI>GS or THE

3. •' On the Occurrence of Conoidal IVuctificatiou in tbe
Mucorin.'o. illustrated bv Chonephora.''' Bv D. D. Cunuincrbam,

May 2itb, 1878.

Aiiniversary Meetinj.

Truf. G. J. Allmax, M.D., F.E.S., Presidoit, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Ur. Prior, I'roni tbe Committee appointed to audit the Trea-
surer's Accounts, reported the same to be as follows (see
p. xxxiii).

Tbe Treasurer then read tbe following General Statement of
tbe !Soeietv"s Accounts from 1st Mav, 1877. to tbe ^Otb April.
1878:—

£ s. d.

Balance in hands of Bankers at last Audit 850 G

Eeceived tince 193G 3 5

2792 3 11
Paid since (exclusive of Investment, £700) 1833 18 8

Cash (or invested) Balance at Bankers 9-58 5 3

Balance in hands of Bankers at last Audit 856 6

Do. do. present Audit 258 5 3

Decrease in the Cash Balance 597 15 3

Amount of Liabilities at present Audit 123 18 7

Do. do. last Audit 68 6 10

Increase in Liabilities 55 11 9

Decrease in tbe Cash Balance 597 15 3

Add increase in Liabilities 55 11 9

653 7

Invested since last Audit 700

Deduct decrease of Cash Balance and increase of

Liabilities 053 7

Balance in favour of Society on the Year's Account. £4G 13
Invested Funds £3604 13 10

Tic alterations in tbe Bye-Laws, proposed by the Council on
the 18tb April, having been bung up in tbe Common Meetiug-
Kooni of tbe Society, and read by tbe Vice-President in tbe Chair,
at tbe last two successive General Meetings of tbe Society, were
put to tbe Ballot, and confirmed by tbe Fellows at large, in the
terms of tbe Charter.

I-TKNEAN SOCIETY OV LONDON".

XXXlll

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XXxiv PBOCEEDTNGS OF THE

The Secretary reported that the following Members had died,
or their deaths had been ascertained, since the last Anniversary,

VIZ. : —

Henry Adams, Esq.*
Eobert Howard, E.sq.*
John Henry Lance, Esq.
William Arnold Lewis, Esq
Andrew Murray, Esq.*

Fellows (10).

Thomas F. Robinson, Esq.
AVilliam Eodwcll, Esq.
Henry Fox Talbot, Esq.*
Thomas Thomson, M.D.*
J. V. Wollaston, Esq.*

FoBEiGN Members (4).

Dr. Roberto de Yisiani.*

Dr. Hajrh Algernon Weddell.*

Dr. Elias Magnus Fries.*
Prof. Filippo Parlatore.*

Also that the following Fellows had withdrawn : —

Greneral Sir Edward Sabine.
S. N. Ward, Esq.
Edward Woakes, M.D.

D. G-. Elliot, Esq.
J. M. Jones, Esq.,
Eev. T. A. Marshall.
Richard Mestayer, Esq.

And that 38 Fellows and 5 Foreign Members had been elected
since the last Anniversary.

The President tlien opened the business of the day, and the
Members present proceeded to ballot for the Council and OflBcers
for the ensuing year.

The Ballot for the Council having closed, the President ap-
pointed Dr. Braithwaite, Dr. Colliugwood, and Dr. Trimen to be
Scrutineers to examine the lists and report the result. The
votes having been counted and reported to the President, he
declared the following Members to be removed from the Council,
viz. : —

J. G. Baker, Esq., "W. B. Carpenter, M.D., Henry Lee, Esq.,
W. K. Parker, Esq., S. J. A. Salter, Esq.

And the following to be elected into the Council, viz. : —
John Ball, Esq., Thomas Boycott, M.D., F. DuCane Grodman,
Esq., Albert Giinther, M.D., Rev. George Henslow.

The Ballot for the Officers having also closed, the President
appointed the same Scrutineers to examine the lists and report
the result. The votes having been counted and reported to the
President, he declared the following to be elected, viz. : — Presi-
dent, Prof. Gr. J. Allman, M.D. ; Treasurer, J. Gwyn Jeffreys,
LL.D. ; Secretaries, Frederick Currey, M.A., and St. George
J. Mivart, Esq.

After the reading of the President's Address, it was moved by
Prof. Busk, V.P., and unanimously resolved, that the thanks of

* For reference to notice, see Index.

LINNEATS' SOCIETY OP LONDOIT. XXXV

the Society be given to Dr. Allman for his excellent Address, and
that he be requested to allow it to be printed. [It will be found
in the Journal, Zoologj(N'o. 78), xiv. pp. 489-505.]

June 4th, 1878.

Prof. G-. J. Allman, M.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Charles Bailey, Esq., "William E. Balston, Esq., Alexander
Craig Christie, Esq., and Greorge Robert Milne Murray, Esq.,
were elected Fellows.

Dr. Prior, E.L.S., exhibited a sample of Bath Asparagus, con-
sisting of the unexpanded flowering-spikes of Oniithoqalum pyre-
naicum, which had been largely employed for culinary purposes.

Mr. Percy Sladen, E.L.S., exhibited Echinoderms from the
Korean seas, in illustration of his paper.

Specimens of the so-called "Coffee-leaf Disease" {Hemileia
vasiatrix) were exhibited by the Eev. R. Abbay, in illustration of
his paper.

The following papers were read : —

1. "Note on Fin^uiculagrandijlora" By Dr. Allman, F.R.S.,
President.

2. " Observations on Hemileia vastatrix (the Coffee-leaf Di-
sease)." By the Rev. R. Abbay, M.A. Communicated by "W".
T. Thiselton Dyer, E.L.S.

3. " On the Asteroidea and Echinoidea of the Korean Seas."
By W. Percy Sladen, F.L.S.

4. " On the Korean Ophiuroidea." By P. M. Duncan, M.B.
Communicated by W. P. Sladen, F.L.S.

June 20th, 1878.

Prof G. J. Allman, M.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

"William Cattell, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

The President nominated George Busk, Esq., William Carru-
thers, Esq., Lieut.-Col. Grant, and John Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D.,
Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year.

Dr. Gwyn Jeff'reys exhibited specimens of Virgularia dredged
by himself and the Rev. A. M. Norman in the Oyster fiord,
Norway. These appear to belong to a new species, to be here-
after described by Dr. Danielssen.

Mr. J. R. Jackson, A.L.S., exhibited three Gourds from
Pekin, the fruits of a Lagenaria, probably L. vulgaris, which
appeared to have been ornamented by artificial means while in
the growing state.

d'i

XXXVl PROCEEDINGS OP THE LINNEAN SOOIETT OP LONDON.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Notice of some Shells dredged by Captain St. John, R.N.,
in the Korean Strait." By J. Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D., F.L.S.

2. " On two kinds of Dimorphism in the Rubiaceae." By C.
B. Clarke, F.L.S.

3. " On the Presence of Tach/</7ossus and Ornithorhi/ncJius in
N. and IS'.E. Queensland." By' Captain W. E. Armit, F.L.S.

4. " Eeinarks on the Skull of the Echidna sent by Captain
Armit." By James Murie, M.D., F.L.S.

5. " On the Stapeliae of Thunberg's Herbarium, with Descrip-
tions of new Species." By N. E. Brown, Esq. Communicated
by Prof Oliver, F.L.S.

6. " Observations on the "White Whale {Beluga leucas) exhi-
bited at the Westminster Aquarium." By James Murie, M.D.,
F.L.S.

7. " Structure of the Shell of Bryozoa " (in Abstract). By
A. W. Waters, F.L.S.

PEOCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION 1878-79.)

November 7th, 1878.

Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in tbe Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

The Eev. William Weekes Fowler, M.A., Wilfred Hudleston,
Esq., and Thomas Moss Shuttleworth, Esq., were elected Fellows.

A Portrait in Oil of the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.,by
Mr. Peel, was presented by Sir J. D. Hooker, on the part of the
Subscribers; and the Special Thanks of the Society were voted
for this very valuable and acceptable Donation.

Dr. Prior, F.L.S., exhibited a branch of the CoUetia cruciata,
Hook. (C hictonenais, Lindl.), covered with flowers, which had
been produced in the open air, at the Bev. W. Sotheby's, Langford
Budville, Wellington, Somerset.

Dr. Boycott, F.L.S., exhibited a mass of a species of Nitella
obtained in June last from a dried-up pond in St. Leonard's
Forest, Sussex, where it covered some acres.

Mr. Thomas Christy, F.L.S., exhibited living plants of India-
rubber trees ( Tlrostigma Yogelii), and a plant from the West Coast
of Africa said to produce a good Eubber; also the fruit, leaves,
and flower-stem of LandoJfhia flcrida.

Dr. Masters, F.L.S., read an extract of a letter from Dr. O.
Beccari, describing a gigantic Aroid found by him in Sumatra,
growing side by side with Raffiesia Arnoldi. The plant resembles
an Amorjyhophalhis, and has a large tuber 5 feet round, from which
is pushed up a single leaf, with a divided blade, covering an area
of 45 feet. Seedlings have been raised in the garden of the
Marquis Corsi Salviato at Florence.

XXXviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE

The following papers were read : —

1. " Notes on Euphorbiacete." By G. Bentham, F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " On tlie Existence of Carpesium cernuum, Willd., in Queens-
land." By L. A. Bernays, F.L.S.

3. " Notes on Cleistogamic Flowers, chiefly of Viola, Oxalis,
and Impatiensr By A. W. Bennett, M.A., F.L.S.

4. " Descriptions of New Hemiptera." By F. Buchanan "White,
M.D., F.L.S.

5. " On the Absorption of Eain and Dew by the Green Parts
of Plants." By the Eev. George Heuslow, M.A., F.L.S.

November 21st, 1878.

J. GwTN Jeffreys, LL.D., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Thomas Davidson, Esq., and Frederick James Faraday, Esq.,
were elected Fellows.

Dr. W. P. Kesteven exhibited specimens of Melocactus, one of
which had developed additional lobes while kept in a dry place in
his own house at Holloway ; the other a transverse section of the
flowering spike of Melocactus communis.

Mr. Irwin Lynch exhibited tendrils of Vitis cuspidata and other
species, to illustrate his paper.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Branch-tubers and Tendrils in Yitis gongylodesr By
E. Irwin Lynch. Communicated by Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

2. " Preliminary Eeport on the Mollusca of the ' Challenger '
Expedition." — Parts 1. & II. (viz. the genera Dentalium^ Siplio-
dentalium, and CaduJtis). By the Eev. E. Boog Watson, F.L.S.

3. " On the Symplocacea?." By John Miers, F.E.S., F.L.S.

4. " Notes on Algae from Lake N'yassa, E. Africa." By Prof.
Dickie, F.L.S.

December 5th, 1878.

Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

George Francis Dowdeswell, Esq., Thomas Hanbury, Esq.,
Arthur Hammond, Esq., Joseph Sidebotham, Esq., William
Thomson, Esq., and Charles Augustus Wright, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

Mr. George Murray, F.L.S., exhibited a specimen of ILyrjro-
pTtorus Wyniiicp, Berk. & Broome, from Bridlington, Yorkshire.

Dr. Bayley Balfour, F.L.S., exhibited and made some remarks
on a Myxoniycetes {Heterodictyum ?) new to Britain.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXxix

Mr. E. Holmes, F.L.S., exhibited and read a short Note on a
new British Moss {Aidacomnium tiirgichim), discovered at Wheru-
side in Yorkshire by Mr. West and Dr. F. A. Lees.

The following papers were read : —

1. "New Coleoptera of Geographical Interest (collected by
Charles Darwin, Esq., E.R.S.)." By E. H. Waterhouse, Esq.
Communicated by Dr. Murie, E.L.S.

2. " Note on [Dimorphism in] Gardenia ticraida.'" By C. B.
Clarke, E.L.S.

3. " G-eographical Distribution of Lxlian Freshwater Eishes."
— Part III. and conclusion. By Dr. Francis Day, E.L.S.

4. " MoUusca of the ' Challenger ' Expedition." — Part III. By
the Eev. E. Boog Watson, E.L.S.

December 19th, 1878.

Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., E.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read a,nd signed.

J. Lawrence Hamilton, Esq., James J. MacAndrew, Esq., and
Francis Maule Camj)bell, Esq., were elected Fellows.

The following papers were read :■ —

1. " Note on South-African Orchids." By W. Mansel Weale,
Esq. Communicated, by Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P.,
E.E.S., E.L.S.

2. " Descriptions o£ two Eare Shells." By Sj Ivanus Hanley,
E.L.S.

The President made some remarks on the Eelations ofUhahdo-
pleura.

January 16th, 1879.

William Carhutheiis, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

George Brook, Esq., John Edward Griffiths, Esq., Arthur Pear-
son Luff, Esq., Charles Sharp, Esq., and John Woodland, Esq.,
were elected. Fellows.

Professor Allen Thomson exhibited, and made some remarks
on, a specimen of wood containing a bone imbedded in it. He
also showed a frond of a Palm {CItamcerojis) said to have been
found within a plank of rosewood.

Mr. Christy made some remarks on Gt/nocardia odorata ; among
other qualities, being a specific in rheumatism.

The following paper was read : —

1. "A Synopsis of the Colchicacege and aberrant Tribes of
LiliaceEe." By J. G. Baker, F.E.S., E.L.S.

Xl PaOCEEDINGS OF THE

February 6th, 1879.
Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutea of the last Meeting were read aud signed.

Mr. J. R. Jackson exhibited a collection of Fruits, Seeds, &c.
from the tombs of Ancient Thebes. Among these were fruits of
two species of Doum Palm {Hyphtrne thehnica and of H. Arc/un),
this latter formerly and erroneously described as an Areca. Some
small berries were also identified with those of Juniperus
phoenicea.

Mr. J. Gr. Baker showed dried specimens of the Bulb Bupliane
ioxicaria, which furnishes one of the ingredients of the poison
used by the Bushmen to tip their arrows. The bulb is remark-
able for its numerous tunics, and its geographical range, as now
known, is from Cape Karroo to Tanganyika.

Mr. "W. Thiselton Dyer drew attention to the chief features of
a new fodder Grass, EiiMcena Iiixurians ; he also exhibited in-
struments used for weaving fibre of CurcuJicjo latifolia by the
natives of Borneo.

Mr. T. Christy showed a sample of Tea grown at Natal ; and
likewise a bottle of the fresh-drawn India-rubber secretion of a
species of Landolphia.

The Eev. G. Henslow passed round for examination a reputed
female Mistletoe bearing male shoots, which was regarded as pro-
bably an androgynous condition rather than a male parasitic on
a female plant.

Mr. E. Irwin Lynch exhibited a series of specimens of parts of
Acacia spJicerocrpJiaJa, Cecropia peltata, and two Orchids {Epiden-
drtim licormtivm and ScliombxirgJcia iihicina), as exemplifying their
economy in aftbrding hollows of protection and so-called food-
bodies for ants.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Note as to the Position of the Genus Bequenzia among the
Gastropoda." By J. Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D., F.li.S., F.L.S.

2. " On the Anatomy of Ants." By Sir John Lubbock, Bart.,
M.P., F.E.S., F.L.S.

3. " On the Habits of Ants, Bees, and Wasps."— Part VI.
By the same.

February 20th, 1879.

Prof G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Edward A. Fitch, Esq., Lawrence Scott, Esq., and William Stone,
Esq., were elected Fellows.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xH

The Rev. G-. Henslow, exhibited a portion of the bough of an
Elm with a small pulley imbedded in the centre of the wood.^
The rings of growth excentrically deposited indicated a period of
13 years' growth subsequent to the entrance of the foreign
body, and exteriorly all marks of its presence were completely
obliterated.

A series of rare Birds was shown by Mr. E. Bowdler Sharpe.
Among the forms from New Guinea were skins of Paradisea
Maggiana, male and female, collected by the Eev. Mr. Lawes.
Among others obtained in the Pijis by the Baron A. von Hiigel,
were species of the genus Pinarolestes, which are also found on
Tutuela, one of the Samoan Islands.

Mr. W. Hood Fitch drew attention to a coloured drawing, of
Datural size, of one of the remarkable crimson-coloured Pitchers
oi Nepenthes sanguinea ivom Malacca. This cylindrical pitcher
measured 12 inches long by 9 inches in circumference, and was
grown at Bury by Mr. O. Wrigley.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Note on the Genus Oudneya, Brown." By Henry Trimen,
M.B., F.L.S.

2. " On some South- American Genera of Plants of Uncertain
Position &c." By John Miers, F.L.S. &e.

3. "On the Inflorescence of Crassulacese." By Dr. Maxwell
T. Masters, F.L.S. &c.

March 6th, 1879.
William Caeeuthees, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

J. Eeay Greene, M.D., Eobert Johnston, Esq., P. H. Stokoe,
Esq., B. S. Williams, Esq., and James Wood-Mason, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited a set of specimens of Pituri from
Australia. He also showed a recent volume by M. Vetillart on
a system of examining sections of fibres under the microscope.
Lastly, he directed attention to a small-sized Os sepia of an imknown
species of Australian Cuttle-fish collected by Dr. Bancroft.

Examples of Bryozoa penetrated by Algfe were exhibited under
the microscope by Mr. Arthur W. Waters, these bearing on a
paper on the subject by Dr. Eeiusch.

The Vice-President announced from the Chair that an altera-
tion in certain Sections of Chapter XIII. of the lj}e-Laws had
been proposed by the Council, and when written out would be
duly hung up in the Common Meeting-Eoom, and read at suc-
cessive Meetings, and finally put to the Ballot, according to tlie
terms of the Charter.

xlii PEOCEEDINGS OF TUB

The Secretary read two letters forwarded from Messrs. Travers
and Son (City) referrinj^ to the marked (4 to 12 per cent.) in-
creased production of Beet-Root Sugar abroad by the careful
artificial selection of plants. On the contrary, the percentage of
sugar in the Sugar-cane is said to remain stationary, and possibly
by its continuous stolon-multiplication is subject to various
diseases. The question remains, whether selection of tlie Sugar-
cane might not give good results ; and is thus suggested to
botanists and others interested.

The following papers were read : —

1 " On Entozoic Florideai growing in living Bryozoa and
Sponges." By Dr. P. F. Eeiusch. Communicated by Sir J. D.
Hooker, F.L.S.

2. " On the Classification of the Maioid Crustacea or Oxj-
rhyucha." By E. J. Miers, F.L.S.

3. " On the Fruiting of Wistaria sinensis:'' By W. T. Thisel-
ton Dyer, F.L.S.

March 20th, 1879.

TViLLTAM Carruthees, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

The Eev. George Edward Comerford-Casey, M.A., was elected
a Fellow.

Mr. W. T. Tbiselton Dyer exhibited SelicJirysum vesfitum, a
perennial Everlasting from the Cape of Good Hope.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Kew Aculeate Ilymeuoptera from the Sandwich
Islands." By Frederick Smith. Communicated by A. G. Butler,
F.L.S.

2. " Ecproduction of Ferns bv Budding." By T. E. Sim.
Communicated by Prof. J. W. H.'Trail, F.L.S.

3. " Ornithology of South-east New Guinea." By E. B.
Sharpe, F.L.S.

The Vice-President then read from the Chair the following
alterations in Bye-Laws (Chapter XIII.) proposed by the Council,
viz. : —

In Section V. the words "if approved by the Members present, shall"
to be inserted. Thus Section V. will read : —

V. "When the Chair shall have been taken, the Minutes of the preceding
Meeting shall be immediately read, and, if approved by the Members pre-
sent, shall be signed by the Chairman of the Meeting, and the presents on
the tal)le shall be declared.

VI. to remain as at present.

The following new Bye-Law to be inserted as follows : —

VII. Any i)roj)osal relating to the atlairsof the Society, and not affecting
Elections or the Bye-Laws, may be brought forward if the same be put into
writing, and signed by three or more Fellows, and delivered to the Secre-

LINKEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xliii

tary. The Secretary shall read the proposal at the next Meeting imme-
diately after the declaration of the presents. The proposal shall then be
hung up in the Meeting-Room until the second Meeting after the reading
of the same, when it shall be put to the Ballot unless those who have
signed it shall agree to withdraw it.

The present Section VII. of the printed Bye-Laws to be numbered
Section VIII.

April 3rd, 1879.

William Caeeuthers, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Ferdinand Coles, Esq., W. A. Porbes, Esq., and N. S. Whitney,
M.B., were elected Fellows.

The Vice-President then read fi'om the Chair for the second
time tlie proposed alterations and new Bye-Law (Chapter XIII. ,
Section 7).

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer exhibited the inflorescence of Gyne-
riiim saccharoides, H. B. K., grown at Kew, but which had died
during the inclement winter-weather. Excepting through Mr.
Spruce's researches on the Amazons, little is known respecting
this handsome plant, which differs from the Pampas Grass in habit,
and is tropical like Maize &c.

Dr. Henry Trimen, in dealing with the subject of the Myrrhs
of commerce and pharmacy, showed a unique specimen of Balsa-
modendron Myrrha, Nees. It was gathered by Hildebrandt in
Somali Land, 1873, and possesses few leaves and a single fruit ;
but the myrrh was seen exuding from the tree. The original
type specimens of B. Myrrha, collected by Prof. Ehrenberg in
Arabia, were also exhibited ; and, according to Dr. Trimen, Hilde-
brandt's late statement of their identity with the foregoing seems
well founded. Ehrenberg's other Myrrh-plant, the B. Ehren-
lergianmn, Berg, with his notes attached, and the B. PJayfairii,
Hook, fil., from Somali Land, with its gum called "Hotari," and
other examples of Myrrh and Bdellium were placed before the
Society.

The following papers were read : —

1. 'Account of a Peat-flood in the Falkland Islands." By
Arthur Bailey. Communicated by W. T. Thiselton Dyer, F.L.S.

2. "Notes on Moquilea, with a Description of a new Species."
By John Miers, F.E.S., F.L.S.

April 17th, 1879.

Colonel Grant, C.B., F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

S. M. Curl, Esq., M.D., and G. C. Druce, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

xliv PEOCEEDINGS OF THT.

The Vice-President, on behalf of the Council, proposed Dr.
Thomas Boycott and Dr. R. C. A. Prior for the Council, and
Mr. W. S. Dallas and Mr, J. Edmund Harting to represent tlie
Society, as Members of the Committee for auditing the Treasu-
rer's Account ; and a show of hands having been taken, these
gentlemen were declared to be elected.

The alterations in the Bye-Laws (Chapter XTII.) proposed by
the Council on the 20th of INIarch, having been hung up in the
Common Meeting-Eoom of the Society and read by the President
or Vice-President in the Chair, according to the terms of the
Charter, at the last two successive General Meetings of the Society,
were put to the Ballot, and rejected by the Fellows at large.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Contributions to the Ornithology of New Guinea." — Part
V. By R. B. Sharpe, P.L.S.

2. " On the Occun-ence of Gadus macrocephalus at the Mouth
of the Thames." By Dr. Francis Day, F.L.S.

3. " Zoological Memoranda of Ni'le Land," By Dr. Murie,
F.L.S.

May 1st, 1879.

Colonel Geais't, C.B., F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

J. E. Brown, Esq., Richard Rimmer, Esq., P. O'Shanesy, Esq.,
were elected Fellows ; and Dr. Edward Bornet and Prof. H. G.
Eeichenbach were elected Foreign Members.

The Vice-President called attention to a series of Botanical
Diagrams presented by the authors (Dr. Arnold and Carolina
Dodel-Port).

Mr. Edward S. Morris of Liberia exhibited a quantity of husked
and unhusked Berries and ground Cofiee of the Cqffea liherica
grown by him near Monrovia.

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer showed a living example of the rare
and curious JVelwitschia mii'ahilis grown at Kew.

There was also on the table a series of specimens to illustrate the
papers ow Linum and Wistaria by Mr. Meehan and the Rev. G.
Henslow.

The following papers were read : —

1. "Nutrition and Fertilization of Flowers." By T. Meehan.
Communicated by the Rev. G. Henslow, F.L.S.

2. " Remarks on Meehan's Paper." By the Rev. G. Henslow,
M.A., F.L.S.

3. " On a Restiaceous Plant from Cochin China." By M. T.
Masters, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S.

4. " On the Structure of the Pouched Rats of the genus Hete-
romys." By Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

LUnfEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlv

May 24th, 1879.

Anniversary Meeting.

Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read aud signed.

The Treasurer reported the state of the Accounts as follows
(see p. xlvi).

The Secretary reported that the following Members had died,
or their deaths been ascertained, since the last Anniversary,
viz. : —

Pellows (12).

J. S. Eoe, Esq.

Eev. James Bedingfeld.
Jacob Bigelow, M.D.*
"William Coulson, Esq.
Eev. Tullie Cornthwaite.
Eichard Davis, Esq.
W. C. Hewitson, Esq.*

G. D. Eowley, Esq.*
A. Thozet, Esq.
N. C. Tuely, Esq.
Marquis of Tvveeddale.*
T. W. Wonfor, Esq.

PoEEiGN Member (1).

Prof. Grisebach.*

Associate (1).

Mr. William Mudd.*

That the following Pellows had withdrawn, viz. : —

J. KintonBond, Esq. J. C. Mollis, Esq.

W. Duppa Crotch, Esq.

And that 41 Fellows and 2 Foreign Members had been elected
since the last Anniversary.

The President then opened the business of the day, and the
Fellows present proceeded to Ballot for the Council and Officers
for the ensuing year.

The Ballot for the Council having closed, the President
appointed Mr. Stainton, Eev. G. Henslow, and Dr. Trimen as
Scrutineers. The votes Laving been counted and reported to the
President, he declared the following Members to be removed from
the Council, viz. : —

George Busk, F.E.S., Lieut. -Col. Grant, C.B., Eobert Hudson,
Esq., John Millar, M.D., E. C. A. Prior, M.D.

And the following to be elected into the Council, viz. : —
Frank Crisp, LL.B., Eev. J. M. Crombie, W. S. Dallas, Esq.,
Artbiur Grote, Esq., Eobert M'^Lachlan, Esq.

The Ballot for the Officers having also closed, the President
appointed the same Scrutineers. The votes having been counted
and reported to the President, he declared the following to be
* For reference to notice, see Index.

xlvi

PROCEEDINGS OF TUE

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlvii

elected, viz. : — Presicletit, Prof. Gr. J. Allman, M.D. '; Treasurer,
J. Gwyn Jeffreys, LL.D. ; Secretaries, Frederick Currey, Esq.,
and St. George J. Mivart, Esq.

After tlie reading of the President's Address, it was moved by
Prof. Busk, and resolved, That the thanks of the Society be given
to Dr. Allman for his excellent Address, and that he be requested
to allow it to be printed. [It will be found in the Journal, Zoo-
logy (No. 81), XV. pp. 1-8.]

Mr. Stainton proposed, and Sir John Lubbock seconded, a vote
of thanks to Mr. Kippist in consideration of his long and fiiithful
services to the Society, while expressing regret at his illness during
the last winter. This was carried unanimously.

June 5th, 1879.

Prof. G. J. Allman-, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Mr. A. D. Michael was elected a Fellow.

The President according to Charter nominated as Vice-Presi-
dents for the ensuing year : — Mr. J. Ball, Mr. W. Carruthers,
Mr. A. Grote, Dr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys.

The President called attention to an article " On Cinchona in
India," by John Eliot Howard, F.L.S., which extract from the
' Gardener's Chronicle ' was placed on the table for perusal.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Morphology of the Skull in the Amphibia Uro-
dela." By Prof. W. K. Parker, F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " On the Lichens of the English Polar Expedition, 1875-76."
By Prof. Theodore M. Fries. Communicated by Sir J. D. Hooker,
F.L.S.

3. " Mollusca of the ' Challenger ' Expedition."— Part IV. By
the Eev. E. Boog Watson, F.L.S.

4. " On a new Species of Helvella." By William Phillips,
F.L.S.

5. " Ferns of Northern India." By Charles B. Clarke, F.L.S.

June 19th, 1879.
Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.
Charles Holme, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On a remarkably Branched Si/llis dredged in the ' Chal-
lenger' Expedition." By Dr. W. C'. M'Intosh, F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " Eemarks on Caiyesium as Indigenous to Australia." By
F. Manson Bailey, F.L.S.

xlviii rnocEEDiNGS of the linnean society of London.

3. " On the Thorax of the Blow-Fly." By Arthur Hammond,
F.L.S.

4. " Enumeration of Australian Lichens in the Herbarium of
Robert Brown, with Descriptions of new Species." By the Eev.
J. M. Crombie, F.L.S.

5. " On Recent Species oi Heteropora.'" By Prof. George Busk,
F.R.S., F.L.S.

6. " Contribution to the Flora of Northern China." By J. G.
Baker, F.R.S., F.L.S., and S. Le Marchant Moore, F.L.S.

7. " Reply to Dr. Stirtou's Remarks on my Paper on the
' Challenger ' Lichens." By the Rev. J. M. Crombie, F.L.S.

8. " The Species of Phryrjanea described by Linnaeus in his
• Fauna Suecica.' " Bv Pastor H. D. J. Wullengreu. Commuui-
cated, with Notes, by R. M^Lachlan, F.R.S., F.L.S.

9. " On the Bell-Bii-d." By Dr. James Murie, F.L.S.

PEOCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION 1879-80.)

November 6th, 1879.

Prof. a. J. Allmax, M.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

William Harper Twelvetrees, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

The President, in opening the Session, made a few obituary
remarks on Mr. John Miers and Mr. William Wilson Saunders,
both very old and respected Fellows of the Society. He then
called attention to the volumes on the table, viz. : Stein's
' Infusoria,' presented by Prof. Reay Grreene, F.L.S., and Hussey's
' Mycological Illustrations,' presented by Thomas Walker, P. L.S.

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer brought forward to the Fellows'
notice a series of Photographs of Vegetation (including Cinchona
Leclgenana) in the Botanic Gardens of Buiteuzorg, Java.

Some stereoscopic photographs, taken by Mr. F. H. Worsley-
Benison, of Chepstow, Monmouthshire, were exhibited by W. A.
Shoolbred, F.L.S.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Structure and Habit of Remileia vastatrixr By
D. Morris, Esq. Communicated by W. T. Thiselton Dyez',
F.L.S.

(A Note from the Eev. E. Abbay referring to Mr. Morris's
paper was read by the Secretary.)

2. " Instincts and Emotions of Fish." By Dr. Francis Day,
F.L.S.

3. " Origin of the (so-called) Scorpioid Cyme." By Rev. Gr.
Henslow, M.A., F.L.S.

LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSIONS 1875-80. 6

1 PEOCEEDIXOS OF THE

November 20tli, 1879.
Prof. G. J. Allmax, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed,

Mr. AVinslow Jones and Mr. William AVickham were elected
Fellows.

Sir Joseph D. Hooker, C.B., exhibited a specimen of a Cedar
from llic Island of Cyprus, to which, from the shortness of its
leaves and smallncss of the female cones, the name Cedrits Lihani
var. hrevifolia is applicable. In a paper accompanying the exhi-
bition. Sir J. D. Hooker mentioned tliat the discovery of this
variety of the Cedar of Libanus was due to 8ir Samuel Baker,
P.E.S., a letter from whom was read. The monks of "Troodi-
tissa " informed tlie latter of its existence in the mountains, and
believed it to be the "Chiftim woocV of Scripture.

In comparison with the above, the President laid on the table
specimens of Ccdrus Deodara from the garden of Mrs. Ciciopieri
St. Clair, Parkstone, Dorset, and showing cones produced this
summer.

Mr. E. M. Holmes, in exhibiting a series of slides under the
microscope of rare British Lichens, Hepatica^, and Freshwater
Alga^, mentioned that JBlacod'mm Cesatii of Leighton's ' Lichen
Flora ' is, according to Dr. Nylander, but a form of P. can-
dicans. The Alga choking up the filter-beds at Bradgate, Leicester,
was shown to be, as yet, uudescribed, and resembling Zoogloea,
though the Eev. M. J. Bei'keley had stated it to be probably the
common Ecliinella articulata.

Mr. Holmes likewise exhibited the Leaves, Flowers, and por-
tion of the Trunk of the tree {Andira Araroha) yielding Groa-
powder. Quite recently it has been found that the Cane comes
from Bahia by way of Lisbon, and thence is exported to the East.
The secretion appears to corrode and destroy the woody tissue,
and ultimately itself becomes deposited, and fills the cavities of
the heart-wood. It is stated to be a specific for Eiugworm.

Mr. Christy exhibited a bottle of Chrysophanic Acid also ob-
tained from the above-mentioned tree. He likewise called attention
to two skulls of Australian Natives forwarded by Dr. Bancroft
which had occi])ital thickening, supposed to be induced by blows
of the knobkerries.

The following papers were read: —

1. " Development of the Embryo-snc in Phanerogams." By
Marshall "Ward, Esq. Communicated by W. T. Tliiselton D^cr,
F.L.S.

2. ." Extinct Land-Tortoises of Mauritius and Eodriguez." By
Alfred C. Haddou, B.A. Communicated by Prof A. Newton,
F.E.S., F.L.S.

3. " On a Collection of Greenland Crustacea." By E. J.
Miers, F.L.S.

LTX^'EAN SOCIETY OV LOXDOX. li

December 4tli, 1879.
Prof. G-. J. Allmak, M.D., F.E.S., President, iu the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

John Cameron, Esq., Major Collett, H. B. Spotton, Esq., J. G.
Otto Tapper, Esq., Gr. M. Thomson, Esq., Sir Samuel Wilson,
and Samuel "Wright, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. W. Carruthers exhibited a bottle of Pteropocis, Spiralis
refroversiis, obtained in great abundance on the surface of the
water of the Gareloch,Eoss-shire, Scotland, in July 1879, by Dr.
John Grieve. A Letter from the latter was read, wherein he
gave a description of some of the habits of these animals as ob-
served immediately after their capture ; and he likewise men-
tioned other facts in connexion with Flustra foliacea and F.
truncaia.

Dr. Maxwell Masters exhibited specimens of Spruce and Silver
Eirs, as illustrating points in his paper.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Internal Structure and Movements in Leaves of
Conifers." By Maxwell T. Masters, M.D., E.E.S., E.L.S.

2. " On a Synthetic Eorm of Ophiurid from the Atlantic, the
observations therein being founded on a specimen dredged by
Dr. G. C. Wallich in the Voyage of H.M.S. ' Bulldog,' 1800." By
Prof Martin Duncan, E.E.S. Communicated by Dr. Murie, E.L.S,

3. " On Indian Begonias." By C. B. Clarke, M.A., E.L.S.

December ISth, 1879.
Prof G. J. Allma>^ M.D., E.E.S. , President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.
Henry Seebohm, Esq., was elected a Eellow.
A. Dee Bartlett, Ei-q., Nicholas E. Brown, Esq., and Erederick
Herschel "Waterhouse, Esq., were elected Associates.

Mr. B. Daydon Jackson exhibited a complete series of the
various (5) editions of Dillenius's ' Historia Muscorinn,' Oxford,
1741, and its reprint Edinburgh, 1811, from the Society's Library
and his own, in illustration of tlie paper to be read by the Eev.
J. M. Crombie.

Photographs of Botanical subjects were shown by Mr. W. A.
Shoolbred on behalf of Mr. E. H. Worsley-Benison of Chepstow,

The following papers were read : —

1. "On the Lichens of Dillcnins's 'Historia Muscorum,' as
illustrated by his Herbarium." By the Eev. J. M. Crombie,
M.A., E.L.S.

2. " On certain remarkable Sense-Organs among the Ily-
droids." By Prof Allman, M.D., E.E.S., Pres. L.S.

e 2

lii PEOCEEDINOS OF THE

January 15th, 1880.

Trnf. a. J. Ai.i-M.vN, M.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meetinj^were read and signed.

John Poland, Esq., 11. Darell Stephens, Esq., and Prof. Allen
Thomson were elected Fellows.

Tlionias Jeffery Parker, Esq., was elected an Associate.

Mr. Allen J. Hewitt exhibited specimens of Moths of the genus
Anaphe, and a large common-web or community of Cocoons re-
cently imported from Old Calabar (West Coast of Africa). The
moths had emerged from the cocoons of the sac-like body on
reaching this country.

Mr. J. G. Baker made a few remarks on a monstrous Thistle
obtained by the Rev. T. A. Preston of Marlborough. In this
specimen of Carduws crisp its the capitula were abnormally nume-
rous and aggregated in secondary heads, as in Echinops.

There was exhibited, on behalf of Mr. James Forsyth, the
Tibia and Tarsus of a Dinornis maxim us, obtained at a depth of
4 feet from the surface of the soil while making a road at Omaru,
New Zealand.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Remarks on the Birds and Mammals introduced into New
Zealand." By H. M. Brewer, Hon. Sec. AVanganui Acclima-
tizatiou Society, New Zealand. Communicated by Dr. Murie,
F.L.S.

2. " Synopsis of the Aloinea3 and Tuccoidea>." By J. Gr.
Baker, F.L.S.

February 5th, 1880.

William Carhuthers, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Mr. Charles Stewart showed a microscopic stained section of
the Ovary of Hyacinthus orientalis with the intra-nuclear net-
work in the cells of the ovules.

Dr. Francis Day exhibited examples of Salmonidse, some of
which had been reared under natural, and others under unnatural
conditions. A Salmo JvJitinalis, which had passed its existence
in the Westminster Aquarium, had the head preternaturally
elongated and a very narrow suboperculum, thus showing a great
contrast to examples reared from the same batch of imjjortcd eggs,
and kept in a wild state in Cardiganshire.

Mr. R. Irwin Lynch brought under notice a mounted specimen
of the Pods of Acacia homaJophylla, each seed being attached by
a very long bright-red funicle.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. liji

Mr. A. Hammond exhibited a ]ar\a. of Tani/pus maculatus. He
observed that the coronet and appendages of the thoracic and
anal regions had been said to be homologous with the respiratory-
organs of the larva and pupa of gnats &c. This he doubted,
inaismucli as, besides the absence of tracheae, the former originated
from the ventral and not the dorsal surface. He also stated
his opinion that the two oval bodies in the thorax of the larva, the
so-called "air-reservoirs" of De Geer, were probably salivary glands
similar to those of the Crane-Fly.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Commelinaceae." By C. B. Clarke, F.L.S.

2. " On the Salmonidae and other Fish introduced into the
New-Zealand Waters." By H. M. Brewer, Hon. Sec. Wan.
ganui Acclimat. !Soc. N. Z. Communicated by Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

February 19th, 1880.
William Caeruthees, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting vrere read and signed.
Mr. Edwin Siuipson-Baikie was elected a Fellow.

Mr. James Britten exhibited specimens of the stems of Jiyr-
mecodia ecliinata and J/. gJahra recently sent from Borneo* by
Mr. H. 0. Forbes, showing the galleries formed by a species of
Ant allied to, if not identical with, Pheidolejavana, Mazo. Very
young plants of one of the species of Myrmecodia were also exhi-
bited, all of which had been attacked by ants.

Dr. Maxwell Masters brought forward an example of Pitcher-
plant, Nepentlies hicalcarata, from Borneo ; and he read a Note
thereon from Mi\ Burbidge. It seems these pitchers are perfect
traps to creeping insects by reason of the incurved ridges round
the throat of the pitchers. Taking advantage of this, a certain
sjiecies of Black Ant perforates the stalk, and so provides an
inroad on the sumptuous fare of dead and decaying insects and
water contained in the iloral reservoir. The remarkable Lemu-
roid, Tarsius spectr^ivi, likewise visits the Pitcher-plants for the
sake of the entrapped insects. These it can easly obtain from
the Nepentltes Saffiesiana, but not so from the .N'. hicalcarata,
where the sharp spurs severely prick if the animal dares to trifle
with the urn-lid.

The following paper was read : —

1. "On the Flora of the Kuram Valley, Afghanistan." By
Dr. J. E. T. Aitcliison, F.L.S.

liv PRUCKEDIXGS OF THE

March 4th, 1880.

Prof. Gr. J. Allmax, M.D., F.R.S., Presideafc, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

S. D. Bairstow, Esq., J. T. Carrington, E-iq., Prof. P, Martin
Duncan, M.B., E. M. MidJleton,Esq., S. 0. Ridley, Eiq., and T.
Cbarters AVlute, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. Middleton exhibited two adult Skulls of Bahirussa alfarus,
Less., from Borneo, both distinguishable by the remarkable small-
ness of their tusks.

Dr. Giinther brought forward two deep-sea fishes obtained
during the ' Challenger ' expedition, viz. Echiodon and Scopelus,
to illustrate two kinds of luminous mctameric organs first disthi-
guished by Dr. Ussow, and designated as the '• lenticular " and
"yZa«(/«Zar " kinds. AYhllst admitting t!ie great morphological
resemblance of the former to an eye, Dr. Giinther gave n'asuns
for showing that their structure is not opposed to the view that
they, like the glandular kinds, are producers of light, and that
probably this production of luminosity or liglit is subject to the
■will of the fish.

Mr. J. Jenner Weir, on behalf of Mr. Edward A. Nevill, showed
the stufted head of a Prong-buck {Antilocapra americana), shot by
the latter in the Rocky Mountains, August 187(3. On the median
nasal region of this specimen what appeared to be a short uu-
branched third horn was developed. •

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Codiolum grecjarium, A. Braun, a new British Alga
discovered at Teignmouth by the Rev. R. Cresswell." By E. M.
Holmes, F.L.S.

2. " On the Hebridal Argentine." By Dr. Francis Day,
F.L.S.

March 18th, 1880.

Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay, Esq., and Duckinfield Scott, Esq.,
were elected Fellows.

The President said : — " Before entering on the regular business
of the Meeting, it becomes my melancholy duty to announce the
death of Mr. Thomas Bell at the age of 87, Mr. Bell was the
oldest Fellow of the Society, having been elected into it in the year
1815. He liad held the Presidential Chair for many j'ears ; and
under his judicious and able guidance the Society had marvel-
lously advanced in prosperity. He was a distinguislied zoologist.

LIXNEAN SOCIETY OP LOXDOK. Iv

and by his researches had largely advanced our knowledge of the
fauna of the British Isles. His labours have left their mark on
the Zoology of Britain ; and it is hard to say vrlio can take his
place in the department of Natural History in which he had shown
himself so loving and conscientious an observer. He was known
personally to many here present, and by re2)utation to all of us ;
and tlie Meeting will receive with sincere sorrow the sad announce-
ment that he has his j)lace no longer among our Fellows."

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited a collection of dried flowers from
Western Australia made by Mrs. Bunbury. She observes that
the once common native plants are becoming scarce in the pasture-
land of the Colony, and that it is now difficult to propagate them
even by culture.

Mr. J. T. Carrington exhibited male and female specimens of
the northern Stone-Crab (Lithodes arctica) which had lived in the
"Westminster Aquarium. The peculiar asymmetry of tlie abdo-
minal segments of the female was adverted to ; and from this
and other reasons an affinity with the Hermit Crab {Pagurus)
was pointed out.

The following papers were read: —

1. " Ou the Indigenous Timber, and on the Plants introduced
into New Zealand." By H. M. Brewer, of Waugauui, New
Zealand. Communicated by Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

2. " On a supposed Polymorphic Butterfly from India." By
Prof. J. 0. Westwood, F.L.S.

April 1st, 1880.

Prof. Gr. J. Allmak, M.D., P.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed,

T. L. Bancroft, Esq., and Gr. T. Bettany, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

Mr. J. E. Jackson exhibited the stems of Arundo Donax with
a portion of the rhizome attached. Enormous quantities of these
have recently been imported into this country from Algeria, and
made up into parasol-handles, a firm of wholesale manufacturers
having made a speciality of them for this season.

A series of specimens of Japanese Conifers was exhibited by
Dr. Maxw^ell Masters. These Conifers had been collected by
Mr. Maries ; fifty or sixty species are said to be found in the
Japanese and Chinese regions.

The following papers were read : —

1. "A new Genus {Pyramocera) of Moths of the Family Lipa-
rid£e from Madagascar." By A. Gr. Butler, F.L.S.

Ivi PltOCEEDINQS OF THE

2. *' Ecmarks on IMr. F. E. Harman's Keport on the Coifee-
leaf DiseaHe." By J. Cameron, 1\L..S., of Bangalore.

3. " Notice of Marine Crustaceans collected by Mr. P. Geddes
at Vera Cruz." By Edward J. Miers, F.L.S.

April 15tli, 1880.

Tlie Eev. G-eokoe IIenslow, E.L.S., in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting Avere read and signed.

Mr. Samuel H. AVintle was elected a Fellow.

Mr. Charles Stewart exhibited and made remarks upon an
anomaly in an example of a species of Ecliinoderm, Amllypneustes.

There was likewise exhibited by Dr. James Murie a series of
microscopic sections of Pearls, showing great variation in struc-
tural detail.

The following papers w^ere read : —

1. "The MoUusca of the ' Challenger ' Expedition."— Part V.
By the Eev. E. Boog AVatson, F.L.S.

2. " On new Aroidca^ v.itli observations on other Known
Forms."— Part I. By N. E. Brown, A.L.S.

3. "A Note on an Abnormal (Quadriradiate) Specimen o? Am-
hlypnenstes formosus." By Prof. F. JellVey Bell. Communicated
by Dr. Murie, F.L.S.

May 6th, 1880.

H. T. Staikton, Esq., F.E.S., in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

M. C. J. de Maximowicz, Professor Metschnikoft", and Dr. Stras-
burger were elected Foreign Members.

The Chairman announced that Dr. Thomas Boycott bad ex-
pressed his desire to withdraw as an Auditor of the Society, and
that Mr. E. M^Lachlan had been recommended by the Council
to take his place. The vote of the Fellows present was there-
upon taken, and Mr. M'^Lachlan duly elected.

Mr. Thomas Christy read a letter from a correspondent, Mr.
Blacklaw, of St. Paulo, Brazil, in which it was mentioned that
several attempts to rear the Liberian Coifee {Coffea liberica) in
the district at difierent altitudes in diticrent seasons and under
difterent conditions, both under cover and in the open air, had all
been unsuccessful.

The following papers were read : —

1. " ^;otes on Alga" from the Amazons and its Tributaries."
By Prof G. Dickie, F.L.S.

2, '"On an Unusual Form of the Genus Hemijpholus, Agass."
By Prof. P. M. Duncan, F.L.S.

LIISTNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ivii

3. " On the Vocabulary of Botanical Terms in use in the De-
scription of rioweriug-Piants." By Gr- T. Bettany, F.L.S.

4. " On the Tusks of the Fossil Walrus found in the Eed Clay
of Suffolk." By Prof. E. Eay Lankester, F.E.S., P.L.S.

5. " On an Irregular Species of Amlli/pneustes." By Charles
Stewart, F.L.S.

Anniversary Ileeting.

May 24th, 1880.

Prof. G-. J. Allman, M.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

The President, after a few introductory remarks of congratu-
lation on the prospects of the Societj^ generally, referred to the
Obituary, pointing out that several of the oldest Members would
now no longer appear on our List. The former and worthy Pre-
sident, Professor Bell, whose works on the British Fauna are
classical, had died at the age of 87, and found a resting-place at
Selborne. Mr. John Miers, another veteran of 91 years, had left
a monument of industry and botanical research iu the many
memoirs enriching the Society's ' Transactions,' besides the mono-
graphs of the Menispermacese and Apocynacefe, in themselves
extensive. General Munro, a gallant otticer and an excellent
observer, had left a place difficult to be filled ; for his accurate
and wide knowledge of the Graminese was admitted by all, and
lie was constantly consulted on the group. Dr. David Moore, of
Dublin, had left his mark in valuable researches on the Irish
Flora. In Mr. Wilson Saunders the Society had had a worthy
aud valuable officer. Mr. E. W. Cooke, B.A., represented Art,
bringing his fervent love of natural objects, especially Botany
and Geology, to bear in his paintings with truthful effect.
Mr. Thomas Atthey of Gosforth, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, had a
more tlian local reputation as an enthusiastic and able naturalist,
and, wliile studying several of the lower groups of animal and
vegetable life, finally devoted himself to the branch of PaUeouto-
logy. The Foreign Members, Prof. J. F. Brandt of St. Peters-
burg (zoologist), and the botanists Dr. Ed. Fenzl, of Vienna, and
Prof. AV. P. Schimper, of Strasburg, had each a world-wide
reputation.

The President had to regret that, after a full term of service,
the Secretaries and Treasurer had projjosed to resign office; and
this had been acceded to by the Council as a matter of form.

The senior Secretary then read his report as follows : —
Since the last Anniversary the Society had lost by death
the following Members : —

Iviii PROCEEDINGS OF TUE

Fellows (10).

Morton Allport, Esq.*
Prof. Thonuis Bell.*
E. \V. Cooke, R.A.*
Eev. J. Lockwood.
John Miers, Esq.*

Dr. David Moore.*
Greueral Muuro.*
Dr. Llewellyn Powell.
W. Wilson Saunders, Esq.*
Andrew iSwauzy, Esq.

Foreign Members (3).

Prof. Joliann Friedricli Brandt, of St. Petei'sburg.*

Dr. Eduard Fenzl, of Vienna.*

M. Guillaume Philippe Schimper, of Strasburg.*

Associate (1).

Thomas Atthey.*

And that three Fellows had withdrawn, viz. : —

Rev. John Constable. Daniel Pigeon, Esq.

J. Lawrence Hamilton, Esq.

On the other hand, there had been an accession by election of
twenty-eight Fellows, three Foreign Members, and four xlsso-
ciates.

The Library showed a marked increase and improvement by
additions obtained by purchase, exchange, and donations, and
had been amply used in biological reference and loan of books.

The scientific communications and exhibitions at the Meetings
during the Session bad kept pace with the march of science; and
the attendance of the Fellows bore witness to the active interest
taken in the proceedings generally.

The Treasurer (Dr. J. Grwyn Jeffreys) then proceeded to read
his Report. [For Statement see opposite.]

" In resigning the Trcasurership of the Society, which I have
had the honour of holding for the last five years, I take the
opj)ortunity of congratulating the Society on its increased and
increasing prosperity in a financial point of view. Notwithstand-
ing the late depression of commerce, which has to a greater or
less extent injuriously aftected other scientific Societies, as well
as the additional yearly expenditure consequent on the removal
to Burlington House, and the greater amount of Salaries paid,
our publications have not been restricted, and we have spent more
on the Library than was formerly the case — two important
matters.

" We are quite free from debt ; "we have an invested capital of
£3730 12s. Hd., and the Balance at our Bankers and on hand at
this date is £522 18s. 2d. Twelve months ago, owing to the un-
fortunate and long illness of the Librarian, Mr. Xippist, his

* For reference to notices, see Index.

LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDON'.

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IX PROCEEDINGS OF THE

accounts became confused, and the Assistant Secretary, Dr.
Murie, lias since, at my request, undertaken the receipts and
payments in accordance witli the 1st Bye-Law in Chapter X.
A special t'onnnittee was also appointed by the Council for in-
ve.sti<,'at inj,' the financial position of the Society ; and their valuable
8ii<:;L^('stions have been adopted, especially as to the reasonable
limitation of the ])ublication expenses, which had increased from
£7!)0 Us. 0(1. in 187G to £1100 5*. Id. in 1879. AVith respect
to the Compositions, which, even if they were altogether invested,
must seriously diminish the income of the Society, I may remark
that during the five years of my Office I have received £19GS
and invested £020 l')s. 0<7. During the previous five years no
part of the compositions ap])ear to have been invested. I have
also received and invested £S40 for legacies. Our Capital has
been doubled; it was in 1875 £18G0, and is now £3730 12*. 8(/.
Q'lie annual contributions received in 1876 amounted to £09-1 13.?.,
and last year to £948 12.s-.

'' I cannot close this short Eeport without expressing my entire
satisfaction with the services of our Assistant Secretary, Dr.
Murie, Avho has so ably and indefatigably edited the publications
of the Societ}', as well as assisted me in my financial duties ; and
I would mention with much approval Mr. James AVest, who is
not only the Clerk, but also the Acting Librarian of the
Society."

A special vote of thanks to the Treasurer was proposed by
Mr. W. Carruthers and seconded by Sir J. D. Hooker.

The Ballot for the Council having been closed, the President
nonnnated Mr. T. Christy, Dr. J. Millar, and Mr. H. T. Stainton
Scrutineers. The votes having been examined and counted,
and reported to the President, he declared the result to be as
follows : —

For removal from the Council :

J. Ball, F.E.S., ^V. Carruthers, F.E.S., F. DuCane Godman,
Esq., Dr. A. Giinthcr, F.K.S., and the Eev. George Heuslow.

For election into the Council :

E. K. Alston, Esq., G. Bentham, F.E.S., G. Busk, F.E.S.,
Dr. M. Foster, and B. D. Jackson, Esq.

The Ballot for the Officers having also closed, the President
nominated the same Scrutineers. The votes having been examined
and counted and reported to the President, he declared the result
to be as follows : — President, Prof. G. J. Allman ; Treasurer,
Frederick Currey, Esq. ; Secretaries, B. Daydon Jackson, Esq.,
and Edward E. Alston, Esq.

The President having delivered his Address, " On the Vegeta-
tion of the Eiviera, a chapter in the Physiognomy and Distribu-
tion of Plants," a vote of thanks was given for his excellent

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXBON. Ixi

Address, with a request tliat lie should allow it to be printed. [It
will be found in tlie Journal, Botany (No. 108), vol. xvii. p. 135.]

June 3rd, 1880.
Prof. G. J. Allmax, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.
The following papers were read : —

1. "On the Specific Identitj oi Scomherjiuncfatus, Couch, with
S. scomber, Linn." By Dr. F. Day, F.L.kS.

2. " Note on the Anal Respiration in the Zoija-Larva of tlie
Decapods." By Marcus M. Hartog, P.L.S.

3. " On the Application of the Hesults of Pringsheini's recent
Researches on Chlorophyll to the Life of tlie Lichen." By
George Murray, F.L.S.

4. "On the Grenus Solanocrimis, Goldfuss, and its relation to
Recent Comatulcer By P. Herbert Carpenter, M.A. Com-
municated by Dr. W. Carpenter, C.B., F.L.S.

June 17th, 18S0.

Prof G. J. Allmak, M.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

The Rev. H. G. Bonavia Hunt, Henry Nottidge Moseley, M.A.,
Rev. A. Merle Norman, and E. A. Webb, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

Dr. R. C. A. Prior read a letter from a correspondent recount-
ing the occurrence of the rare instance of a Mistletoe Parasite on
a Mistletoe.

Lord Lilford exhibited a series of Skins and Skulls of the
"Wild Sheep of Cyprus {Ovis ophion, Blyth).

Mr. E. M. Holmes showed, vmder the microscope, an example
of Polijsi^jhoiiia fastigiata with development of Antheridia and
Cystocarp on the same branch, which had been obtained at
Ventnor, Isle of Wight.

Mr. F. Crisp exhibited several preparations of the early stages
of Invertebrates from the Aquarium at Naples ; he also exhi-
bited living specimens of the new Freshwater Medusa from the
Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park.

Mr. C. Stewart showed, under tlie microscope, sections of the
growing-points of Ghara and of the Common Ash.

The following pajiers were read : —

1. " On certain Glands in tlie Maxillse of Spiders." B}--
F. M. Campbell, F.L.S.

2. " On two Cases of Incorporation by Sponges of Spicules
foreign to them." By Stuart O. Ridley, F.L.S.

Ixii rnOCEEDTNGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOUDON.

3. " Oil Limnocodium Victoria, a new H\ droid Medusa of Fresh
Water." By Prof. G. J. Allmaii, Pros. L.S.

4. " On a Si] idiilatiiifjj-Or^an in TJvypliia terricola and Sica-
locla gidtata:' By F- M. Cani])l)ol], T.L.S.

5. " Note on Aplijsia daclyJomelay By Dr. G. E. Dob?on,

6. " On the Polyzoa collected in tlie JSTorlli-Polar Expedition."
By George Bus^k, F.E.S., E.L.S.

7. " On the Natural Classification of the Gasteropoda." By
Dr. J. D. Macdonald, E.E.S. Communicated by Dr. Dobson,
F.L.S.

8. "Mollusca of the ' Challenger' Expedition.— Part VI. The
Genus TurriieUar By the Bev. B. Boog Watson, E.L.S.

9. " Observations on Ants, Bees, and Wasps." — Part YII.
By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., E.L.S.

INDEX TO THE PEOCEEDINGS.

SESSIONS 1875-1880.

Note. — The name of the Chairman at each Meeting: is not indexed.

Abbay. E., Hemilcia vasfafrLr, xxsv, xlix.
Abnormal Amhh/jmcustcs (Bell), liv.

— primrose (Eennett), xviii.

— prong-buck (Weir), liv.
Absorption by green parts of plants

(Henslow), xxxviii.
Acacia, glandular bodies of (F.Darwin),x.

— homalophyUa, seeds (Lynch), lii.

— sfhcerocepliala (Lynch), xl.
Acclimatization at Wanganui, New Zea-
land (Brewer), lii, liii, Iv.

Actamorfha erom (Miers), xv.

Actinarice, new (Moseley), xvi.

Actinomcfra (P. H. Carpenter), «xii.

Aculeate Hymeno]3tcra, new (Smith), xlii.

Adams, H., deceased, xxxiv. [See obi-
tuary in ' Journ. de Conch.' vol. 26,
p. 109-110.]

Address sent to Prof. Siebold, xxvii.

Aden, Bom-cUia Carteri collected at
(Trimen), xxiv.

Admiralty Islands, orchids from (Reich-
enbach), iii.

Adventitious grape (Masters), xxiii.

— roots of IJcrheris (Carriithers), xxviii.

— tubers Brassica Bnpa (Masters), xxiii.
JEstivafion, floral (Henslow), x.
Afghanistan flora (Aitchison), liii.
African Copal or Animi (Kirk), yi.

■ — Eubiacea? (Hiern), xxix.

— orchids (Weale), xxxix.

■ — species of Coffca (Hiern), vi.

— undetermined plant which produces
rubber (Christy), xxxvii.

Agar, A. P., elected, v.
Agar, J. G., elected, xxiv.
Air-reser\oirs of De Geer (Hammond),

liii.
Aird, D. A. M.. elected, xiv.
Aitchison. J. E. T., Flora of Kuram

Valley, liii.
Alaska Seals (Clarke), xxvii.

Alccdo heiigalensis exhibited, v.

Alces machlis, anatomy of (Watson and
Young), xxvi.

Alcock, R. H., elected, xiv.

Alga, new to Britain, Codiohim grcga-
riv.m (Holmes), liv ; on filter-beds at
Bradgate (Holmes), 1.

Alg.'\% British, presented, v; ' Challenger'
coll. by Moseley (Dickie), vi, xi; fresh-
water, from the Cape (Reinsch), xvii ;
freshwater, shown by E. M. Holmes, 1 ;
from Amazons (Dickie), Ivi ; from
Lake N'yassa (Dickie), xxxviii ; from
Polynesia, coll. by Moseley (Dickie),
vi; from Rodriguez (Dickie), xvi ;
Mycoidca, a new genus of (Cunning-
ham), xxii; of Arctic Exped. (Dickie),
Xxvi ; of ' Challenger,' suppl. note
on (Dickie), xiii ; of Kerguelen Land
(Archer), xi ; (Dickie), iv; (Reinsch),
vi-vii ; penetratingBryozoa CWaters),
xli.

Algeria, Ariindo Bonax used as parasol-
handles (Jackson), Iv.

Allis, T., deceased, ix.

All man, G. J., Botany of Riviera, Ix ; on
Linwocodhtm Victoria, Ixi ; on Pin-
guicula grcmdiflora, xxxv ; on rela-
tions of Ehahdojdcura, xxxix ; on
sense-organs in Hydroids, li ; re-
elected President. 1876, x ; 1877, xxi;
1878, xxxiv; 1879, xhii; 1880, Ix.

jillport, M., deceased, Iviii.

Aloinea^ and Yuccoide.T (Baker), lii.

Alps, butterflies from (Weir), xxiv.

Alston, E. R., elected Councillor, 1880,
Iv ; elected Fellow, v ; elected Secre-
tary, 1880, Ix.

Alterations in Chap. XIII. of Bje-Laws,
announcement at meeting, xli ; read,
xlii; read for second time, xliii; re-
jected, xliv.

Ixiv

AlveoIUes and allied forma (Nicholson
and Etlieridgp), xviii.

Amazons, Algjv; from (Dickie), Ivi.

Anth'i/pnc7t»fcit, nnomuluiis (Stewart),
Ivi, Ivii.

— , quadriradiate (Bell^, Ivi.

America (Autarctic), lichens of (Crom-
bie), V.

Amorican grasshopper (Oppermann),
xiv.

Amnrphoj^haUi's-vesGvabWng aroid (Mas-
ters), xxxvii.

Amphibia Urodcla, morphology of
skull (Parker), xlvii.

Anipliibinus fishes of India (Day), xv.

Anaifis rosea (M'Intosh), xvi.

Anal respiration in Decapods (Har-
tog), Ix.

Anaphe shown (Hewitt), Hi.

Anat. of elk (Watson and Young), xxvi.

Anderson, J., Arctomi/s dichroits, vii ;
on cloacal bladders and peritoneal
canals in Chelonia, iv ; on eye and
stomach-contents of Gangetic Dol-
phin, vii ; on habits of Horiibills, xv ;
on Mud-Turtle, v ; on osteology and
pterylosis of Eurynorhynchus J>y(J'
mo'iis, xi.

Anderson, Sir J., blanket-sponge ob-
tained by, iv.

Andira Amroha, shown (Hohnes), 1.

Andi-ogyuous mistletoe, xl.

Anemone, malformation in, xv.

Animi of E. coast of Africa (Kirk), vi.

Annelida, of Brit. N. Polar Exp. (M'In-
tosh), xxiv ; of ' Valorous' (M'Intosh),
xxii.

Anomalous Amhlypneii.sfcs (Stewart), Ivi.

AnoiiHirous Crustacea (Miers), xxiv.

Anonaceous seed found in Rhinoceros
(Dyer), xxv.

Ant, Myrmecodia attacked by a species
of (Britten), liii ; jjerforating Nepen-
thes (Masters), liii.

Antarctic America, lichens of (Crombie),

V.

Anthericea;, revision of (Baker), ii.

Ajitheridia of Polysiphonia shown
(Holmes), Ixi.

Antilocapra amcricana, abnormal spec,
of (Weir), liv.

Anfipathcs exhibited, xiv.

Ants, additional observations on (Lub-
bock), iv ; anatomy of (Lubbock), xl ;
Bee.s, and W\isps, III. (Lubbock), i;
habits of, VI. (Lubbock), xl ; VII.
(Lubbock), Ixii; food from glandular
bodies of plants (F. Darwin), x;
plants affording food for (Lynch), xl.

Aphilfifhrix Sieholdii, galls on oak
formed by (Holmes), xxvii.

Apiocrinid(P, new (Tliomson), x.

Aplysia dacfylomrln (Dobson), Ixii.

Apocynaccte by Miers, mentioned, vii.

Aquarium specimens oi Salmo fontiimlis
(Day), lii.

Arabian coffee-plants exhibited, x.

Archer, W., deceased, ix.

Archer, W., on Ballia, xi ; freshwater
alga; of Kerguelen Land, xi.

Archipelago, Philippine, birds from
(Sharpe), xiv.

Arctic exped. fungi (Berkeley), xxviii.

Arctomys dichrous (Anderson), vii.

Areca, Hyphmnc Argun seeds errone-
ously identified as an (Jackson), xl.

Argentine, Hcbridal (Day), liv.

Armature, male, in Rhopalocera (White),

XV.

Armit, W. E., elected, xiv ; on To'ephiia,
xxiv ; on skidl of Echidna sent by,
xxxvi ; on Tachyylossus and Ornltho-
rhynchus in Queensland, xxxvi.

Armstrong. J., elected, xiv.

Aruot, D.. elected, ii.

Aroid, gigantic, from Sumati'a (Mas-
ters), xxxvii.

Aroideoe, new (Brown), Ivi.

Arrow-poison from Buphane (Baker), xl.

Arrows and poisons from Fiji (Silver),
xxvi.

Artificial selection of sugar-beet(Tra vers),
xlii.

Arimdo Donax as parasol-handles (Jack-
son), Iv.

Ascidians, deep-sea (IVIoseley'), xv.

Ash, growing-point of, shown (Stewart),
Ixi.

Ashoncma settihalcnse exliibited, iv.

A.sparagus, so-called Bath, xxxv.

Asteroidea of Korean seas (Sladen),
xxxv.

Atkinson, W. S., deceased, ix.

Atlantic Ophiurid (Duncan), Ii.

Atthey, T., deceased, Iviii.

Auditory ossicles, Mammalian (Doran),

XV.

Aulacomnium turgidiim, new to Britain
(Holmes), xxxix.

Australia, Carpesium indigenous to
(Bailey), xlvii.

Australian, cuttlefish (Christy), xli ;
finches (Armit), xxiv ; flora and its
Monocotyledones (Bentham), xiii ;
flowers shown (Christy), Iv ; lichens
in Brown's herbarium (Crombie),
xlviii ; phytophagous beetles (Baly),
xxii ; Pitm-i (Christy), xli ; skulls
shown (Christy), 1.

Aveling, E. B., elected, xiv.

Bahirussa-i\\A\i shown (Middleton), liv.

rXDEX.

Ixv

Bacteria in fermentation (Baslian), xsii.
Baca, see Boca.

Baer, K. E. von, deceased, xix. [See
Obituary in Proc. Roy. Soc. vol. xxvii.
pp. i-v.]
Bailey, A., peat-fiood in Falklands,

xliii.
Bailey, C, elected, xxxv.
Baily, F. M , Carpcsium in Australia,

xlvii ; elected Fellow, xxix.
Bairstow, S. D., elected, liv.

Baker, J. Gr., Aloinese and Yuecoiden?,
lii ; Buphane toxicaria shown by, xl ;
ColchicaceiB, xxxix ; communications
by, xvi, xviii ; elected Councillor
1876, X ; exliib. fruit Pyvus com-
munis, var. Brigr/sii, ii ; ferns coll.
by Miss Gil^Din in Madagascar, xvii ;
do. from Madagascar, x; Liliacete
&c. of Welwitsch's herbar., xvii ;
monstrous thistle, lii ; Polynesian
ferns of ' Challenger ' exped., ii ; re-
moved from Council, 1878, xxxiv ; re-
vision of Antherice^e and EriospernietE,
ii ; sj-uopsis of Ilypoxidacea?, xxvii ;
Systema Iridacearum, xiv.

Baker, J. G-., and S. L. M. Moore, con-
trib. to flora of N. China, xlviii.

Baker, Sir S., discovery of cedar in
Cyprus (Hooker), 1.

Baldock, J. H., elected, iii.

Balfour, F. M., elected, ii.

Balfour, I. B., algaj coll. at Eodriguez
(Dickie), xvi ; elected, ii ; lichens coll.
in Rodriguez (Crombie), xi ; Myxo-
mycetcs new to Britain, xxxviii ; new
genus of Turneracese, iv; Pandaniis,
XXV ; vegetation of Rodriguez, xvi.

Ball, J., elected Councillor, xxxiv ; no-
minated V.-P. 1879, xlvii ; removed
from Council 1880, Ix ; Spicilegium
florai Maroccanaj, xvii.

BaUia (Archer), xi.

Ballot for Council 187(i, x ; 1877, xxi ;
1878, xxxiv ; 187*.>, xlv ; 1880, Ix.

— for Ofllcers 1870, x; 1877, xxi;
1878, xxxiv ; 1879, xlvii ; 1880, Ix.

Balsamodcndron Ehreiibergianum, B,
inyrrha, and B. IHayfairii shown
(Trimen), xliii.

Balston, W. E,, elected, xxxv.

Baly, J. S., Australian phytophagous
beetles, xxii ; new phytophagous Co-
leoptera, xxvi.

Bancroft, Dr., os sepia coll. bv(Christv),
xli.

Bancroft, T. L., elected, Iv.

Barboza du Bocage, J. V., elected, vii.

Bartlett, A. D., elected, Ii.

Bary, Prof, de, fungi prejiared by (Car-
rutiiers), iv.

LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. SESSIONS

Bdssia latifuli'X (Lockwood), xxvii.

Bastian, H. C, Bacteria in boiled fluid,
xxii.

Bates, H. W., communication by, xiii.

Bath asparagus shown, xxxv.

Bdellium shown (Trimen), xliii.

Beccari, O., Dipterocarpea; coll. by
(Dyer), xxvi ; gigantic aroid found
in Sumatra by. xxxvii.

Beccles, abnormal primrose from (Ben-
nett), xviii.

Bedingfield, J., deceased, xlv.

Bees, wasps, and ants, habits of
(LubbDck), III., i; IV., xvi; Y.,
xxvii ; VI., xl ; VII., Ixii.

Beet, selection for sugar (Travers), xlii.

Beetle, fungous growth on, shown, vii.

Beetles, Australian phytophagous (Baly),
xxii.

Begonia, Indian species of (Clarke), Ii.

Bell, F. J., abnormal Ainblypneustes,
Ivi.

Bell, Prof. T., alluded to from Chair,
Ivii ; death announced, liv-lv ; do.
reported, Iviii.

Bell-bird (Murie), xlviii.

Beluga leiicas (Murie), xxxvi.

Bennett, A. W., cleistogamic flowers,
xxxviii ; exhib. of mimetic insects of
Syria, xv ; growth of female flower-
stalk of Vallisneria spiralis, i ; growth
of flower-stalk of hyacinth, v ; prim-
rose with free stamens, xviii.

Bennett, J. J., deceased, ix; do. alluded
to, iv [see notice in Journ. Bot. n. s.
V. (lS7(i) 97-104] ; medals of Lin-
nteus formerly belonging to, pre-
sented by Mrs. Bennett, vii.

Bentham, C, communications by, vi,
xviii ; distribution of Monocotyledons
into prinuiry groups, xiii ; elected
Councillor 1880, Ix ; index to Trans-
actions compiled by, mentioned, v ;
nominated V.-P. 1876. x ; notes on
Euphorbiacete, xxxviii ; I'emoved from
Council 1877, xxi.

Bentley, R., elected Auditor 1878,
xxii.

Berber is, i-oots of (Carruthers), \-xviii.

Berjeau, C, elected, xxvi.
Berkeley, M. J., algre on Bradgato
filter-beds, 1 ; ' Challenger ' fungi,
III., xvi ; fungi from Kerguelen
Land, vii ; fungi of Arctic exped.,
xxviii ; portrait of, presented, xxxvii.
Berkeley, M. J., and C. E. Broome, fungi

from Brisbane, xxix ; of Ceylon, ii.
Berkeley, ]\I. J., and M. C. Cooke, fungi

of Brazil, iii.
Bernays, L. A., Carpcsiurn cermiuni in
Queensland, xxxviii.

1875-80. /

h

INDKX.

Berries oi Jidiiperu,^ phixnkea in Theban
tombs (Jackson), xl.

iiettany, G. T., clccte.l, Iv ; on voca-
bulary of botanical terms, Ivii.

Bicknell, A. S., elected, xxv.

Bigolow, J., deceased, xlv. [See Obituary
in Proc. Amer. Acad. xiv. 333-342.]

Birds, collected by Steere (Shurpc), xiv ;
from New Guinea (Sharpc), xi ; in-
troduced into N. Zealand (Brewer),
lii ; rare forms shown (Sharpe), xli ;
venous system of (Wade), vi.

Bird's .skull, II. (Parker), ii.

Black coi'al exhibited, xiv.

Blacklaw, — , Liberian coffee failure in
Brazil, Ivi.

Blair, D., elected, v.

Blanket-sponge exhibited, iv.

Blowfly, thorax of (Hammond), xlviii.

Bloxam, G. W., elected, iii.

Boea Covunersonii (Trimen), iii.

Boletus suhfoinentoms (Smith), xxvi,

Bond, W. K, withdrawn, xlv.

Bone imbedded in wood (Thomson),
xsxix.

Books on botany printed in Japan
(Moseley), xiv.

Borneo, Nepenthes hicalcarata from
([Masters), liii ; sp. Mi/rmecodia from
(Britten), liii ; weaving-instrument
from (Dyer), xl.

Borne t, E., elected, xli v.

BosiucUia Bhau-Bajiana, B. Carter ii,
and B. Frereana, xxiv.

Botanical, diagrams presented (Dodel-
Port), xliv ; photographs .shown
(Shoolbi'ed), Ii ; terms (Bettany),
Ivii.

Botany of ' Challenger ' (Moseley),
ii, iii, vi, xi, xiii, xiv, xvi, xxii.

Boulger, G. S., elected, xv , Thlasjii
2KrfoIiatuni as a British plant,
xviii.

Boulth, W. H., elected, x.

Bournemouth, Dahoecia poUfolia and
Erica vagans (Moggridge), xxv.

Bowerbank, J. S., deceased, xix. [See
Obituary notice in Geol. Mag. 1877,
p. 91.]

Boycott, T., elected Auditor 1877, xviii ;
1879, xliv ; elected Councillor, xxxiv ;
Nitella from St. Leonard's forest,
xxxvii ; retirement as Auditor an-
nounced, 1880, Ivi.

Boyd, W. C, elected, ii.

Bradgatc filter-beds choked by an Alga
(Holmes), 1.

Brady, G. S., elected, ii.

Braithwaitc, R.. appointed Scrutineer
1876, ix; 1878, x-xxiv, exhib. of
ChaiiKBrops Forfvnci, xxii.

Branches, disarticulation of (Lynch),
xviii.

Branch-tubers of Vitis (Lynch), xxxviii.

Brandt, J. F., deceased, Iviii ; men-
tioned, Ivii. [SeeObituary, Proc. Geol.
Soc. Lond. 1879-80, p. 44, and Journ.
Bot. 1879, p. 383.]

Braun, A., deceased, xix. [See Obituary
in Journ. Bot. (1877) 321.]

Brazil, fungi (Berkeley and Cooke), iii.

— jLibcrian coffee failure in(Christv),lvi.

Breese, C. J., Auditor, 1880, lix. '

Brett, J., Assoc, deceased, ix.

Brewer, H. M., birds and mammals in-
troduced into N. Zealand, lii ; fish
introd. into N. Zealand, hii ; plants
introd. into N. Zealand, Iv.

Bridlington, Hygrophorus Wgnniw from
(Murray), xx-xviii.

Briggs, T. R. A., fruits of Pi/rus com-
munis, var. Briggsii, exhibited by, ii.

Brisbane, fungi from (Berkeley and
Broome), xxix.

Britain, Aulacomniimi new to (Holmes),
x.xxix; Codiolum, an Alga new to
(Holmes), liv ; Myxomycetes new to
(Balfour), xxxviii.

Bi'itish algai presented, v.

— fauna. Bell's works mentioned, Ivii.

— lichens (Leighton), iii ; new (Leigh-
ton), xiv.

— plant, Thlaspi perfoliatum as a
(Boulger), xviii.

— Polyzoa (Peach), xxi.

Britten, J., Myrmecodia echinata and

M. glahra shown by, liii.
Brongniart, A., deceased, ix [Obituary

notice in Joiu*n. Bot. (1876) 95] ;

alluded to, iv.
Brook, G., elected, xxxix.
Brooke, Sir V. A., elected, iv.
Broome, C. E. (J. M. Berkeley and),

fungi from Brisbane, xxix ;, fungi of

Ceylon, ii.
Brown, G. D., elected, xiv.
Brown, N. E., elected Assoc, Ii ; on

new Ai'oidete, Ivi ; Stapelia; of Thun-

berg's herbarium, xxxvi.
Brown, R., Australian lichens in his

herbarium (Crombie), xlviii.
Brown, T. E., elected, xliv.
Bryozoa, entozoicFloridea;in(Reinsch),

xlii ; penetrated by alga; (Waters),

xli ; shell of (Waters), xxTcvi, Ixxvii.
Buchanan, J., elected, ii; on root -stock

of Maraftia fraxiitea, xvi.
Buitenzorg, views in (Dyer), xlix.
Bull, W., exhibition of living plants of

Liberian and Arabian coffee, x.
' Bulldog,' Ophiurid obtained during

cruise of (Duncan), Ii.

INDEX.

Ixvii

Buiibury, Mr., Australian Howers coll.

by (Christy), Iv.
Buphane toxicaria bulb shown (Baker),

xl.
Burbidge, E. W., note on Nepenthes

bicalcarata (Masters), liii.
Burns, W., elected, xvi.
Bury, Nepenthes sanguinea grown at

(Fitch), xli.
Burying-fishes of India (Day), xv.
Bushmen arrow-poison from Buphane

(Baker), xl.
Busk, G., elected Councillor 1880, Ix ;

moved vote of thanks for President's

address, 1877, xxi ; 1878, xxxiv ; 1870,

xlvii ; nominatecl V.-P. 1876, x ;

1878, XXXV ; Polyzoa of the North-

Polar Expedition, Ixii ; recent species

of Hetcropora, xlviii ; removed from

Council 1879, xlv.
Butler, A. G., butterflies of Malacca,

XV ; butterflies referred to Euplcea,

xxvii ; communication by, xlii ; exbib.

of n^yi Euptychia,ia.n; Pi/ramoccra, Iv.
Butter, J., deceased, xix.
'Butterflies from Alps (Weis), xxiv; from

Malacca (Butler), xv ; referred to

Euplceei (Butler), xxvii.
Butterfly, polymorphic (Westwood), Iv.
Bye Laws, chap. II., alterations in, xxx-

xxxi ; read first time, xxx ; do. second,

xxxi ; same confirmed, xxxii.
— , proposed alterations in chap. XIII.,

xli ; read in meeting, xlii ; do. second

time, xliii ; rejected, xliv.

Cadulus, 'Challenger' species (Watson),

xxxviii.
Caloptenus femur-rubrum (Oppermann),

xiv.
Cameron, J., cofFee-leaf disease, Ivi ;

elected, li.
Cameron, Lieut., plants coll. by (Oliver),

i.
Campbell, F. M., elected, xx-xix ; glands

in raaxillffi of spiders, Ixi ; stridula-

ting organ, Ixi.
Canaries, list of shells from (Watson), vi.
CandoUe, C. de, gcograph. distrib. Me-

liacete, xviii.
Cane called Whangee (Jackson), xv.
Canis fidvus, var. argentata, skin shown,

vii.
Canterbury, N.Zealand, ferns of (Potts),

xi.
Cape, freshwater algfc (Rcinsch), xvii. ;

lichens (Crombie), iii.
Cape Karroo, Buphane found at (Baker),

xl.
Cape York orchids (Reichenbach), iii.
Cardamom of Nepaul (King), xxiv.

Cardamoms from Hanbury's Herbarium

(Holmes) xxiii.
Cardiganshire salmon (Day), Iii.
Carduus crispus, monstrous (Baker), Iii.
Carnivorous water-beetles, respiratory

functions of (D. Sharpe), xiii.
Carpenter, P. H., Actinonietra, xxii ;

Solanoerimcs, Ixi.
Carpenter, W. B., communications by,

xxii, Ixi ; elected Councillor, 1876, x ;

nominated V.-P., 1876, x; removed

from Council 1878, xxxiv; seconded

vote of thanks to President, xxi.
Ceapesucm, indigenous in Australia

(Bailey), xlvii.

— ccniuum in Queensland (Bernays),
xxxviii.

Carpophaga, fruit of Oncocarpus in
crop of (Dyer), xxv.

Carr, W., deceased, xix.

Carrington, J. T., elected, liv; stone-
crab shown by, Iv.

Carruthers, W., adventitious roots of
Berberis, xxviii ; elected Councillor
1877, xxi ; exhibition of fungi by, iv ;
do. Pteropods, li ; moved vote of
thanks to Treasurer, Ix; nominated
V.-P. 1878, XXXV; 1879, xlvii ; removed
from Council 1880, Ix.

Caruel, T., elected, xxxi.

Casey, G. E. C, elected, xlii.

Cattell, W., elected, xxxv.

Cccropia peltata, glandular bodies of (F.
Darwin), x ; (Lynch), xl.

Cedrus Dcodara from Dorset, 1.

— Libani, var. brevijlora (Hooker), 1.
Celebes plants coll. by Eiedel (Oliver), i.
Cerveintesiaceee (Miers), xxvii.
Ceylon fungi (Berkeley and Broome), ii.
Chalk abraded by limpets (Hawkshaw),

xxx.
' Challenger ' Botany, Algi« (Dickie), vi,
xi, xiii.

— MoUusca (Watson), xxxviii, xxxix,
xlvii, Ivi, Ixii.

— Orchidacem (Reichenbach), iii.
— . See also Moseley.

Chammrops Fortunci in flower (Braith-
waite), xxii.

— leaf found in plank of rosewood
(Thomson), xxxix.

Chantre, M., elected, xxxi.

Chara, growing point of (Stewart), Ixi.

Chelonia, cloacal bladders and peritoneal

canals of (Anderson), iv.
Chester, flowers grown at (Walker), xxiii.
Chimmo, Capt.W., elected, xvii; Euplcc-

tclla aspergillum, xviii ; new Globige-

rina, xviii.
Chinese fruits shown (T. Christy),

xxviii.

Ixviii

INDEX.

Chinese, Nau-Mu tree used by (Dyer),

XXV.

Chitina crecopsis (Higgins), xxxi.

Chittim wood of Scripture (Hooker), 1.

Clilorophvll and liehcn-life (Murray).
Ixi.

Chonephora (Cunningham), xxxii.

Christie, A. C, elected, xxxv.

Christy, T., Australian flowers s,hown
by, Iv; berries of Liberian coifee, xxvii ;
black coral exhibited by, xiv ; chryso-
phanic acid shown by, 1 ; couiniuni-
cation by, xxvii ; elected Fellow, xiv ;
I'ailiu-c to raise Liberian coffee in Bra-
zil, Ivi ; india-rubber plants shown by,
xxxvii; Katal-grown 1 ea, xl ; on quali-
ties of Gi/nocardia odorata, xxxix ;
Pituri shown by, xli; Scrutineer 1880,
Ix.

Chrysophanic acid shown (T. Christy), 1.

Cicuta virosa, winter floating state of,
xxix.

Cidaridce, organs of (Stewart), xxv.

Cinchona Calimya, shown (Howard),
xxv.

Cinchona in India (Howai-d), xlvii.

Citron, "Claw of Buddha" (Christy),
xxviii.

Claphaiu, ChammropsFortunei flowering
without protection at (Braithwaite),
xxii.

Clarke, B., zoological arrangement, xxix.

Clarke, C. B., botanic notes fi-om Dar-
jeeling to Tonglo, ii ; Commdinaccce,
liii ; dimorphism in Gardenia turgida,
xxxix ; dimorphism in JRiihiacea; xxxvi ;
ferns of Northern India, xlvii ; Indian
Begonias, li ; Edgaria, ii.

Clarke, J. W., fur-seals shown, xxviii.

Clarke, R. (St. G. J. Mivart and), sacral
Ijlexus of lizards, xviii.

Clarke, E. F., elected, v.

Classification of Gasteropoda (Macdon-
ald),lxii; of Maioid Crustacea (Miers),
xlii ; of Narcisstig (Hibberd), vi.

" Claw of Buddha" citron from China
(Christy), xxviii.

Cleislogamic flowers (Bennett), xxxviii.

Cobbold,T. S., comuumicaiion bj',x-xviii;
elected Auditor, 1878, xxix ; exhibit.
Distoma sincn^e, iv. ; Filaria Ban-
crofti, xxviii ; Trematode parasites
irom dolphin of Ganges, vii.

Cochin China, Eestiaeeous plant from
(Masters), xliv.

Cocoons o'i An(q)hc (llewett), lii.

Codiolum grerjarium new to Britain
(Holmes), liv.

Coffca, African species of (Hiein), vi ;
C. stenophijUa sliown, x.

Coffee-berries, Liberian (Christy), xxvii.

Coffee-leaf disease (Abbay), xxxv : (Ca-
meron), Ivi. See also Hcmilcia.

Cofl'ee, Liberian, grown at Monrovia
(Morris), xliv ; its failure in Brazil
(Christy), hi.

Cohesion in flower uf Anemone, xv.

Colchicacea:, synopsis of (Baker), xxxix.

Coleoptera coll. by C. Darwin (Water-
house), xxxix ; new phytojihagous
Coleoptera (Baly), xxvi.

Coles, F., elected, xliii.

CoUetia hictoncnsia, Lindl., xxiii ; C.
Ci'uciata grown at Langford Budville,
xxiii, xx-xvii ; do. with combined cha-
racters (Masters), xxv ; G. sjjino^a
(Masters), xxvi.

CoUett, Lieut.-Col. H., elected, li.

Collett, R., Myodes Lcmmus in Norway,
xviii.

Collingwood, C, appointed Scrutineer,
1878, xxxiv; on MoUusea from Ea.st-
ern seas, xxviii.

Collins, J., Boswcl/ia Cartcrii coUecleil
by (Trimen), xxiv.

Collinson, II., deceased, xix.

Comatuhe and Solanocrinus (Carpen-
ter), Ixi.

Comber, T., elected, xxxi.

CommcUnaccm (Clarke), liii.

Committee on Finance, Ix.

Compositions invested, Ix.

Conidial fructification in Mucorina
(Cunningham), xxxii.

Conifers from Japan shown (Masters),
Iv ; movement in leaves of (Masters),
li.

Conii'in maculatum, venation of (Gor-
ham), xxviii.

Constable, J., elected, xvii ; withdrawn,
Iviii. ,

Cooke, E.W., deceased, Iviii; mentioned,
Ivii. [Obituary notice in ' Nature,' xxi.
261.]

Cooke, M. C, fungi of Texas, xxix.

Cooke, M. C, and M. J. Berkeley, fungi
of Brazil, iii.

Copal-tree identified (Kirk), vi.

Cornthwaite, T., deceased, xlv.

Corsellis, C. C, deceased, ix.

Corsi Salviato, aroid seedlings raised
by (Masters), xxxvii.

Cosson, E., elected, xxxi.

Cotton-pod wool, bird'.s nest of (Jack-
son), xxvi.

Coulson, W., deceased, xlv.

Cox, II. E., elected, ii.

Crassulaceai, inflorescoice of (Masters),
xli.

Craven, A., elected, ii.

Cresswcll, E., Codiohan discovered at
Tcignmouth by (Holmes), liv.

INDEX.

Ixix

Orinoids, new (Wyville Thumsoii), x.

Crinum aquaticum shown (Strickland),
xvii.

Crisp, F., elected Councillor, 1879, xlv ;
invertebrates from Naple-i, Ixi.

Croft, R. B., elected, iv.

Crombic, J. M., Australian lichens in
Robert Brown's herbai'iiiiu, xlviii ;
Dillenins's lichens, li ; elected Coun-
cillor, 1879, xlv ; Lichenes Capenses et
LichenesTerrajKergueleni, iii; lichens
from Madagascar, x ; lichens from
Rodriguez, xi ; lichens of antarctic
America (Cunningham), v; lichens
of ' Challenger,' xxii ; notes on (Stir-
ton), XXV ; reply to Dr. Stirton's
remarks on my paper on the ' Chal-
lenger ' lichens, xlviii.

Crotch, W. D., additional note on lem-
ming, xi ; exhibition of live lem-
mings, xiii ; exhib. silver fox and
lemming skins, vii ; on Norwegian
lemming, vii ; withdrawn, xlv.

Croydon, large oak-leaves from, xv.

Crustacea, anomurous (Miers), xxiv ;
fi'om Grreenland (Miers), 1 ; from
Vera Cruz (Miers), hi ; living in
Philippine sponges (Miers), xxii ;
oxystomatous (Miers), xi.

Cucurbitacea?, Edgaria, a new genus of,
Clarke, ii.

Cunningham, D. D., conidial fructifica-
tion in Mucoriua^ xx'xii ; elected, iii ;
Mycoidea, xxii.

Cunningham, R. O., lichens coll. by
(Crombie), v.

Cuix-uligo led/folia, weaving-instrument
for, shown (Dyer), xl.

Curl, S. M., elected, xliii.

Currey, F., communication of Gorham's
paper, xxviii ; elected Treasurer 1880,
Ix ; re-elected Secretary 187(>, x ;
1877, xxi ; 1878, xx-xiv ; 'l879, xlvii ;
Seci'etaryship resigned by, 1880, Ivii.

Cuttle-fish, Australian (Clu-isty), xli.

Cyatliocalyx Maingayi seed in Rhino-
ceros (Dyer), xxv.

Cyme, scorpioid, origin of (ITenslow),
xlix.

Cyprus, cedar from (Hooker), 1; wild
sheep of (Lord Lilford), Ixi.

Cystocarp of Polysipkonkc shown
(Holmes), Ixi.

JDaboccia joolifolia near Bournemouth

(Moggridge), xxv.
Dallas, W. S., elected auditor 1879,

xliv; elected Councillor 1879, xlv.
Danielssen, new species of Virgularia

to be described by, xxxv.
Darjeeling to Tonglo, Clarke, ii.

Darwin, C, Coleoptera collected by
(Waterhouse), xxxix.

Darwin, F., elected, ii ; glandular
bodies on Acacia sphcBrocephala and
Cecropia i^cltata as food for ants, x;
hygroscopic mechanism of seeds, v;
nutrition of Droscra rotundifuUa,
xxvi.

Davidson, T., elected, xxxviii.

Davis, R., deceased, xlv.

Davis Straits Annelids (M'Intosh), xxii.

Day, F., amphibious_'fishes of India, xv ;
exhib. Madras-bred trout and king-
fisher caught by JJnio, v; fishes from
the Deccan, vi ; Gadus macrucepha-
lits in the Thames, xliv; geograph.
distrib. of Indian fishes, I. xiv, II.
xviii, III. xxxix ; Hebridal Argen-
tine, liv ; instincts and emotions of
fish, xlix ; introduction of tench and
trout into India, \i; Irish stickle-
backs, xiii ; Salmonidtu shown by,
Iii; Scomber p)ii>ictatus of Couch, Ix.

De Bary, fungi prepared by (Carru-
thers), iv ; his researches on potato-
disease discussed, v.

Decapods, anal respiration in (Hartog),
Ix.

Deccan, fishes from (Day), vi.

DeCrespigny, A., Tordylium maximum
shown, xiii.

Deep-sea Ascidians (Moseley), xv.

DeCleer, air-reservoirs of (Hammond),
liii.

Bendrohium, new section of (Reichen-
bach), iii.

Denson, J., Assoc, deceased, ix.

Dentalium., ' Challenger ' species (Wat-
son), x-xxviii.

Deshayes, G. P., deceased, ix. [Obituary
notice in Journ. de Conch, xxiii.
pp. 123-127.]

Dew absorbed by plants (Henslow),
xxxviii.

Diagrams presented (Dodel-Port), xliv.

Dickie, G., Algaj from Amazons, Ivi;
do. from Kerguelen, iv; do. from
Lake N'yassa, xxxviii ; do. from Ro-
driguez, xvi ; do. of Arctic Exped.,
xxvi ; marine alga3 coll. by Moseley,
xi ; Polynesian alga\ vi ; supp. note
on alga3 of ' Challenger,' xiii.

Dickson, R., deceased, ix.

Dillenins's ' Historia Mnscorum' (Jack-
son), li ; lichens of (Crombie), h.

Dimorphism in Gardenia iurgida
(Clarke), xxxix; in Rubiacea3
(Clarke), xxxvi.

Dinornis leg-bone (Forsyth), Iii.

Biospyros Embryoptcris, embryo of
(Hiern), xvi.

1:

tNDBX.

Dipsacus J'iUlonum, fasciated stems of

(Jackson), xxvi.
Dipterocarpca; coll. by Beccari (Dyer),

xxvi.
Disarticulatiou of branches (Lynch),

xviii.
Distoma sincnsc (Cobbold), iv.
Distribution of Indian freshwater fishes

(Day), I. xiv, II. .wiii, III. xxxix.

— of Eubiace.x in tropical Africa
(Hiern), xxii.

— of the Laridic (Saunders), xxx.

— of the Vultures (Sbarpe), iii.
Dobson, Apli/sia dacfijlomcla, Ixii ; com-

niunications by, \\, Ixii.

Dodcl-Port, A. and C, diagrams pre-
sented by, xliv.

Dolphin of Ganges, Trematodes from
(Cobbold), vii.

Domestic pig of prehistoric times (Eol-
lestou), xi.

Doran, A. H. G., auditory ossicles of
Mammalia, xt.

D'Orbigny's notes on shells (Watson), vi.

Doum-palm seeds from Thebes (Jack-
son), xl.

Dowdeswell, G. F., elected, xxxviii.

Dowson, Miss, abnormal primrose coll.
by (Bennett), x\iii.

Drane, R., elected, xiv.

Droscra rotundifolia, nutrition of (F.
Darwin), x-xvi.

Druce, G. C, elected, xliii.

Dublin county, fungi of (Pim), xxii.

Dtibaisia mi/oporoidcs (Holmes), xxvii.

Duchartre, P., elected, xviii.

Duncan, P. M., elected, liv ; Hcmplio-
lis, Ivi ; Korean Ophiuroidea, xxxv ;
synthetic Ophiurid, li.

Duncan, P. M., and Nelson, on Cojal-
linea;, xi.

Dyer, W. T. T., Buitenzorg views,
xlix; communications by, xi, xxxv,
xliii, xhx, 1 ; Dipterocarpea; from
Kew Guinea, xxvi ; fruiting of IVi^-
taria sinensis, xlii ; exhibition of
Nau-Mu &c., XXV ; Gyncrmm naccha-
roides shown by, xliii ; Helichrysum
veatitxim shown by, xlii ; Latakia to-
bacco, vi ; new fodder-grass, Euchla-
na luocurians, xl ; new species of
Hoodia, vii ; Pfychosperma riipkola
in flower at Kew, x-xvii ; " Bain-tree,"
x.xvii ; removed from Council 1870,
X ; weaving-instruments from Borneo,
xl; Wclmtschia shown by, xliv.

Eastern seas Mollusca (Collingwood),

xxviii.
Eaton, A. E., algtc collected by (Dickie),

iv; freshwater algro from Kerguelen

(Reinsch), vi-vii ; lichens collected

by (Crombie), iii ; Musci and Hepa-

ticiB coll. by (Mitten), iv.
Echidna, skull of (Murie), xxxvi.
EchincUa articulata in filter-beds at

Bradgate (Holmes), 1.
Echinoderms of Southern seas, propa-
gation of (Wy ville Thomson), x.
Echinoidea of Korean seas (Sladen),

xxxv.
Echinops, monstrous thistle simulating

(Baker), Iii.
Echiod'M (Giinther), liv.
Edcjaria, a new genus (Clarke), ii.
Edgeworth, M. P., on pollen, iv.
Ehreuberg, C. G., deceased, xix.
Elk, anatomy of (Walson and Young),

xxvi.
Elliot, D. G., withdrawn, xxxiv.
Elm-bough withpulley imbedded (Hens-
low), xli.
Embida\ nymph-stage of (M'^Lachlan),

xxi.
Embryo of Biospyros (Hiern), xvi.
Embryo-sac in Phanerogams (Ward), 1.
Embryojitcris, embryo of (Hiern), xvi.
Emotions of fish (Day), xlix.
Emyda dura, plastron of (Anderson), v.
Enderby, C, deceased, xix.
Engelmann, G., elected, xxxi.
Entada scandens seed in Rhinoceros

(Dyer), xxv.
Epidcndrum bicornntum (Lynch), xl.
Enca vagans near Bom-nemouth (Mog-

gridge), xxv. .

Eriospermere, revision of (Baker), ii.
Etheridge,R., juni*., (A.Nicholson and)

on Ah'coUfeg, xviii.
EucJiIana luxurians, a new fodder

(Dyer), xl.
Eugenia apiculata grown at Chester

(Walker), xxiii.
Euphorbiacea^ notes on (Beutham),

xxxviii.
Eupkctdla (Miers), xxii ; E. a^Krgillum

(Chimmo), xviii.
Euploea, butterflies referred to (Butler),

xxvii.
Evptychia, new, exhibited (Butler), xiii.
European Rhopalocera, genital arma- ~

ture in (White), xv.
Eurynorhynchus pygnmis (Anderson),

xi.
Evans, J., elected, xxviii.
Exhibition scient. apparatus (Owen),

iv.
Extinct, land-toi'toises (Haddon), 1.
— lizards of Mascarene Islands (Giin-
ther), xvii,

Falklands, peat-flood in (Bailey), xliii.

INDEX.

Ixxi

Faraday, F. J., elected, xxxviii.

Fasciated stems of J)ipsacuti used as
parasol-haudles (Jackson), xxvi.

Fauna of Arctic seas (Moss), xxiv.

Feildeu, Capt., insects coll. by at Grin-
nell Land, xxiv ; insects and Arach-
nida coll. by (M'^Lachlan), xxiv.

Felt-sjDonge exhibited, iv.

Fenzl, E., deceased, Iviii ; elected, xxxi ;
mentioned, Ivii. [See Obituary, Sitzb.
zool.-bot. Ges. "Wien, Bd. xxx. p. 30.]

Ferment, digestive, of i^epmtJics (Yines),
xi.

Fermentation and Bacteria (Bastian),
xxii.

Ferns, coll. by Miss Gilpin in Mada-
gascar (Baker), xvii ; coll. by Steere
(Hai-rington), xvi; distribution of
(Saunders), xxx ; from Madagascar
(Baker), x ; of ' Challenger ' from
Polynesia (Baker), ii ; of N. India
(Clarke), xlvii.

Fertilization and nutrition of flowers
(Meehan, Henslow), xliv; oiMcyenia
erecta (Lynch), xxx ; of plants (Hens-
low), xxiv.

Fiji, Pinarolestes from (Sharpe), xli.

Filaria Bancrofti (Cobbold), xxviii ; F,
sangids-hominis (Mansou), xxviii.

Filter-beds choked by alga (Holmes), 1.

Financial statements, 1876, viii, ix ;
1877, xix, XX ; 1878, xxxii ; 1879, xlvi ;
1880, lix.

Finches from Australia (Armit), xxiv.

Firs shown (Masters), li.

Fishes from the Deccau (Day), vi ; In-
dian freshwater (Day), I. xiv, II. xviii,
III. xxxix ; introduced into New
Zealand (Brewer), liii.

Fitch, E. A., elected, xl.

Fitch, J. N., elected, xxv.

Fitch, W. H., drawing of Nepenthes san-
guinea, xli.

Fitzgerald, R. D., pouch of marsupials,
xvi.

Flora, of Ireland, Moore's work on,
mentioned, Ivii ; of Kuram Valley
(Aitchison), liii; of Marion Island
(Moseley), xiv.

Floral estivation (Henslow), x.

— development of Sapotacea; (Hartog),
xxii.

Florence, aroid seedlings raised at
(Masters), xxxvii.

Florideaj, entozoic, on Bryozoa and
Sponges (Reinsch), xlii.

Flower, superposition of part of (Mas-
ters), xi.

Flower, W. H., communication by, xv.

Flowering-plants, terms used in de
scribing (Bettany), Ivii.

Floyer, E. A., elected, xxv.
Fluke, new human (Cobbold), iv.
Flii->(rafoliacea and F.friincata{Gne\e),

li.
Food-bodies for ants in plants (Lynch),

xl.
Forbes, F. B., elected, ii.
Forbes, H. O., Myrmecodia coll. by

(Britten), liii.
Forbes, W. A., elected, xliii.
Forest-trees (Masters), xvii.
Forsyth, J., leg-bones oi' Dinornis (Mu-

rie), lii.
Fossil, fungus (Smitli), xxvi ; walrus-
tusks (Lankester), xxviii, Ivii.
Foster, M., elected Councillor 1880, Ix.
Fowler, W. W., elected xxxvii.
Frankincense-tree (Trimen), xxiv.
Fraxinus, growing-point of (Stewart),

Ixi.
Fremontia ccdifornica grown at Chester

(Walker), xxiii.
Freshwater alg£e, Iverguelen (Archer),

xi, (Reinsch), vi, vii ; from the Cape

(Reinsch), xvii ; shown by Mr.

Holmes, 1.
Freshwater fishes of India (Day), xiv,

II. xviii, III. xxxix.
Freshwater medusa, new (Allman), Ixi.
Fries, E. M., deceased, xxxiv. [See Obi-
tuary in Journ. Bot. (1878) 95, and

Bot.' Soc. Edinb. xiii. 383.]
Fries, T. M., Lichens Brit. N. Polar

Exped., xlvii.
Fruit of Oncocarjmsivoxn crop of pigeon

(Dyer), xxv.
Fruiting Wistaria sinensis (Dyer), xlii.
Fruits and seeds from Thebes (Jackson),

xl.
— from China (Christy), xxviii.
Fungi, drawings of (Smith), xxvi ;

exhib. (Carruthers), iv ; from Bris-
bane (Berkeley and Broome), xxix ;

of Arctic Exped. (Berkeley), xxviii ;

of Brazil (Berkeley and Cooke), iii ;

of Ceylon (Berkeley and Broome), ii ;

of Dublin and Wicklow (Pirn), xxii ;

of Texas (Cooke), xxix.
Fungus, fossil (Smitli), xxiv ; peculiar

properties ascribed to a (Powell),

xxix.
Fungus-growth on beetle exhibited, vii.
Funicle of Acacia-seed (Lynch), lii.
Fur-Seals shown by J. W. Clarke, xxviii.

Gadus macrocephalns in Thames (Day),

xliv.
Galls on oak, formed by Aphilothrix

SicbokUi (Holmes), xxvii.
Gamble, J. S., elected, xxv.
Gangetic dolphin, eye and contents of

Ixxii

INDEX.

stomach shown, vii ; do. Trematodes

from (Cobbokl), vii.
Gan^etic Mud-tiirtlc (Anderson), v.
Gardenia fiin/ida, dimorphism in

(Clarke), xxxix.
Gardner, E. T., elected, xvi.
Gareloeh, Pteropods from (Carrutbers),

li.
Gasteropoda, classification of (Macdon-

ald), kii.
Gastcrostcuii, Irish (Day), xiii.
Geddes, P., crustaceans coll. by (Miers),

hi.
Geei?e, wild, their migration (Prior), xxv.
Gegenbaur, C, elected, xviii.
Genital armature, Ehopalocera (White),

XT.

Geograph. distrib. Indian freshwater
fishes (Day), I. xiv, II. xviii, III.
xxxix.

— of Laridic (Saunders), xxx.

— of Meliacea; (C. de CandoUe), xviii.

— of Vultui'es ()Sliarpe), iii.
Germination of Pachira (Lynch), xxxi.
Gilbert, .1. IL, elected, i.

Gillies, R., elected, xvi.

Gilpin, Miss, Madagascar ferns coll. by
(Baker), xvii.

Glands in maxillaj of spidei's (Camp-
bell), Ixi.

Glandular bodies on Acacia sph(Bro-
ccphala and Cccropia fcltata (F. Dar-
win), X.

— organs in fishes (Giinther), liv.
Globigcriim, new (Chimmo), xviii.
Goa-powder from Andim (Holmes), 1.
Goadman. N., mimetic insects of Syria

collected by, xv.

Godman, F. D., elected auditor 1880, lix ;
elected Councillor, xxxiv ; removed
from Council ISSO, Ix.

Gooding, R., elected, iv.

Gordon Castle, forest-trees from (Mas-
ters), xvii.

Gorham, J., venation of Conium macu-
latum, xxviii.

Go?s, H., elected, xvi.

Graminea;, Munro's work at, mentioned,
Iviii.

Grant, Ool. J. A., elected Councillor 1877,
xxi ; nominated V.-P. 1878, xxxv ;
removed fi-om Council 1879, xlv.

Grape within a grape (Masters), xxiii.

Grasses from stomach of Gangetic dol-
phin shown, vii.

Grasshopper, American(Oppermann),xiv.

Green parts of plants, absorption by
(Ilenslow), xxxviii.

Greene, J. P., elected, xli; presentation
by, xlix.

Greenland Crustacea (Miers), 1.

Grieves, Dr.J.,Pteropods obtained by, li.
Grifllths, J. E., elected, xxxix.
GrinufU Land, insects coll. at, xxiv.
Grisebach, A. H. R., deceased, xlv. [See

Obituary in Bot. Soc. Edinb. xiv.

pt. 1, p. 13.]
Grote, A., elected Councillor 1879, xlv ;

nominated V.-P. 1879, xlvii ; vote of

thanks to Pres. 187G, seconded by, x.
Growing -points of Chara and ash

shown (Stewart), Ixi.
Growth of hyacinth (Bennett), v.
Grut, F., nominated Scrutineer 1870,

ix, X ; 1877, xxi.
Guilfoyle, W. R., elected, v.
Gulls, distribution of (Saunders), xxx.
Gum-resins produced by Boswellia

(Holmes), xxiv.
Gimther, A. C. L. G., Echiodon and

Scopeiui, liv ; electedCouncillor, xxxiv ;

elected Fellow, xvi ; on Mascarene

extinct lizards, xvii; removed from

Council 1880, Ix.
Gyiunozoidal discostomatous Flagellata

(Kent), xxii.
Gyncr'mm saccharoides shown (Dyer),

xliii.
Gynocardia odorata, its qualities

(Christy), xxxix.

Habits of ants, bees, and wasps (Lub-
bock), III., i; IV. xvi; V., xxvii;
VI., xl ; VII., Ixii.

— of EmbidaB (M<^Lachlan), xxi.

— of hornbills (Anderson), xv.
Haddon, A. C, laud-tortoises of Mauri-
tius, 1.

Hiemadoracete collected by Welwitsch
(Baker), xvii.

Hamilton, J. L., elected, xxxix ; with-
drawn, Iviii.

Hammond, A., elected, xxxviii ; Tanypus
macidaiiis larva, liii; thorax of blow-
fly, xlviii.

Haubury, D., collection of cardamoms
(Holmes), xxiii ; specimens of i?o.s-
%i:cUia (Holmes), xxiv.

Hanbury, T., elected, xxxviii.

Hance, H. F., elected, xxvii.

Hanley, S., two rare shells, xxxix.

Harland, A. A., elected, xxix.

Harman's, F. E., report on coffee leaf
disease (Cameron), Ivi.

Harrington, M. W., elected, xvi; ferns
collected by Steere, xvi.

Hart, H.C., insects and Arachnida coll.
by (M'Lachlan), xxiv.

Harting, J. E., elected Auditor 1879,
xliv ; removed from Council 187<», x.

Hartog, M. M., anal respiration in
Decapods, Ix; floral development of

INDEX.

Ixxiii

Sapotacege, xxii ; morpbologj- of Thun-
bergia, xv.

Harvey, W. H., British algiB named
bj,v.

Haselden. A. F., witbdrawn, xxi.

Hawkshaw, J.. C., action of lirapeta on
chalk, XXX.

Heath, A. S., elected, xa-.

Hebridal argentine (Day), liv.

Hector, J., elected, ii.

Helichri/sum vcstltiim shown by Mr.
Dyer, xlii.

Helix virgata, rare variety of, xxviii.

Helvella, new species of (Pliillips), xlvii.

Henuleia vastatrix (Morris), xlix.

Hemipholus, unusual form of (Duncan),
Ivi.

Hemiptera, new (White), xxxviii.

Heuslow, G., absorption by green parts
of plants, xxxviii; androgynous mistle-
toe, xl ; communications by, xxviii,
xliv ; elected Councilloi', xxxiv ; floral
aestivation, x ; nominated Scrutineer
1879, xlv ; numerical increase in
parts of plants, xxi ; origin of scor-
pioid cyme, xlix ; remarks on nu-
trition and fertilization of flowers,
xliv ; removed from Council 1880, Ix ;
self-fertilization of plants, xxiv ; wood
with pulley imbedded, xli.

Hepatica3, i'rom Kerguelen (Mitten), iv ;
shown by Mr. Holmes, 1.

Hervan, A., elected, xxix.

Hetcrodlctyum ? new to Britain (Bal-
four), xxxviii.

Heteromgs, structure of (Murie), xliv.

Heteropora, recent sp. of (Busk), xlviii.

Heward, R., deceased, xxxiv. [See
Obituary in Clard. Chron. n. s. viii.
571.]

Hewitson, W. C, deceased, xlv. [See
Obituary in Trans. Northumb. Nat.
Hist. Soc. vii. 223.]

Hewitt, A. J., Aiiaphe shown by. Hi.

Hexactinellid Spongidae, new genus of
(Murie), iii.

Hibberd, S., classification of Narcissus,
vi.

Hiern, W. P., African species of Coffm,
vi ; embi'yo of Diospyros Embryo-
pteris, xvi ; removed from Council
1876, X ; Eubiacete in tropical Africa,
xxii.
Higgin, T., Chitina erecopsis from New

Zealand, xxxi ; elected, x.
Higgins, H. H., tubularian hydrozoon

from N. Zealand, xxxi.
Hildebrand's collection of Boswellia

Frercana (Trimen), x.'civ.
Hillhouse, W., elected, iii.
Himalaya, oak from (King), iii.

Hippidas, revision of (Miei's), xxiv.

Hirudines, new (Macdonald), vi.

Histology and development of Ballia
(Archer), xi; of CoralUnea; (Nelson
and Duncan), xi.

Hobkirk, C. C. P., elected, xxviii.

Hofmeister, W., deceased, xix. [See
Obituary, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. xiii.
122.]

Holme, C, elected, xlvii.

Holmes, E. M., Anclira Ararobcc shown
by, 1 ; Aulaco milium new to Britain,
xxxix ; Codiolum gregarium in Bri-
tain, liv ; elected Fellow, ii ; exliibi-
tion of Kentish mosses, vi ; micro-
scopic preparation shown by, 1 ; oak-
galls formed by Aphilothrix Sieboldii
from Willesborough, xxvii ; Polysi-
phoniafastigiata shown by, Ixi ; sugar-
cane attacked by fungus, xxiii.

Hoodia, new species of (Dyer), vii.

Hooker, J. D., communications by, vii,
xi, xvii, xlii, xlvii ; exhibition of
Cedar from Cyprus, 1 ; Moseley's
Botany of the ' Challenger,' ii ; pre-
sentation of portrait of Eev. M. J.
Berkeley by, xxxvii ; removed from
Council 1876, x ; vote of thanks to
Pres. 1876, moved by, x ; vote of
thanks to Treasurer seconded by, Ix.

Hornbill from Isle of Panay (Sharpe),

XV.

Hornbills, habits of (Anderson), xv.

Hornimau, F. J., elected, iv.

Hotari-gum shown (Trimen), xliii.

Howard, J. E., Cinchona CaUsaya shown
by, XXV ; " Cinchona in India '' al-
luded to, xlvii.

Hudleston, W., elected, xxxvii.

Hudson, E.., elected Auditor 1876, vi ;
1878, xxix; elected Councillor 1877,
xxi ; removed from Council 1879, xlv.

Hiigel, Baron von, birds collected by
(Shai'pe), xli.

Hugo, T., deceased, xix.

Hunt, H. G. B., elected, Ixi,

Hussey's Mycological illusti'ations pre-
sented, xlix.

Hyacinth, gx'owtli of flower-stalk (Ben-
nett), V ; ovary of (Stewart), Iii.

Hydroid medusa, new (Allman), Ixi.

Hydroids, sense-organs in (Allman), Ii.

Hygrop)hori(s Wynnice shown (Murray),
xxxviii.

Hygroscopic mechanism of seeds (F.
Darwin), v.

Hymenoptera, minute (Westwood),
xxix ; new (Smith), xlii.

Hyphmne thcbaica and H. Argun, seeds
of, found at Thebes (Jackson), xl.

Hypoxidacea; collected by Welwitsch

JA-^lSi. SOC. rilOCEEDI>*GS. — SESSIONS 1875-80,

i/

Ixxiv

iNiEX.

(Bukcr), xvii ; >yiiop»irfof the (Bukcr),
xxvii.
Ifypsij)rj//unudo>i (Owou), xxvi.

Iliff, W. T., deceased, i.\.

Impaiieih-', cleistoguuiic llowers of
(Beunctt), xxxviii.

Index to Transactions alluded to, v.

India, ain]ihibiuiis fislics of (Day), xv;
Cinchona in (Howard), xlvii; ferns
of Northern (Chirke), xlvii; Sjwnc/illa
Carteri from (Lockwood), xxvii;
sugar-cane disease in (Holmes), xxiii.

India-rubber from a species of Landvl-
pkia (Christy), xl.

Indian Begonias (Clarke), li.

— freshv\-ater fishes (Day), xiv, x\iii.
Inflorescence of Crassulaceoe (Masters),

xli.
Infusoria, new order of (Kent), xxii.
Insectivora shown (Peckover), xiii.
Insects, collected at Grinnell Land, xxiv ;

eoU. by Feilden and Hart (M<'Lacli-

lan), xxiv; from Java (Ploem), xxv,

(Waterhouse), xxv ; from Madagascar

exhibited (Peckover), xiii.
Instincts of fish (Day), xlix.
Invertebrates from Naples (Crisp), Ixi.
Iridacea! coll. by Wehvitsch (Baker),

xvii ; system of (Baker), xiv.
Irish flora, Moore's work on, mentioned,

Ivii.

— sticklebacks (Day), xiii.
Irregular Ambli/pucnsfes (Stewart), Ivii.
IschcEmviu rii(/osu//i from stomach of

Gangetic dolpliiu, vii.

Jackson, B. D., editions of Dillenius's
' Historia Muscorum ' shown by, li ;
elected Councillor 18S0, Ix ; elected
Secretary 1880, Ix.

Jackson, J. R.,ArHndoBona.v for parasol-
handlcs, Iv ; fruits and seeds from
Tliebes, xl ; Lai/ciiarifi fruits shown
by, XXXV ; nest of wool-bird, xxvi ;
samples of cofTee, x; Yucca baccata
shown by, xxxi ; whangee cane, xv.

Japan, marine alga; of (Dickie), xi.

Japanese books on Botany shown, xiv.

— Conifers shown (Masters), Iv.

Java, insects from (Plocm), xxv, (Water-
house), xxv ; views of vegetation in
(Dyer), xlix.

Jeffreys, J. G., Askonema setuhalcnsc
cxliibited by, iv ; communication by,
\'\ ; nominated V.-P., 187l) x, 1878
XXXV, 1879 xl\ii; on position of the
genus Scc/ucncic, \\ ; re-elected Trea-
Burer, 187*5 x, 1877 xxi, 1878 xxxiv,
1879 xlvii ; shells froui Korean
Strait, xxxvi ; Treasurcrship resigned

by, lt)8(.l, Ivii ; Virf/ulariK from A'or-

way, xxxv.
Johnston, R., elected, xli.
Jones, J. M., witlulrawn, xxxiv.
Jones, W., elected, 1.
Joshua, \V., elected, xxiv._
Juan Fernandez, marine algic from

(Dickie), xi.
Janipcriis phtxuiaa berries in tombs at

Thebes (Jackson), xl.

Kensington (South), Loan Exhibition of

apparatus at (Owen), iv.
Kent mosses (Holmes), vi.
Kent, AY. S., new order of Infusoria,

xxii.
Kcrguelen's Land, algie from (Dickie),iv,

(Eeinsch), vi-vii ; freshwater algae of

(Archer), xi ; fungi (Berkeley), vii ;

lichens (Croiubie), iii ; Musci andlle-

paticic (Mitten), iv.
Kerswill, J. B., elected, w\\.
Kesteven, AA'. P., Mclocactus sliown by,

xxxviii.
Kew, G//ncrii(,ii saccharokk;^ grown at

(Dyer), xliii.
— , Ptt/chos])crma rubicola in flower at

(Dyer), xxvii.
— , Wclwitf^chkx ,nirabi/lsgvo\\u at (Dyer),

xliv.
King, CI., oak from the Sikkim Hima-
laya, iii ; sport in I'aritium trkuspc,

ii ; winged Cardamom of Nepaul,

xxiv.
Ivingfisher caught by Unio, exhibited, v.
Kippist, E., his illness alluded to, Iviii.
Kirk, J., identification of copal-tree, vi.
Knight, C, New-Zealand lichens, xvii.
Korea, Echiuoderms from (Sladen),xxxv ;

Ophiuroidea (Duncan), xxxv ; sliclls

from (Jeffreys), xxxvi.
Kuram Valley flora (Aitchison), liii.

Lac/eiiaria-i'rmis ornamoited by artifi-
cial means (Jackson), xxxv.

Lake N'yassa, alga; from (Dickie), xxxviii.

Lambci-t, T., deceased, xix.

Lance, J. H., deceased, xxxiv.

Land-tortoises of Mauritius and Rodri-
guez (Iladdon), 1.

Landolpliia, fresh india-rubber juice
from a species of (Christy), xl.

Jjandolphia florida shown by T. Cln-isty,
xxxvi i.

Langford Budville, Colkiia cniciata
grown at, xxiii, xxxvii.

Lankester, E. E., elected, iii; on fossil
walrus-tusks, xxviii, Ivii.

Larida;, distribution of (Saunders), xix.

Larva of Tavyiivs viaculaia (Ham-
mond), liii.

INDEX.

Ixxv

Latakia tobaccio (Dyer'), vi.

Laver, H., elected, xiv.

Lawes, Kev., birds coll. by (Sharpi'), xli.

Lawson, W. S., elected, xxiv.

Layard, Consul E., poisons from Fiji
obtained by (Silver), xxvi.

Leares of Conifers (Masters), li.

Leckenby, J., deceased, xix. [Seo Obi-
tuary notice in Geol. Slas,'. (lf^77),
382.]

— , elected, ii.

Lee, H., elected Auditor, iSTT.^xviii;
elected Councillor, 187(5, x ; removed
from Council, 1878, xxxiv.

Lees, F. A., and Mr. West, moss found
by (Holmes), xxxix.

Legacies received, Ix.

Leg-bones of Dinornis (Forsyth), lii.

Legge, W. v., elected, xxv,

Leighton, W. A., new British Lichens,
iii, xiv.

Lemming, additional note on (Crotch),
xi ; in Norway (CoUett), xviii ; migra-
tion and habits of (Crotch), vii ; skins
exhibited, vii.

Lemmings exhibited alive, xiii.

Lemmus norvegiciis, skins exhibited, vii.

Lemuroid visiting Nepenthe (Masters),
liii.

Lenticular organ in fishes (G-iinther),
liv.

Lepidoptera coll. at Grinnell Land, xxiv,

Lepfospcnmim-hark used in medicine
(Stewart), xvii.

Leuekart, R., elected, xviii.

Lewis, W. A., deceased, xxxiv. [See
Obituary in Ent. Mon. Mag. xiv. 119.]

Liberian coffee, berries (Christy), xxvii;
failure in Brazil (Christy), Ivi ; grown
at Monrovia (Morris), xliv ; plants
exhibited, x.

Library, report on, 1880, Iviii.

Lichen-life and chlorophyll (Murray),
Ixi.

Lichens of the BritishNorth-Polar expcd.
(Fries), xlvii ; from Australia in
Robert Brown's herbai-ium (Crombie),
xlviii ; from Madagascar collected by
Pool (Crombie), x; from Rodriguez
(Crombie), xi ; from the Cape and
Kerguelen's Land (Crombie), iii ; new
Britisli (Leighton), iii, xiv ; notes on
Crombie's paper on ' Challenger ' (Stir-
lon), xxv ; of Antax-etic America
(Crombie), v ; of Challenger' (Crom-
bie), x-xii; of 'Challenger,' Stirton's
remarks answered by J. IM. Crombie,
xlviii; of N. Zealand (Knight), xvii;
Mycoidea in relation to (Cunning-
ham), xxii ; sliown by Mr. Holmes, 1.

Lilford, Lord, Ov/f ophion shown by, Ixi.

Liliaceai collected by Welwitsch (Baker),
xvii ; synopsis of aberrant tribes of
(Baker), xxxix.

Limnocodiiim Victoria (Allman), Ixi.

Limpets, action on chalk (Hawkshaw),

XXX.

Linnajus, medals struck in honour of,
presented by Mrs. Bennett, vii ; Phri/'
ganea described by (Wallengren),
xlviii.

Linuell's portrait of J. C. Loudon, xxix,

Limim, specimens sliown, xliv.

Linyphia tcrricola, stridulating- organ of
(Campbell), Ixi.

Liparidie, new genus of (Butler), Iv.

Lister, A,, exhib. plasmodium of MyxO'
mycctes, xvi.

Lithodes arctica shown (Carrington), Iv,

Liversidge, A., elected, xvii.

Lizards, from Mascarene Islands (Giin-
ther), xvii ; sacral plexus of (Mivart
and Clarke), xviii.

Loan Exhibition of Scientific Apparatus
at S. Kensington (Owen), iv.

Lockwood, E., on Bassia lati folia, xxvii;
SpongiUa C'artcri, xxvii.

Lockwood, J., deceased, Iviii.

Lomaria from N. Zealand (Potts), xi,

Loudon, J. C, portrait presented, xxix.

Lowe's list of Webb's type shells, vi.

Lubbock, Sir J., anatomy of ants, xl;
additional observations on ants, iv ;
ants, bees, wasps, III. i, IV. xvi,
V. xxvii, VI. xl, VII. Ixii, com-
munication by, xxxix ; seconded vote
of thanks to Mr. Kippist, xlvii.

Luff, A. P., elected, xxxix.

Luminous organs in fishes (Giinther),
liv.

Lush, J. W. IL, elected, ii.

Lynch, R. I., Acacia homalophylht, lii;
branch-tubers and tendrils in Vitis
gongylodcs, xxxviii ; disarticulation of
branches, xviii ; fertilization of Mey-
enia erect a, xxx ; germination of Pa'
chira, xxxi ; plants affording protection
and food for ants, xl ; wheat from
P(»lar Expedition shown, xv.

MacAndrew, J. J., elected, xxxix.

M'"Oonnell, discoverer o{ Bi.stoma sinense
(Cobbold), iv.

Macdonald, J., elected, xxii.

Macdonald, Dr. J. D., classification of
Gasteropoda, Ixii ; new genus of Tre-
matoda and new Hirudines, vi.

M'Intosh, W. C. M., Anaifis rosea, xvi •
branched Sylli)<, xhii; Annelida of
H.M.S. ' Valorous,' xxii ; annelids of
the Brit. N. Polar Exped., xxiv.

M«Lachlan, R., elected Auditor, 1877,

Ixxvi

iNbT;x.

xviii, 1880, hi; cloctwl Councillor,
187U, xlv ; insects eolk'cl 0(1 b_v Feildcn
and Hart,xxiv; nominated Scrutineer,
1877, xxi ; notes on Wallengren's
paper on I'hri/ganea , xlviii ; uymph-
stage of Embidw, xxi ; presentation of
Treasurer's accounts, 1877, xix.

M'Nub, W. R., elected, xxi.

Macoun, J., elected, xxt.

Mcpherson, G. G., deceased, ix.

Madagascar, ferns collected by IMiss Gil-
pin (Baker), xvii ; do. Pool (Baker), x ;
insects shown from, xiii ; I'ljramocera
from (Butler), Iv.

INIadras-bred trout (Day), v.

Maliwa tree (Lockwood), xxvii.

Maioid Crustacea (Miers), xlii.

Malacca, butterflies of (Butler) xv; Ke-
pcvf/u's sanfiuinca from (Fitch), xli.

Malvern, N. Zealand, ferns of (Potts), xi.

Mammalia, new classification (Clarke),
xxix ; introduced into Kew Zealand
(Brewer), Hi.

Manna, so-called Persian (Stewart), xvii.

Manson, P., on Filaria sangids-homi-
nis, xxviii.

Map showing lemming migrations, xiii.

Maraffia fraxinea, root-stock of (Bu-
chanan), xvi.

Maries, conifers coll. by (Masters), Iv.

Marine algse collected by H. N. Moseley
(Dickie), xi.

Marion Island flora (Moseley), xiv.

Marocco, flora of (Ball), xvii.

Marshall, T. A., withdrawn, xxxiv.

Marsupialia, new family in (Owen),
xxvi ; pouch of (Fitzgerald), xvi.

Murupa (Miers), xxxi.

Mascarene lizards (Giinther), xvii.

Masters, M. T., adventitious tubers of
Brassica Eapa, xxiii ; CoUctia with
combined characters, xxv ; exhibition
of forest-trees, xvii ; gigantic aroid

. found by Beccari in Sumati-a, x-xxvii ;

. grape within a grape, xxiii ; inflores-
cence of Crassulaceas, xli ; Japane.se
Conifers collected by Maries, Iv ; mor-
phology of Prinuilacciv, xxi ; move-
ments in leaves of Conifers, li ; Ne-
penthes hicalcarafa shown by, liii ;
Restiaceous plant from Cochin China,
xliv ; spruce-firs shown by, li ; super-
posed arrangements of the parts of
the flower, xi.

Matclnvick, W., Scrutineer 187(>, ix, x.

Matthew, M. A., elected, xxiv.

Maxilla; of spiders (Campbell), Ixi.

Maximowicz, C. J. de, elected, Ivi.

Mechanism of certain seeds which bury
themselves (F. Darwin), v.

Medusa, freshwater (Allman, Cri.sp), Ixi.

Mednsiv, new species of (Romanes), vi,

XV.

Meehan, T., nutrition and fertilization
of flowers, xliv ; production of seed
in Wistaria sinensis, xxviii.

Meiklejohn, J. W. S., elected, xv.

Meliaceoe, geographical distribution (C.
de CandoUe), xviii.

Melles, W., elected, xv.

Mellis, J. C, withdrawn, xlv.

MeJocactus shown by Dr. Kesteven,
xxxviii.

Menispermacea by Miers mentioned, Ivii.

Mestayer, R., withdrawn, xxxiv.

JMetschnikoff, E., elected, Ivi.

Meyenia erecta, fertilization of (Lynch),
XXX.

Meyer ina (Miers), xxii.

Michael, A. D., elected, xlvii.

Middleton, R. M., Bahirus&a alfurus
shown bj'. liv ; elected, liv.

Migration of wild geese (Prior), xxv ;
of lemmings (Crotch), xiii.

Migratory fishes of India (Day), xv.

Miers, E. J., Actesmorpha crosa, xv ;
classification of Maioid Crustacea,
xlii ; crustaceans from Vera Cruz, Ivi ;
in Philippine sponges, xxii ; elected,
ii ; Greenland Crustacea, 1 ; Oxysto-
matous Crustacea, xi ; revision of the
Hippidse, xxiv.

Miers, J., alluded to from Chair, xlix,
Ivii ; deceased, Iviii [see Obituary,
Trimen's Journ. Bot. (1880) 33]; on
genus Mantpa, xxxi ; notes on Moqui-
lea, xliii; on 01acaceai,xxix; on South-
American plants of uncertain position,
xli ; on Schcepfiea} and Cervantesiese,
xxvii ; on the Symplocacea?, xxxviii.

Millar, J., elected Councillor, 1877,
xxi ; nominated Scrutineer, 1880, Ix ;
removed from Council, 1879, xlv.

Milner, E., elected, xxvii.

Mimetic insects of Syria exhib., xv.

Mistletoe, androgynous, xl ; parasitic
on mistletoe (Prior), Ixi.

Mitten, W., Musci and Hepaticte from
Kerguelen's Land, iv.

Mivart, St. G., re-elected Secretary,
1S7C> X, 1877 xxi, 1878 xxxiv,
1879 xlvii ; researches on the Radio-
laria, xxvi ; Secretarvship resigned
by, 1880, Ivii.

Mivart, St. G., and R. Clarke, sacral
plexus of lizards, xviii.

Moggridge, M., elected, xvi ; on Bahoccia
folifolia and Erica vagans near
Bournemouth, xxv.

MoUusca, from Eastern seas (Colling-
wood), xxviii ; of ' Challenger ' (VVal;-
son), xxxviii, xxxix, xlvii, Ivi, Ixii.

INDEX.

Ixxvii

Monocotyledones clisti-ibuted into pri-
mary groups (Be:itbain), xiii. I
Monrovia, Libenan coffee grown near [

(Morris), xliv.
Monstrous Medueixj (Romanes), vi, xv.
Moodelly, P. S. M., elected, i.
Moore, D., deceased, Iviii ; alluded to,
Ivii. [See Obituary, Gard. Chrou.
n. s. xi. 757.]
Moore, Capt. G. P., elected, xxi.
Moore, S. L. M. (and J. G-. Baker), con-
tribution to the Flora of Northern
China, xlviii.
Moquilca, noi^es on (Miers), xliii.
Morphology of Thunbcrgia (Hartog), xv.
— of PrimulaceiB (Masters), xxi.
Morris, D., on Hemilcia vastatrix,

xlix.
Morris, E. S., Liberian coffee grown

and shown by, xliv.
Moseley, H. N., Actinarise, deep-sea
and surface, xvi ; algae collected by
(Dickie), vi ; botany of ' Challenger,'
ii ; Deep-sea Ascidians, xv ; elected
Fellow, Ixi ; flora of Marion Island,
xiv ; Japanese books on botany, xiv ;
Orchidaceoe collected by (Reich-
enbach), iii.
Mosquito as nurse of i^(7ar(ff (Mauson),

xxviii.
Moss, E. L., surf'acc-faima of Arctic

seas, xxiv.
Mosses from Kent (Holmes), -^i ; from

Kerguelen's Land (Mitten), iv.
Moths of Anaphc (Hewitt), Iii.
Movements in leaves of Conifers (Mas-
ters), li.
Moyabamba or " Rain-tree " (Dyer),

xxvii.
Mucorini, conidial fructification in

(Cunningham), xxxii.
Mud-turtle (Anderson), v.
Mudd, W., deceased, sdv. [See Obitu-
ary in Bot. Soc. Edinb. xiv. pt. 1.]
Muir, H. S., elected, xiv.
Muir, J. J., elected, xxix.
Munro, General, deceased, Iviii ; alluded
to, Ivii. [See notice Gard. Chron.
n. s". xiii. 1869.]
Murie, J., Bell-bird, xlviii ; Beluga
Icucas, xxxvi ; communications by,
vi, xi, xiv, XV, xvi, xvii, xviii, xxiv, xxv,
xxvi, XXX, xxxi, xxxviii, xxxix, li, Hi,
liii, Iv ; mentioned in Treasurer's
final report, Ix ; sections of pearls
shown by, Ivi ; skull of Echidna,
x-xxvi ; Steere's ^sponge, iii ; structure
of pouched I'ats, xliv ; zoological
memorandaof Kile-Land, xliv.
Murie, J. (A. H. Kicholson and), minute
structure of Stromatopora, xxvi.

Murray, A., deceased, xxxi v. [See
Obituaries in Ent. Mon. Mag. xiv.
215 , and Bot. Soc. Edinb. xiii.
379.]

Murray, G. R. M., clilorophyll and the
life of the lichen, Ixi ; elected, xxxv ;
Hi/grophoriis WynnicB shown by,
xxxviii ; oogonia of Sajorolcgnicp,
xxix.

Mi/coidca, a new genus of algre (Cun-
ningham), xxii.

Myod.es Lenimus in Norway (Collett),
xviii.

Myrmccodia echinata and M. glabra
shown (Britten), liii.

Myxomycetes new to Britain (Balfour),
xx-xviii ; plasmodium of, shown, xvi.

Naples, invertebrates from (Crisp), Ixi.
Kai-cissKS, classification of (Hibberd),

vi.
' Nassau,' lichens from voyage of the

(Crombio), v.
Natal, tea grown at (Christy), xl.
Nau-Mu tree (Dyer), xxv.
Nelson, Maj.-Gen., and P. M. Duncan,

Coraliineie, xi.
Nepaul, winged cardamom of (King),

xxiv.
NeiKnthcs, digestive ferment of (Vines),

xi.

— bicalcarata shown (Masters), liii.

— Bafflesiana rifled by Tarsius (Mas-
ters), liii.

— sanguinea fi-om Bury (Fitch), xli.
Nest made of cotton-pod wool (Jack-
sou), .xxvi.

Nevill, E. A., abnormal prongbuck ob-
tained by (Weir), liv.

New Caledonia, objects from (Silver),
xxvi.

New Guinea, birds from, shown by Mr.
Sharpe, xli ; Dipterocarpete collected
by Beccari in (Dyer), xxvi ; birds
from (Sharpe), xi, II. xvii. III. xxii,
IV. xiii, V. xliv.

New Zealand, acclimatizat. in (Brewer),
Iii, liii, Iv ; Chitina c?-ecopsis from
(Higgin),Z)/Ho;'«/s remains from (For-
syth), Iii, xxxi ; ferns (Potts), xi ;
lichens (Knight), xvii ; Lomaria
(Potts), xi ; timber (Brewer), Iv ;
tnbularian Ilydrozoon from (Hig-
gins), xxxi.

Newman, E., deceased, xix. [See
Obituary notice in ' Zoologist,' i-xxii,
(1876), and Journ. Bot. (1876) 223.]

Newton, Prof A., communication by, 1.

Nicholson, H. A., elected, v.

Nicholson, H. A., and R, Etheridge,
jun., on Alveolites, xviii.

Ixxviii

INDEX.

Nicholson, H. A., aiul J. Muiie, miniilo

stniclure ol' Stromufopom, xxvi.
Nile-land iiicinorancla (Murie), xliv.
Kilclhi from St. Leonard's forest (Boy-
cott), xxxvii.
Norninii, A. M., elected, Ixi ; Virgv.-

/aria dredged br, xxxv.
North-robiv expedition Tolvzoa (Busk),

Ixii.
Norway, lemming in (CoUett), xviii.
Norwegian Idmming, migration and

habits of (Crotch), vii ; additional

note on (Crotch), xi.
Notaris, G. de, deceased, xix. [See Notice

Journ. Bot. (1877) 5)5.]
Niidibrnuchiate Mollusca (Collingwood),

xxviii.
Numerical increase in parts of plants

(Henslow), xxi.
Nutrition, and fertilization of flowers

(Henslow, Meehan), xliv.
— of JDrosera rotiindifolia (F. Darwin),

xxvi.
N'yassa, alga; from (Dickie), xxxriii.
Nylander, W., elected, vii.
Nymph-stage of Embidre (M<"Lachlan),

xxi.

Oak from the Sikkim Himalayas (King),

iii.
Oak-galls from Willesborough(Holme8),

xxvii.
Oak-leaves of large size shown, xv.
Ogilvie, C. P., elected, xxviii.
Olacacese, some genera of (Miers), xxix.
Old Calabar, yinaphc from (Hewitt), Iii.
Olibanum exliibited (Trimcn), xxiv.
Oliver, D., communications by, iii, xiv,

xxxvi ; North Celebes plants coll. by

Mr. Eiedel, i: plants coll. by Lieut.

Cameron, i.
Oman, J. C, elected, xiv.
Omaru, Dinornis^Yom (Forsyth), Iii.
Oncocai-pna-hmi from crop of pigeon

(Dyer), xxv.
Oogo'nia of Saprohgnia- (Murray), xxix.
Ophiurid from the Atlantic (Dmican),

li.
Ophiuridw, new form of (Smith), xvii.
Ophiuroidea from Korea (Duncan),

x^xxv.
Oppermann, A., Calopieniis femrtr-ru-

brum, xiv.
Orchidaeetc coll. by Moseley (Reichen-

bach), iii.
Ord, \A . M., elected, xv.
Origin of floral ncstivation (Henslow), x.
Ornifhocheinis, exhibition of (Seeley),

iv.

Ornithogalum pijrcnaicum, the so-called
Bath asparagus (Prior), xx-xv.

Oruilliologv of New Guinea (Sharps), xi,
II. xvii. III. xxii, lY. xlii, V. xliv.

OrnithorJn/nchusiw Queensland (Armit),
x.xxvi.

Ornithosauria, organization and posi-
tion of (Seeley), i.

Os sepia collected by Dr. Bancroft
(Christy), xli.

O'Shanesy, P., elected, xliv.

Ossenkoij's system of plant-propagation
(Christy), xxvii.

Ossicles, auditory, of Mammalia (Doran),

XV.

Osteology of Euri/norhynchus pygmasm

(Anderson), xi.
Otciria nrsina (Clarke), xxviii.
Oudncya, the genus (Trimen), xli.
Ovaries, use of, in classification (Clarke),

xxix.
Ovary of hyacinth (Stewart), Iii.
Oviducts, use of, in classification

(Clarke), xxix.
Ovis ophion, skins shown (Lord Lilford),

Ixi.
Owen, P. C, letter re Loan Exhibition of

scientific apparatus, iv.
Owen, R., on H)/p>sipri/innoclon, xxvi.
0.rrtfe,cleistogamic flowers of (Bennett),

xxxviii.
Oxyrhjncha, classif. of (Miers), xlii.
Oxystomatous Crustacea (Miers), xi.

Pachira, seed and germination of

(Lynch), xxxi.
Pagurus and Lifhodes compared (Car-

rington), Iv.
Pahn-seeds from tombs of Thebes (Jack-
sou), xl.
Panay, hornbill from (Sharpe), xv.
Pandanuf:, fruit forming a brush (Dver),

xxv ; the genus (Balfour), xxr.
Paradisca Hcu/giana collected by Rev.

Mr. Lawes (Sharpe), xh.
Parasol-handles of fasciated stems of

2>/)jsaci« (Jackson), xxvi ; from Arimdo

DviicLv (tlackson), Iv.
Parifium fricusp)c (King), ii.
Parke, G. H., elected, vii.
Parker, T. J., elected, Iii.
Parker, W. K., elected Councillor, 1876,

X ; morphology of the skull in L^rodela,

xlvii ; removed from Council, 1878.

xxxiv ; structure and development of

the bii'd's skull, II., ii.
Parkstone, Deodar-cones grown at, 1.
Parlatore, F., deceased, xxxiv. [Sec OIjI-

tuary in Journ. Bot. (1877), 3:20.]
Pascoe, F., nominated Scrutineer, 1877,

xxi.
Paspalian scrohiculafum from stomach

of Gangetic dolphin, vii,

Ixxix

Patisaeus, ' llortus fluridus ' presented, v.

Paton, J., elected, xviii.

Paid, W., elected, i.

Papie, G., jun., elected, xxix.

Peacb, 0. W., British Poljzua, xxi.

Pearce, H., elected, xiv.

Peai'ls i]i section (Murie), hi.

Peat-flood iu the Falklands (Bailey),

xliii.
Peck, E. H., elected, xiv.
Peckover, A., exhib. of Madagascisr in-
sects, iii ; exhib. of insects and Insecti-

vora from Madagascar, xiii.
Peel, porti'ait of Eev. M. J. Berkeley by,

xxxvii.
Pentstanon Clevclandli, P. cordifoUus, P.

spectabilis grown at Chester (Walker),

xxiii.
Peronospora, see Phytopldliora.
Pcrcmosporitcs mttiqiuirius (Smith),

xxvi.
Persian manna (Stewart), xvii.
Phanerogams, embryo-sac of (Ward), 1.
Phcidole javana (Britten), liii.
Philippine Archipelago birds (Sliarpe),

xiv ; sponges, Crustacea living in

(Miers), xxii.
Phillips, W., new HcivcUa, xlvii.
Photographs exhibited of coffee-culture

in Central America, x ; of Buitenzorg

(Dyer), xlix ; of plants shown (Shool-

bred), li ; of plants (Worsley-Beuison),

xlix, li.
Phi'ijganca described by Linnajus (Wal-

lengren), xlviii.
PhyllosfacJii/s, whangee cane (Jackson),

XV.

Phytoflithora 'uifcstans, exhibition of

(Carruthex's), iv.
Pidgeon, D., elected, iii ; withdrawn,

Iviii.
Piggott, F. T., elected, xxv.
Pim, Gr., elected, xiv ; on fungi of Dub-
lin and Wicklow, xxii.
Pinarolesfcs from Fiji (Sharpe), xli.
Piper, W. G., elected, xxix.
Pithecolobium Sa//ian (Dyer), xxvii.
Pituri shown (Chi'isty), xli.
Placodimn candkans, P. Ccsatii only a

form of (Holmes), 1.
— Ccsatii, a form of P. candicans

(Holmes), 1.
Plant-photographs shown by W, A.

Shoolbred, li.
Plant-propagation, Ossenkop's system of

(Christy), xxvii.
Plants, coll. by Lieut. C;>merun (Oliver),

i; introduced intoN.Zealand(Bi'ewer),

Iv.
Plasmodium oi Myxomycctcs shown, xvi.
Plastron of Emyda dv.m (Anderson), v.

Plafanisfa yaiiyetiva, eye of, shown, vii.
Plexus of lizards (JVIivarl and Clarke),
xviii.

Ploem, Dr. J. C, insects from Java,
xxv; (Watei-house), xxv.

Plymouth, Py/v^s coinmnnis,\a.v. Briggsii,
from, ii.

PoepJiihi, finclies of tlie genus (Armit),
xxiv.

Poison, for arrows from Buplianc fuxi-
caria (Baker), xl ; of spears and
arrows (Powell), xvii.

Poisons and arrows from Fiji (Silver),
xxvi.

Poland, J., elected, Iii.

Polar exped., Annelids(M'^]ntosh), xxiv ;
wheat from, x-s".

Pollen (Edgeworth), iv.

Polymorphic butterfly (Westwood), Iv.

Polynesian Alga; (Dickie), vi.

Polysi2)honia fastigiata shown (Holmes),
Ixi.

Polyzoa, British (Peach), x-xi.

Pool, Madagascar ferns collected by
(Baker), x ; Madagascar lichens col-
lected by (Crombie), x.

Portrait: oi' Eev. M. J. Berkeley by Peel,
xxxvii.

Potato-disease discussed, v.

Potts, ferus from Otago, xi ; Lvmaria
from New Zealand, xi.

Pouch of marsupials (Fitzgerald), xvi.

Pouched rats, structure of (Murie), xliv.

Powell, L., deceased, Iviii.

Powell, T., poison of spears and arrows,
xvii ; properties of a fungus, xxix.

Power, II. D'A., elected, ii.

Prehistoric pig of Brit. (Eolleston), xi.

Presentation of Loudon's portrait, xxix.

Presidential Address, 187(3, x ; 1877, xxi;
1878, xxxiv ; 1879, xlvii ; 1880, Ix.

Preston, T. A., monstrous thistle, Iii.

Primrose with free stamens (Bennett),
xviii.

Primulacese, morphology of (Masters),
xxi.

Pringsheim on chlorophyll (Murray),lxi.

Prior, E. 0. A., Bath asparagus shown
by, x-xxv; elected Auditor, 1876, vi ;
1878, xxix ; 1879, xliv ; elected Coun-
cillor, 1877, xxi ; e.xhibition of Col-
letia cruciafa grown at Laugford
Budville, xxxvii ; migration of wild
geese, xxv ; mistletoe parasitic on
luistletoe, Ixi ; presentation of Trea-
surer's account, 1876, vii ; 1878, xxxii ;
removed from Council, 1879, xiv.

Prongbuck, abnormal (Weir), liv.

Propagation of Echinoderius (Tliom-
son), X.

Pteropods shown (Carruthcrs), li.

Izxx

INDEX.

Pterylosis of Eurynorhynchtis pyanKEUs
(Anderson), xi.

rfychoq->crina rupicola flowering at Kew
(Dyer), xxvii.

Pulley imbecUled in elm-bough (Hens-
low), xli.

Pyramocera, a new genus (Butler), Iv.

Pyrus commmiis, var. Briggsii, exhibited,
ii.

Pythhivi vexans, exhibited (Carruthers),
iv.

Quadriradiate Amblypncustcs (Bell), Ivi.
Queensland, Carpcsium ccntuum in (Ber-

najs), xxxviii ; fungi from (Berkeley

and Broome), xxix.

Radiolaria, researches on (Mivarl), xxvi.
Bafflesia Arnoldi, aroid found growing

with (Masters), xxxvii.
Rain absorbed by plants (Henslow),

xxxviii.
Eamsar, R. G. W., elected, liv.
Rate of growth of hyacinth (Bennett), t.
Rathbone, T., elected, xd.
Rats, pouched, tlieir structure (Murie),

xliv.
Reading-room closed at an earlier hour

temporarily, xxviii.
Red clay, walrus-tusks from (Lankesler),

Irii.
Reeves. J. R., deceased, xix. [See notice

Jouru. Bot. (1877) 192.]
Regadcra, on the (Chiujmo), xviii.
Regent's Park, freshwater medusa shown

from (Crisp), Ixi.
Reicheubach, K. G-., elected, sBv ; Or-

chidace£E collected by H. N. Moseley,

iii.
Reid, J. R., elected, xxix.
Reinsch, P. F., algre from Kerguelen's

Land, vi, vii ; ditto, alluded to, xli ,

Entozoic Floridca;, xlii ; freshwater

algas from the Cape, xvii.
Renny, J., elected, i.
Respiration, anal, in Decapods (Ilartog),

Ix.
Respiratory function of the Dytiscidae

(D. Sharpe), xiii.
Restiaceous plant from Cochin China

(Masters), xliv.
Bhabdopleura, relations of (Allman),

xxxix.
Rheumatism, Gynocardia odorata a

specific in (Christy), xxxix.
Jikinoceros fmnafreu^^is, seed in eivcum

of (Dyer), xxv.
Rliopalocera, genital armature in

(White), XV.
Rich, — , variety of HclLv viryafa,

xxviii.

Richmond and Gordon (Duke of ), forest-
trees grown by (Masters), xvii.

Ridley, S. O., elected, liv ; on incorpo-
ration by sponges of foreign spicules,
Ixi.

Riedel's plants from North Celebes
(Oliver), i.

Rimmer, R., elected, xliv.

Ringworm, Ooa-powder stated to be a
specific in (Holmes), 1.

Riviera, botany of (Allman), Ix.

Robertson, D., elected, iii.

Robinson, T. F., deceased, xxxir.

Robinson-Douglas, W. D., elected, ii.

Rocky Mountains, prougbuck from
(Weir), liv.

Rodriguez, alga; coll. by Balfom*
(Dickie), xvi ; lichens from (Crombie),
xi; new genus of Turneracese from
(Balfour), iv ; vegetation of (Balfour),
xvi.

Rodwell, W., deceased, xxxiv.

Roe, J. S., deceased, xlv.

RoUeston, G., prehistoric pig, xl.

Romanes, G. J., elected Fellow, ii ; new
Medusje, vi, pt. II. xv.

Root-stock of Marattia fraxinca (Bu-
clianan), xvi.

Roots, S., deceased, xix.

Rosewood, Chaincero}}s4von(\. found in
plank of (Thomson), xxxix.

Routledge, T., elected, xv.

Rowley, G. D., deceased, xlv [see
Obituary in ' IS'ature,' xix, 84 ; also
'Ibis' (1879) 102]; elected, vii.

Rubiacea?, dimorphism in (Clarke),
xxxvi ; in tropical Africa (Hiern), xxii.

Rucker, S., deceased, ix. [Obituary
notice in Gard. Cbrou. n.s. iv. (1875)
o32.]

Rutherford, D. G., elected, xiv.

Sabine, Sir E., withdrawn, xxxiv.

Sachs, J., elected, xxxi.

Sacral plexus of lizards (Mivart and

Clarke), xviii.
St. Clair, Mrs., deodar-cones grown

by, 1.
St. John, shells dredged by (Jeffreys),

xxxvi.
St. Leonard's forest, Nitdla from

(Boycott), xxxvii.
St. Paulo, Brazil, failure of Liberian

coftee in (Christy), Iv.
Salmo fontinalis shown (Day), Iii.
Salmonida?, introduced into N. Zealand

(Brewer), liii ; shown by Dr. Dav,

Hi.
Salter, S. J. A., elected Councillor, 1876,

X ; removed from Council, 1878,

xxxiv.

INDEX.

Ixxxi

Samoans, properties ascribed to a

fungus by (Powell), xxix.
Sauiuel, S. M., elected, xxiii.
Sandwich Island8,Hymenoptera(Smith),
xlii ; marine algre from (Dickie), xi.

Sapotacece, floral development of (Har-
tog), xxii.

Saprolegnics, oogonia of (Murray), xxix.

Saul, Gr. T., roots of Berbcris, xxviii.

Saunders, H., geograph. distrib. of La-
ridiB, XXX.

Saunders, W. W., alluded to as a
former officer, xlix, Ivii ; deceased,
Iviii. [See Obituary, Proc. Eutomol.
Soc. (1879) Ixvi ; Gard. Chron. n. s.
xii. 368; Journ. Bot. (1879) 320.]

Scarabeidse, new (Sharp), xiii.

Schimper, W. P., deceased, Iviii ; men-
tioned, Ivii. [See Obituary, Journ.
Bot. (1879) 160.]

Schcepfieas (Miers), xxvii.

Schomburgkia tibicma (Lynch), xl.

Scientific apparatus, exhibition of
(Owen), iv.

Scomber punctatus, Couch, identical
with S. scomber (Day), Ix.

Scopelus (Giinther), liv.

Scorpioid cyme, its origin (Henslow),
xlix.

Scott, D., elected, liv.

Scott, L., elected, xl.

Scott, Maj.-Gen. H. Y, D., removed from
Council, 1879, xxi.

Scully, J., elected, v.

Seals from Alaska (Clarke), xxviii.

Seebohm, H., elected, li.

Seed of Pachira (Lynch), xxxi.

Seed-production in Wistaria sinensis
(Meehan), xxviii.

Seeds, hygroscopic mechanism of (F.
Darwin), v.

Seeds and fruits from Thebes (Jack-
son), xl ; of Acacia homalophyUa
(Lynch), Hi.

Seeley, H. G., exhibition of Ornitho-
cheirus, iv ; on the organization of
the Ornithosauria, i.

Seguemia, position of the genus (Jef-
freys), xl.

Self-fertilization of plants (Henslow),
xxiv.

Sense-organs in Hydroids (Allman), li.

Sharp, D., new Scarabeidse, xiii ; respi-
ratory functions of DytiscidiB, xiii.

Sharpe, C, elected, xxxix.

Sharpe, R. B., birds collected by Steere,
xiv ; birds from New Guinea, xi ;
exhibition of rare birds, xli ; horn-
bill from Isle of Panay, xv ; on the
geographical distribution of the vul-
tures, iii ; ornithology of New Guinea,

LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. SESSION

xi, IL xvii, IIL xxii, IV. .xlii, V. xliv;

removed from Council 1877, xxi.
Shearer, G., elected, xxvii.
Shell of Bryozoa, structure of (Waters),

xxvii, xxxvi.
Shells, from Korean Strait (Jeffreys),

xxxvi ; two rare (Hanley), xxxi.x.
Shillitoe, B., fungus on beetle shown, vii.
Shoolbred, W. A., photographs shown

by, xlix, li.
Shuttleworth, R. J., deceased, ix.

[Obituary notice in Journ, de Conch.

xxiii. p. 99.]
Shuttleworth, T. M., elected, xxxvii.
Sidebotham, J., elected, xx.xviii.
Siebold, C. F. E. von, address to, xxvii.
Sikkim Himalaya, an oak from (King),

iii.
Silver, S. W., arrows and poisons from

Fiji, xxvi.
SimarubaceiB, Mariipa a genus of

(Miers), xxxi.
Simpsou-Baikie, E., elected, liii.
Sinclair, A., tubularian Hydrozoon

from New Zealand, xxxi.
Siphodenfalium, species of, from the

'Challenger' (Watson), xxxviii.
Skull, bird's, Parker, ii; of Australian

natives shown by T. Christy, 1 ; of

Babirussa (Middleton), liv ; of Uro-

dela, morphology of (Parker), xlvii.
Sladen, P., Asteroidoa from Korean

seas, XXXV ; communication by, xxxv ;

elected, iv.
Smee, A., deceased, xix. [See Obituary

in Gard. Chron. n. s. vii. (1877) 88 ;

and memoir by Miss Smee.]
Smith, E. A., new Ophiuridas, xvii ; new

shells from Solomon Islands, vi.
Smith, F., on an American grasshopper

(Oppermann), xiv; new Aculeate

Hymenoptera, xlii.
Smith, G. W., on Peronosporites anti-

quarius, xxvi.
Smith (Lady), present from, v.
Smith, R. G., elected, xvii.
Smith's Sound, wheat from, xv.
Solanocri7iiis and recent Comatul(B (Car-
penter), Ixi.
Solomon Islands, new shells from

(Smith), vi.
Somali-land, Boswellia Frereana in (Tri-

men), xxiv; myrrh from (Trimen),

xliii.
Sotheby, T. IL, exhibition of Collefia

cruciafa, xxiii.
Sotheby, W., CoUetia cruciafa grown

by, xxxvii.
South-African orchids (Weale), xxxix.
South-American plants of un^-ertain

position (Miers), xli.

s 1875-80. h

Ixxxii

INDIOX.

South Keiisingtcn, Loan Exliibitioii of

apparatus at (Owen), iv.
Southern Sen Echhiodeniis (Tliuni-

son), X.
Spicules, foreign, incorporation 1ij-

sponges of (Ridley), Ixi.
Spiders, ghinds in niaxilljE of (Camp-
bell), Ixi.
SpiralU retroversus from Gareloch (Car-

ruthers), li.
Sponges, Crustacea in (Miers), xxii ;

Eutozoic Floridea; in (Reinsch), xlii ;

incorporation of foreign spicules by

(Ridley), Ixi.
SpougidiTJ, new geuus of (Murie), iii.
Spomjilla Carteri (Lockwood), xxvii.
Sport in Parifium tricuspe (King), ii.
Spotton, IT. B., elected, li.
Squire, P. W., elected, xxiii.
Staiger, C. T., elected, ii.
Stainton, H. T., elected Auditor 1876,

vi; 1877, xviii ; 1880, lix; moved

Tote of thanks to Mr. Kippist, 1879,

xlvii ; nominated Scrutineer 1879,

xlv ; 1880, Ix ; removed from Council

1877, xxi.
Stainton, J. J., deceased, ix.
Stapelia) of Thunbci'g's herbarium

(Brown), xxxvi.
Steatoda guttata, stridulating-organ of

(Campbell), Ixi.
Steen, Count W. van den, elected, xiv.
Steere, birds collected by (Sharpe), xiv ;

ferns collected by (Harrington), xvi.
Stein's Infusoria presented, xlix.
Stephens, R. D., elected, Iii.
Stevens, S., largo oak-leaves exhibited,

XV.

Stewart, A. B., elected, xxv.

Stewart, A. Y., elected, xvii ; exhibition
bv. of Lrj)fospcr)num-hnrk used in
medicine, xvii; Persian manna, xvii.

Stewart, C, anomalous Amhiypncuiifcs,
Ivi ; growing-points of Ckara and
Fraxinus shown by, Ixi ; irregular
Amhiypncustes, Ivii ; organs of (lie
Cidaridne, xxv ; ovary of iiyacinth, Iii ;
removed from Council, 1877, xxi.

Sticklebacks, Irish (Day), xiii.

Stirton, J., elected, ii ; notes on Crom-
bie's paper on 'Challenger' lichens,
xxv ; remarks, reply by Mr. Crombie,
xlviii.

Stobbs, J., elected, xvi.

Stokoo, P. II., elected, xli.

Stone, W., elected, xl.

Stone-crab shown (Carrington), Iv.

Stra.sburper, E., elected, Ivi.

Strickland, Sir C. W., elected, xvi ; ex-
hibition of Crinum nriuaficitm, xvii.

Stridulating-organ (Campbell), Ixi.

Stromatoponi, minute structure uf
(Nidiolson and Murie), xxvi.

Structure, of leaves of Conifers (Masters) ,
li ; of pouched rats (Murio), xliv ;
of shell of Bryozoa (Waters), xxxvi.

Styraeeas, two tribes of (Miers), xxvii.

Suffolk Crag, fossil walrus-tusks from
(Lankester), xxviii, Ivii.

Sugar-beet, its artificial selection
(Travors), xlii.

Sugar-cane, disease in India (Holmes),
xxiii ; percentage of sugar in (Tra-
vers), xlii.

Sumatra, gigantic aroid found in (Mas-
ters), xxxvii.

Superposed arrangement of part of the
flower (Masters), xi.

Surface-fauna of arctic seas (Moss), xxiv.

Sussex, Nitella from (Boycott), xxxvii.

Swanzy, O., deceased, Iviii.

SylUs, branched (M^'Intosh), xlvii.

Syria, mimetic insects of, shown, xv.

Tach/glossus in Queensland (Armit),

xxxvi.
Talbot, H. F., deceased, xxxiv. [See

Obituary, ' Athenjeum,' Sept. 1877,

p. 40(1]
Tanganyika, Huphane found at (Baker),

xl; plants collected by V. L. Came-
ron, 1.
Tanypus macidata larva (Hammond),

liii.
Tarsius spectrum visiting Nepenthes

(Masters), liii.
Tarsus oi JDinornis (Forsyth), Iii.
Tea grown at Natal (Christy), xl.
Teignmouth, Codiolum from (Holmes),

liv.
Temple, W., deceased, ix.
Tench introduced into India (Day), vi.
Tendrils of Vitis (Lynch), xxxviii.
Tepper, J. C O., elected, li.
Tei'nate orchids (Reichenbach), iii.
Texas, fungi of (Cooke), xxix.
Thames, Gadus macrocephalus at the

mouth of tlie (Day), xliv.
Thebes, fruits and seeds from (Jackson),

xl.
Thistle, monstrous (Baker), Iii.
Tklaspi pcrfoliatum as a British j^lant

(Boulger), xviii.
Thomson, A., elected, Hi ; wood contain-
ing bone shown by, xxxix.
Thomson, G. M., elected, li.
Thomson, T., deceased, xxxiv. [See

Obituary in Journ. Bot. 1878, p. 160,

.and 'Nature,' xviii. 15.]
Thomson. Wyv., elected, xxxviii ; on new

Crinoids, x ; on propagation of Echi-

noderms, x.

Ixxxiii

Thorax of the b!o\v-fly (Hamnioncl),

xlviii.
Thozet, A , tleceasctl, xlv.
Thunbergia, morphology in (Hartog),

XV.
Thunberg's herbarium, Stapelis of

(Brown), xxxvi.
Tibia of Binornis (Forsyth), lii.
Tilbury Fort, Tordyliiim maximum

found near, xiii.
Timber indigenous in New Zealand

(Brewer), Iv.
Titmas, S. D., elected, xv.
Tobacco, Latakia (Dyer), \i.
Tonglo, journey to (Clarke), ii.
Tordylium maximum from Essex, exhi-
bited, xiii.
Torres Straits, marine algee from

(Dickie), xi.
Tortoises of Mauritius and Rodriguez

(Haddon),l.
Townsend, F., elected, xxix.
Trachylobium Horncmannianium (Kirk),

vi.
Trail, J. W. H., communication by, xiii ;

elected, ii.
Transactions, index to, mentioned, v.
Transit-of- Venus Expedition, fungi

from Kerguelen (Berkeley), vii ;

licliens obtained by (Crombie), iii.
Truveis and Son, referring to artificial

selection of Sugar-beet, xiii.
Treasurer's accounts, 1876, viii, ix ;

1877, xix, XX ; 1878, xxxii, xxxiii ;

1879, xlv, xlvi ; 1880, iviii.
Trematoda, new genus of (Macdonald),

vi.
Trematode parasites from dolphin of

the Ganges (Cobbold), vii.
Trkhechodon Huxleyl (Lankester),

xxviii.
Trimen, H., nominated Scrutineer, 1878,

xxxiv ; 1879, xlv ; note on Boca Com-

mersonii, iii ; on Boswellia, xxxiv ; on

myrrhs, xliii ; Oudneya, xli ; winter

state of Cicuta virosa, xxix.
Trooditissa, opinion of the monks of,

regarding the cedar, I.
Trout, iutrod. into India (Day), vi ;

Madras-bred, exhibited, v.
Tubers, of branches of Vitis gongyhdc&

(Lynch), xxx\iii ; on root oiBrassica

Rapa (Masters), xxiii.
Tubularian Hydrozoon from N. Zealand

(Higgins), xxxi.
Tuely, N. C., deceased, xlv [see Obi-
tuary in ' Entomologist ' (1879), 04] ;

elected, iii.
Turnerace£e, new genus of (Balfour), iv.
Turritella (Watson), Ixii.
Tusks of Bahirussa (Middleton), liv.

Tusksof fossil walrus (Lankester), xxviii,

Ivii.
Tutuela, Pinarolestes found on (Sharpe),

xli.
Tweeddale, Marquis of, deceased, xlv.

[See Obituary in ' Nature, xix. 205,

and in Coll. Memoirs, biograph.

sketch, pp. i-lxiv.]
Twelvetrees, W. H., elected, xlix.

Uncertain position of some S. -American

genera (Miers), xli.
Unio, kingfisher caught by, v.
Urodela, morphology of skull of

(Parker), xlvii.
Urostigma Vogclil rshown (T. Christy),

xxxvii.
Ussow's metameric organs in fishes

(Gri'mther), liv.

Vallisneria spiralis, rate of growth of

female stalk (A. W. Bennett), i.
' Valorous ' Annelida (M'^Intosh), xxii.
Van Voorst, presentatSion of algaj by, v.
Vegetation of Rodriguez (Balfour), xvi.
Veitch, A., elected, .xxviii.
Venation of Conium inaculatiim (Gor-

ham), xxviii.
Venous system of birds (Wade), vi.
Ventnor, abnormal Polysiphonia from

(Holmes), Ixi.
Venus-Transit Expedition, Kerguelen

fungi (Berkeley), vii ; lichens obtained

by (Crombie), iii.
Vera Cruz, crustaceans from, coll. by P.

Geddes (Miers), Ivi.
Vertebras of lizards, sacral (Mivart and

Clarke), xviii.
Vetillart on fibres, xli.
Vines, S. H., digestive ferment in Ne-

pcnthes, xi ; elected, xxviii.
Viola, cleistogamic flowers of (Bennett),

xxxviii.
Virgularia from Norsvay, xxxv.
Visiani, R. de, deceased, xxxiv. [See

Obituary, Journ. Bot. (1878) 192.]
ViUs c'uspidafa and V. gongylodcs shown

by R. I. Lynch, xxxviii.
Vocabulary of botanical terms (Bettany ),

Ivii.
Vultures, distribution of (Sharpe), iii.

Wade, H., venous system of birds, vi.

Wakefield, C. M., elected, iii.

Wakefield, F., deceased, ix.

Walker, A. O., flowers exhibited by,
xxiii.

Walker, J. D., elected, xiv.

Walker, T., presentation by, xlix.

Wallengren, H. D. J., Phrygancu do-
scribed by Linnreus, xlviii

Ixxxiv

INDEX.

Wallicb, Dr., Ojjhiurid obtained by

(Duncan), li.
Wallis'a Down, Ericaceie on (Mog-

gridge), xxv.
Walru8-tusk3, fossil (Lankester), xxviii,

Ivii.
Wanganui, acclinaatization at (Brewer),

Hi, liii, Iv.
Ward, M., embryo-sac in Phanerogams, 1.
Ward, S. N., withdrawn, xxxiv.
Wasps, habits of (Lubbock), III., i; IV.,

xvi; v., xxvii; VI., xl ; VII., Ixii.
Water-beetles, respiration of (Sharp),

xiii.
Water-hemlock, winter state of (Tri-

men), xxix.
Water field, W., elected, v.
Waterhouse, 0. O., insects obtained by

Dr. Ploem in Java, xxv.
Waterhouse, F. H., elected, li; new

Coleoptera collected by 0. Darwin,

xxxix.
Waters, A. W., algee penetrating Bryo-

zoa, xli ; elected, xiv ; shell of Bryo-

zoa, xxvii, xxxvi.
Watson, R. B., elected, xxvii ; on Lowe's

list of Webb's type shells, vi ; on Mol-

lusca ' Challenger,' xxxix, xlvii, Ivi,

Ixii ; preliminary report on, xxxviii.
Watson, M., and A. H. Young, anatomy

of elk, xsvi.
Weale, W. M., South-African orchids,

xxxix.
Web formed by Anaphe (Hewitt), hi.
Webb, E. A., elected, Ixi.
Webb's type shells (Watson), vi.
Webster, J., forest-trees sent by (Mas-
ters), xvii.
Weddell, H. A., deceased, xxxiv. [See

also Obituary in ' Gard. Chron.' n. s.

viii. (1877)217.]
Weir, J. J., butterflies from the Alps,

xxiv ; prongbuck with three horns,

liv ; removed from Council, 187(>, x.
Welwitsch, LiliaceiB collected in Angola

by (Baker), xvii.
Welwitschia mirahilis grown at Kew

(Dyer), xli v.
West, — , and F. A. Lees, moss found

by (Holmes), xxxix.
West, J., mentioned in Treasurer's Re-
port, Ix.
Westminster Aquarium, Salmo bred at

(Day), Hi ; white whale at (Murie),

xxxvi.
Westwood, J. O., minute ITymenopte-

rous insects, xxix ; polymorphic but-
terfly, Iv.
Whale, white, at Westminster Aquarium

(Murie), xxxvi.
Whangee cane (Jackson), xv.
Wheat from Smith's Sound, xv.
Whernside, new moss from (Holmes),

xxxix.
White, C. F., elected, iii.
White, F. B., male genital armature in

Rliopalocera, xv ; new Hemiptera,

xxxviii.
White, T. C, elected, liv.
Whitney, N. S., elected, xliii.
Wickham, W., elected, 1.
Wicklow, fungi of (Pim), xxii.
Wild geese, migration of (Prior), xxv.
Willesborough, oak-galls from (Holmes),

xxvii.
Williams, B. S., elected, xli.
Wilson, Sir S., elected, li.
Winged cardamom of Nepaul (King),

xxiv.
Wintle, S. W., elected, Ivi.
IVisfaria sinensis, fruiting (Dyer), xlii ;

seed-production in (Meehan), xxviii ;

specimens shown, xliv.
Woakes, E., withdrawn, xxxiv.
Wollaston, T. V., deceased, xxxiv. [See

Obituary in ' Eat. Mon. Mag.' xiv.

213, and ' Nature,' xvii. 210.]
Wonfor, T. W., deceased, xiv [see

Obituary in ' Entom. Monthly Mag.'

XV. 167] ; elected, xxi.
Wood containing a bone, shown by Prof.

A. Thomson, xxxix.
Wood-Mason, J., elected, xli.
Woodland, J., elected, xxxix.
Worsley -Benison, plant-jihotographs

taken by, xlix, li.
Wright, C. A., elected, xxxviii.
Wright, S., elected, li.

Young, A. H. (M. Watson and), ana-
tomy of the elk, xxvi.

Younge, R., deceased, ix.

Yucca baccata shown (Jackson), xxxi.

Yuccoideaj and Aloineae (Baker), Hi.

Yunan, Nau-Mu tree from (Dyer),
xxv.

Zoea-larva of Decapods (Hartog), Ixi.
Zooglcea, alga supposed to resemble

(Holmes), 1.
Zoological memoranda of Nile - Land

(Murie), xliv.

Printed by Taylor and Fbancis, Red Lion Court, Fleet etreet.

PEOCEEDmds ^l^}^ '''^

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION 1880-81.)

November 4tli, 1880.

Prof. G. J. Allma^, M.D., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Edward Brown, Esq., H. E. Dresser, Esq., and T. E. Peppe,
Esq., were elected Eellows.

Mr. H. C. Sorby brought under notice drawings of British
Anemones found by him attached to the upper fronds of sea-
weeds in deep water ; and he mentioned the occurrence of a
cream-coloured Cetacean on our coast, species undetermined.

Mr. Arthur Bennett drew attention to a new British Chara
(C. stelligera), remarkable for the presence of stellate bulbils
on the stems.

Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited microscopical slides of two Marine
Algae new to Britain — Dasya Gibhesii, Harv., from Berwick-on-
Tweed, and Ectocarpus terminalis, Kiitz., from Weymouth ; also
examples of Callithamnion roseum and C. upongiosum with anthe-
ridia and trichophora on the same branchlet ; also of Helmin-
tliora cUvaricata with zonate tetraspores, which have not hitherto
been observed.

Dr. E,. C. A. Prior showed, and made remarks on, specimens
of Elybane {Amanita Huscaria) from Chipstable, West Somerset

Dr. T. Spencer Cobbold exhibited a remarkable Trematode
from the Horse {Gastrodiscus Sonsinonis), discovered by Dr.
Sonsino at Zagazig in Egypt.

Mr. Gr. E. Angas exhibited a Leaf of Hermas gigantea, an
Umbelliferous plant of the Caj^e. The fibro-vascular system had

LIKN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSIOISS 1880-82. h

2 PROCEEDTXOS OF THE

been entirely removed, leaving the epidermis and subcutaneous
tissue only ; it is used as tinder by the Hottentots.

Mr. E. A. AVobb exhibited the proliferous inflorescence of
Huhtis fruticosus, Ij., in Avhii-h the floAvers Avero represented by
elonj]fated axes densely covered with minute bracts, the apical
portions of which were fasciated.

The following papers were read : —

1. "Additions to our Knowledge of the Flora of North-Western
India." Bv Prof. George Watt, M.B., F.L.S.

2. " On the Papilionidfe of South Australia." By J. G. Otto
Tepper, F.L.S.

3. " Notes on a Collection of Plowering-Plauts collected by
Mr. L. Kitching in Madagascar." By J. G.Baker, F.E.S., F.L.S.

November 18th, 1880.

Egbert M'^Lachlais-, F.E.S., in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

Lieut. -Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen was elected a Fellow.

Dr. G. E. Dobson exhibited, under the microscope, a remarkable
parasitic Worm taken by him from the intestinal canal of a Bat
{Mefjadenna frons) from the Gold Coast. It was evidently
allied to Ptevi/godermafiies plaqiostoma, Wcdl, from the intestine
of the Long-eared Hedgehog {Erinaceiis otiritiis) ; though on
first examination he (Dr. Dobson) had been disposed to regard
it as a new genus, McfahdeUa.

Dr. Cobbold exhibited five specimens of Disfoma crassinji,
Busk. He stated that the Chinese Missionary whose parasites
had been brought before the Society in 1875 had, on his return
to China, again become the victim of these large flukes ; and his
wife and daughter were also attacked, and all of them been com-
pelled to return to England.

The following papers were then read and discussed : —

1. "The Classification of Gasteropoda."— Part TI. By Dr. J.
Denis Macdonald, F.E.S. Communicated by Dr. G. E. Dobson,
F.L.S.

2. " Note on a Proliferous Condition of Verhascum niffrum."
By the Eev. G. Henslow, F.L.S.

3. " Novitates Capenses." By P. M'Owan and Harry Bolus,
F.L.S.

4. "Australian Fungi."— Part II. By the Eev. M. J. Ber-
keley, F.E.S., F.L.S.

LIlSTs'EAN SOCIETY OF LOS^DO^S". 3

December 2nd, 1880.

Prof. Gr. J. Allmax, M.D., F.E.S., President, in tlie Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

F. Arthur Canton, Esq., Charles B. Cory, Esq., Charles Eaw-
cett, Esq., H. O. Huskisson, Esq., Peter Inchbald, Esq., Charles
L. Jackson, Esq., Paul H. M'^Gillivray, Esq., E. W. Emerson
M^Ivor, Esq., and Ernest L. Sellon, Esq., were elected Eellows.

The Eesolutions of Council of November 25th, 1880, relative
to proposed alterations of Bye-Laws (to be balloted for at the
Evening General Meeting, January 20fch, 1881), were read for
the first time as follows : —

Section 2 of Chapter VIII. of the Bye-Laws shall be repealed, and the
following substituted : —

" The Council for the time beina^ shall annually, at their First Meeting
in April, cause to be prepared two Balloting-Lists, one of which (No. l)is
to contain the names of Five Fellows whom thev shall recommend to be
removed from the Council, and also the names of Six other Fellows out of
whom the Council recommend that the Five persons to be elected into the
Council shall be chosen; and the other list (No. 2) is to contain the
names of such Fellows as they shall recommend to fill the Offices of
President, Treasurer, and Secretaries for the year ensuing, which Lists
shall be read at the Second General Meeting in April in every year, and
then fixed up in the Meeting-room and Library of the Society for the space
of fourteen days at least. And if any one Fellow, or more than one Fellow,
shall desire to substitute the name or names of any other person or persons
in the place of any name or names contained in the said Lists either for
removal from or for election into the Council, or for filling the respective
offices of President, Treasurer, or Secretary, such one Fellow, or more
than one Fellow, shall leave notice in writing at the House of the Society
of the name or names they propose to be substituted within seven days
after the said Lists shall have been read. Balloting-Lists shall, after the
expiration of the said seven days, be printed according to the forms (Nos. !•
and 2) in the Schedule, in case no notice shall be previously left as afore-
said ; but in case of any such notice or notices being so left, then the
name or names of the person or persons proposed to be substituted shall be
added to the Lis:s respectively proposed by the Council according to the
forms (Nos. 3 and 4) in the Schedule. And such Lists shall be transmitted
to each Fellow whose known residence shall be within the United Kingdom
at least one week before the Annual General Meeting shall take place."

Section 4 of the same Chapter shall be repealed and the following sub-
stituted : —

" Each voter, before he delivers his List or Lists, shall strike out the
name or names of those persons recommended for whom he does not vote ;
and if more names shall be suffered to remain in any List than the number
of persons to be elected or removed, such List shall be rejected ; and in
case the names suffered to remain shall be less than the number of vacan-
cies to be supphed, those names only which shall remain in the List shall
stand as voted for."

In Section 8 the following words shall be omitted : — " should contain
more than the proper number of names, or if any List."

62

4 rnocEEDTNGS or the

In Chapter XII. Section 1 the foUowinp; words shall be omitted : —
" provided that the position of the present Librarian elected by the Society
be not thereby affected."

In Chapter XIII. Section 5, after the words " shall be immediately read
and " the following words shall be added, " if approved by the Fellows
present."

In Chapter XIV. Section 5, after the words " Vice-President " shall be
inserted " or Chairman ; " and after the word " Society " shall be added
"and the terms of any such Resohition shall also be forthwith communi-
cated by circular to each Fellow having a known address in the United
Kingdom."

Mr. George Brook exhibited, under the microscope, speci-
mens oi Noctiluca miliaris preserved in a weak solution of osmic
acid. The specimens had been obtained at the Mouth of the
Thames.

Mr. Thomas Christy laid on the table a series of Fungi trans-
mitted by Dr. Bancroft, of Brisbane, Queensland. He also
showed some fruits of a species of Capsicum from Southern Europe,
distinguished by their short ovate shape aud their total absence of
pungency.

The Eev. George Henslow showed diagrams of the structure
of a malformed example of Verba scum nit/rum, which formed the
subject of a paper read at the jirevious Meeting.

Prof. T Spencer Cobbold exhibited a specimen of a rare
Chinese Fluke (Distoma sinense), showing the internal organs,
especially the vitellary sacs and other reproductive parts, ova, &c.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Notes on British Tunicata (1. Ascidiida):' By W. A.
Herdman, D.Sc. Communicated by Prof. C. Wyville Thomson,
E.L.S.

2. " On an Erythrcea new to England." By Frederick Towns-
end, E.L.S.

3. " On the Conifers of Japan." By Dr. Maxwell T. Masters,
E.L.S.

4. "Mollusca of the 'Challenger' Expedition."— Part VII.
By the Eev. E. Boog Watson, E.L.S.

The President afterwards announced that the next General
Meeting of the Eellows of the Society to be held Thursday,
December 16, at 8 p.m., would 'be made a Special Meeting for
the election of a Member of Council.

December IGth, 1880.

Prof. G. J. Allman, M.D., E.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

II. A. Erlebach, Esq., W. A. Herdman, D.Sc, and Thomas E.
Innian, Esq., were elected Eellows.

LUTNEAK SOCIETY OF LOIfDON. 5

The President then declared the Meeting Special (according
to the Charter and Bye-Laws) for the purpose of electing a
Councillor in the room of Mr. Gr. Bentham retired.

The President further appointed Dr. R. C. A. Prior, Mr. H.
C. Sorby, and Mr. H. T. Stainton, Scrutineers ; and announced
that the Ballot-Box would be kept open until 9 o'clock.

The Resolutions of Council of ]S"ovember 25th, 1880, relative
to proposed alterations of Bye-Laws (to be balloted for at the
Evening General Meeting, January 20th, 1881), were read for
the second time.

Dr. Thomas Boycott exhibited a series of microscopical speci-
mens and sections illustrative of the growth of the fruit of the
Orange.

Dr. Maxwell Masters afterwards exhibited an example of the
so-called " Kohl Rabi," in which development of side-shoots took
place in consequence of injury to the terminal bud.

Dried Syrian Figs were shown by Mr. Percival de Castro,
and inquiry made of the Fellows as to their species or other in-
formation, it being intended to introduce their cultivation into
the South of France ; but authentic published data concerning
this very excellent variety were scanty.

The following papers were read : —

1. " The Theory of the Growth of Cuttings ; illustrated by
Observations on the Bramble (Hubus fruticosus) T By Francis
Darwin, F.L.S.

2. " On the Means by which Leaves place themselves at Right
Angles to the Direction of Incident Light." By the same.

3. " On the Land-Molluscan Genus Durgella, Blanf , with
Notes on its Anatomy and Description of a new Species." By
Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, F.R.S., F.L.S.

The Ballot having closed, the Scrutineers reported that Mr.
Charles Baron Clarke had been duly elected a Member of
Council.

January 20th, 1881.

The Rev. J. M. Ceombie, M.A., in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and signed.

The Resolutions of Council of November 25th, 1880, relative
to proposed alterations of the Bye-Laws, which had been read at
the General Meetings of the 2nd and IGth December 1880 re-
spectively, were again read paragraph by paragraph, and suc-
cessively voted for by Ballot and confirmed by the Fellows of the
Society present, excepting the alterations and amendments in
Section 2 of Chapter VIII., which were not confirmed.

There were exhibited for the Rev. J. Gould three portfolios of

O PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Britisli Sea- weeds and Zoophytes, prepared by Mr. F. W. Smith,
of Falmouth.

A Squirrel's nest from a Holly-bush was exhibited by Mr.
Charles Berjeau ; and in his remarks he mentioned lie could find
no example of this Rodent's arboreal domicile either in the British
Museum or other London collections.

Mr. Wra. Ilillhouse explained the construction and advantages
of a new form of Cabinet for microscopical objects designed
by him.

Mr. Thomas Christy exhibited specimens of horn-shaped G-alls
growing on a branch of Pistacia atlantica. These were some-
what similar in appearance to those known in India under the
name of " Kalera-singhi " galls ; and from them a substance
exuded resembling Chian turpentine.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Notes on Orchide*." By George Bentham, F.R.S., FL.S.

2. " On some British Hybrid Ferns." By Edward Joseph
Lowe, F.L.S.

3. " A Revision of the Genus Vibrissea." By William Phillips,
F.L.S.

February 3rd, 1881.

RoBEET M'^Lachlan, F.R.S. , in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Lieut.-Col. A. A. Davidson was elected a Fellow.

A Note from Mr. A. Craig Christie was read on the occur-
rence of Stipules in the natural order Ilicineae. In several
authorities it is stated that that order had exstipulate leaves ;
but specimens of Ilex Aquifolium were shown wherein what ap-
peared to be deciduous stipules were present.

Mr. George Murray exhibited a Japanese Book containing
wood-sections ; and, in contrast, he drew attention to a German
work of a similar kind.

Dried specimens of a Worm and of a Mussel, in which the soft
tissues were preserved by a new method adopted by Prof. C.
Semper, were exhibited on behalf of Herr L. Wiirth, of Wurz-
burg.

The following papers were read ; —

1. "Notes on Cyperacese, with special reference to Lesti-
boudois's ' Essai ' on Beauvois's Genera." By George Bentham,
F.R.S., F.L.S.

2. " Observations on the Life-Histories of Gamasinae." By
A. D. Michael, F.L.S.

3. " Remarks on the Cofiee-Leaf Disease." By Wm. Bidie,

LITSTfEAlSr SOCIETY OF LOlfDON",

in a Letter to, and communicated by, Tolin Cameron, P.L.S., of
Bangalore.

4. " CofFee-Disease in South America." By Dr. M. C. Cooke,
A.L.S.

February 17th, 1881.

Frank Crisp, Esq., LL.B., in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. "W. Wickham exliibited and made the following remarks
on two Collections of Plants from the Arctic Regions : — Of the
57 species of Phanerogams collected by Capt. A. H. Markham
whilst in the " Isbjorn " in Novaya Zemlyain 1879, 37 of the most
interesting of these were placed before the Fellows of the Society
for inspection. The absence of any species of G-entian is re-
markable, as it is so characteristic of the European highlands,
and, moreover, as Arctic Russia (to which Novaya Zemlya is in
close proximity, and from which it most probably derived its
plants) contains 6 species of Greutian. Another interesting fea-
ture of the collection is the presence of three species of Legumi-
nosae found in abundance and of vigorous growth. The order
is unrepresented in Spitzbergen and Arctic G-reenland. Of
Polemonium cceridetim and its " very arctic " variety or subspe-
cies P. humile, it is asked, whence came the variety ? Did
causes forming it operate only in part, or were there two sources
whence Novaya Zemlya was stocked ?

The second collection of typically Polar plants exhibited were
those from the coast of Franz- Josef Laud, obtained by Mr. Leigh
Smith in his successful voyage tliither in 1880. Some 61 spe-
cies of flowering-plants were collected ; but from the account
given of the country visited, it is very probable a more ample
Flora yet awaits investigation.

Mr. A. Hammond exhibited, under the microscope, "v\"ith a
drawing, a portion of the wall of the so-called glandular sac of the
larva of the Puss-Moth {Gerura vinula), from which that insect
is said to eject an acid liquid when alarmed or irritated. He
stated that although there could be no doubt that the organ was
the source of the excretion in question, there nevertheless was
some difficulty in regarding it as a true glandular structure, from
the large quantity of chitinous matter constituting the wall of
the sac itself.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Observations on some British Fishes." By Dr. Francis
Day, F.L.S.

2. " On Eight-hand and Left-hand Contortion of the Corolla."
By Charles Baron Clarke, F.L.S.

3. "On Leirodermatium affine and a Form of Aphrocallistes
from Deep Water." By Prof. P. M. Duncan, F.E S., F.L.S.

O PEOCEEDIIs'as OF THE

March 3rd, 1881.

Egbert M'^Lachlan, F.R.S., in tlie Cliair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Arthur Bennett, Esq., "W. Bancroft Espeut, Esq., Gr. Johnson
Fookes, Esq., N. Henry Martin, Esq., Prof. L. Compton Miall,
Henry N. liidley, Esq., Sir Arthur Scott, Eart., and Walter Gr.
WooUcombe, Esq., Avcre elected Eellows.

Mr. R. Irwin Lynch was elected an Associate.

Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited specimens of Nitopliylluin reptans,
Crouau, a Marine Alga new to Britain, and Dermocarpa prasina.
Born., parasitical on Catanella Opiintia from Scotland, and col-
lected by Mr. Gr. M. Traill, of Edinburgh ; also a new British
Moss, LoscurcEa saxicola, Milde, gathered on Ben Lawers by Mr.
W. West, of Bradford.

Mr. Thomas Christy showed an example of the dried juice of
the Papaw-tree (Carica I'(ij)aya), and of the active principle
Papayine derived from it, mentioning the peculiar physiological
properties of the juice and the proposed use of the active prin-
ciple in Mediciue,

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Keparative Processes which occur in Vegetable
Tissues." By Samuel Gr. Shattock. Communicated by Prof. M.
Foster.

2. '' On the Apparent Eetention of a Sur-anal Plate by a
Young Echinometra." By Prof. F. Jeffrey BeU. Communicated
by Dr. J. Murie.

3. " On Dimorphism in Arjichia and Ilacrotomia." By C. B.
Clarke, F.L.S.

4. " Mollusca of the ' Challenger ' Expedition."— Part. VIII.
Family Pleurotomidae. By the Eev. E. Boog Watson, F.L.S.

March 17th, 1881.

Feakk Ceisp, LL.B., in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Joseph Armitage, Esq., and Prof. Thomas W. Bridge were
elected Fellows.

Mr. Frederick Moore was elected an Associate.

The Chairman, in adverting to the great loss sustained by the
Society in the death of Mr. E, E. Alston, the late Zoological
Secretary, communicated to the Meeting the Council's Eeso-
lutions as follows : —

" That the Council have heard with great regret of the death of ilr.
Alston, and desire to place upon record tlieir sense of the loss which the

LINWEAIS: SOCIETY OF LOJfDON. 9

Society has sustained by being deprived of his services as Zoological Secre-
tary." "And that a copy of the above be forwarded to the family with the
expression of the Council's sympathy." Further, "That the Council pro-
pose to the Meeting, as a mark of respect to the memory of the late Mr.
Alston, Zoological Secretary of the Society, that nothing but formal busi-
ness be taken at this Evening's Meeting."

These Eesolutions of the Council were thereupon adopted in
silence.

Prof. Martin Duncan thereafter moved, on the part o£ the
Fellows of the Society, a vote of condolence with the family of
the late Mr. Alston ; and the same to be forwarded with an ex-
pression of their sympathy.

This Motion having been seconded by Mr. Howard Saunders,
was carried unanimously.

"With reference to certain proposed alterations in the Bye-
Laws of the Society, the Chairman then read the Resolutions of
Council, March 17th, 1881, as follows :—

That the first paragraph as amended {infra) be read from the Chair
this evening (l/th March) with a view of being put to the Society for
acceptance ; and that it be stated from the Chair that, in the event of the
rejection of the proposed alterations, that Chapter VIII. Sections 4 and 8
be restored.

(To be offered for confirmation at the Meeting to be held on 21st April,
1881.)

Section 2 of Chapter VIII. of the Bye-Laws shall be repealed, and the
following substituted : —

" The Council for the time being shall annually, at their first Meeting
in April, cause to be prepared two Balloting-Lists, one of which (No. 1)
is to contain the names of Five Fellows whom they shall recommend to be
removed from the Council, and also the names of Five Fellows whom the
Council recommend to be elected into the Council; and the other List
(No. 2) is to contain the names of such Fellows as they shall recommend to
fill the offices of President, Treasurer, and Secretaries for the year ensuing;
which Lists shall be read at the Second General Meeting in April in every
year, and then fixed up in the Meeting-Room and Library of the Societv for
the space of fourteen days at least. And if any one Fellow, or more than
one Fellow, shall desire to substitute the name or names of any other person
or persons in the place of any name or names contained in the said Lists,
either for removal from or for election into the Council, or for filling the re-
spective offices of President, Treasurer, or Secretary, such one Fellow, or
more than one Fellow, shall leave notice in writing at the House of the
Society of the name or names which he or they may projiose to be substi-
tuted within seven days after the said Lists shall have been read. Balloting-
Lists shall, after the exj)iration of the said seven days, be printed according
to the forms (Nos. 1 and 2) in the Schedule to the existing Bye-Laws, in
case no notice shall have been previously left as aforesaid ; but in case of
any such notice or notices being so left, then the name or names of the
person or persons proposed to be substituted shall be added to the Lists
respectively pro])osed by the Council ; and tlie Lists as proposed by the
Councilor altered (as the case eiay be) shall be communicated by circular
to each Fellow whose known residence shall be within the United Kingdom
at least one week before the Annual General Meeting shall take place."

lO PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Alternative Alterations.

That Sections 4 and 8 of Chapter VIII. shall be repealed and the fol-
lowing substituted ; —

SECTION 4. " Balloting-Lists shall be delivered to every Fellow who
shall ap|)ly for them ; and if any Fellow should not approve of the persons
therein named, but be desirous of giving his vote for some other person
or persons, he will strike his pen or j)cncil across the printed name or names
of the person or persons of wliom he may disapprove, and will write over
against such printed name or names, on the blank side left and prepared
fur the purpose, the name or names of the other person or persons for
whom he may be desirous to give his vote."

Section 8. " If any List should contain more than the proper number
of names, or if any List of Officers should include the name of any person
not being a Member of the Council, such List shall be set aside, and not
taken any account of by the Scrutineers in casting up the number of Votes."

April 7tli, 1881.

GrEOBGE Btjsk, Esq., E.E.S., in tlie Chair.

Tlie Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

William Fawcett, Esq., Eobert Scott, Esq., Artliur Walker,
Esq., and Dr. Andrew AVilson were elected Fellows.

The proposed alterations of the Bye-Laws and alternative
alterations according to the Resolutions of Council of March
17th, 1881, were read for the second time from the Chair.

Mr. E. Morell Holmes exhibited specimens of three British
Lichens {Lecanora aJhoJutescens, Lecidea rhagadiza, and Pertu-
saria spiJoinmiihodes) recently collected in Cumberland by the
Eev. M. Jolmson. He also drew attention to a series of articles,
including the regetable products, illustrative of the native manu-
factures of Madagascar, obtained by the Eev. Mr. Peake.

Dr. Garston, on behalf of Prof. Flower, exhibited a pair of
Elephant's Tusks from the College of Surgeons' Museum Avhich
were surface-worn and encrusted with parasitic ova.

A series of Bots and other Entozoa, illustrative of Prof. Cob-
bold's paper on the Parasites of Elephants, were shown during
the reading of the memoir in question.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Parasites of Elephants." By Prof. T. Spencer
Cobbold, F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " Monograph of the Indian Species of Primula" By George
Watt, M.B., F.L.S.

3. " On the Green Colouring of the Hair of Sloths." By Dr.
H. C. Sorby, F.E.S., F.L.S.

LIira'EAN SOCIETY OF LONUON". 1 1

April 21st, 1881.

"W. SwEETLAND Dailas, F.L.S., ill the Cliair.

Tlie Minutes o£ the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Dr. Charles Barnard, James Bisset, Esq., "William Holmes,
Esq., Dr. Peter W. Marriott, John Charles Sawer, Esq., and
S. Stubbs, Esq., were elected Fellows.

The Chairman then called the attention of the Fellows pre-
sent to the Resolutions of the Council of March 17th, 1881,
respecting the further proposed alterations of Bye-Laws. He
explained that the Fellows themselves having on the 20th January
last (1881) repealed and substituted Section 4 of Chapter VIII.,
and confirmed other alterations in Chapters VIII. , XII., XIII. ,
and XIV., while rejecting the proposed repeal of Section 2,
Chapter VIII., and a substitution of a new Bye-Law, had unin-
tentionally interfered with their own powers of voting.

To remedy this defect the Council had revised the new Bye-
Law in question, expunging supposed objectionable clauses ; and
the same having been duly announced and successively read
from the Chair at the Meetings of the l7th March and 7th
April, it would now again be read and balloted for in due
form.

The Council being solely actuated by the desire to have the
Bye-Laws in conformity with the wishes of the majority of the
Fellows, suggested a return to the original Bye-Laws Sections 4
and 8 of Chapter VIII., in the event of the revised substitution
Section 2 Chapter VIIT. being rejected.

The Chairman then announced, as the proposal of the Council,
that Section 2 of Chapter VIII. of the Bye-Laws shall be re-
pealed and the following substituted : —

"The Council foi- the time being shall annually, at their First Meeting
in April, cause to be prepared two Balloting-Lists, one of which (No. 1)
is to contain the names of Five Fellows whom they shall recommend to be
removed from the Council, and also the names of Five Fellows whom
the Council recommend to be elected into the Council; and the other List
(No. 2) is to contain the names of such Fellows as they shall recommend to
fill the offices of President, Treasurer, and Secretaries for the year ensuing ;
which Lists shall be read at the Second General Meeting in April in every
year, and then fixed up in the Meeting- Room and Library of the Society
for the space of fourteen days at least. And if any one Fellow, or more
than one Fellow, shall desire to substitute the name or names of any other
person or persons in the place of any name or names contained in the said
Lists, either for removal from or for election into the Council, or for filling
the respective offices of President, Treasurer, or Secretary, such one Fellow,
or more than one Fellow, shall leave notice in writing at the House of the
Society of the name or names which he or they may propose to be substi-
tuted within seven days after the said Lists shall have been read. Balloting-
Lists shall, after the expiration of the said seven days, be printed according
to the forms (Nos. 1 and 2) in the Schedule to the existing Bye-Laws, in

12 PROCEEDINTGS OF THE

case no notice shall have been ])reviously left as aforesaid ; but in case of
any such notice or notices bein<; so left, then the name or names of the
person or persons proposed to be substituted shall be added to the Lists
respectively proposed by the Council and the Lists as proposed by the
Council or altered (as the case may be ) shall be communicated by circular
to each Fellow whose known residence shall be within the United Kingdom
at least one week before the Annual General Meeting shall take place."

The Ballot taviug been taken, the above proposed alteration
was negatived by a majority of the Fellows present.

Thereafter the Chairman read out the alternative altera-
tions : — " That Sections 4. and 8 of Chapter VIII. shall be re-
pealed and the following substituted : " —

Section 4. " Balloting-Lists shall be delivered to every Fellow who shall
apply for them. And if any Fellow should not approve of the persons
therein named, but be desirous of giving his vote for some other person or
persons, he will strike his ])eu or pencil across the prii\ted name or names
of the jjerson or persons of whom he may disapprove, and will write over
against such printed name or names, on the blank side left and prepared
for the purpose, the name or names of the other person or persons for whom
he may be desirous to give his vote."

Sections. " If any List should contain more than the proper number
of names, or if any List of Officers should include the name of any person
not being a Member of the Council, such List shall be set aside, and not
taken any account of by the Scrutineers in casting up the number of votes."

Those Motions having been balloted for in due form, were
confirmed.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Individual Variation in the Branchial Sac of Simple
Ascidians." By W. A. Herdman, D.Sc, F.L.S.

2. " Note on Hibiscus palustris, Linn., and certain Allied Spe-
cies." By B. Daydon Jackson, Sec. L.S.

3. " On the Freshwater Shells of Australia." By Edgar A.
Smith. Communicated by Dr. J. Murie, F.L.S.

4. " On the Occurrence of the Norwegian Argentina silus on
the Shore of the Moray Firth, Banllshire." By Thomas Edward,
A.L.S.

5. "Mollusca of the 'Challenger' Expedition."— Part IX.
Pleurotomidae. By the Eev. E. Boog Watson, F.L.S.

May 5th, 1881.

Aethtje Geote, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Chairman announced that the follo^\'ing Auditors to exa-
mine the Treasurer's Accounts had been nominated by the
Council : —

For the Fellows :— Mr. Charles Breese and Mr. H. T.
Staintou : —

LIISTSrEA]!f SOCIETY OV LONDOIf. 1 3

For the Council :— Mr. Frank Crisp and Mr. W. S. Dallas :—
Which, having been put to the vote, were unanimously agreed
to by the Fellows present.

The Secretary exliibited, for Dr. Maxwell Masters, a branch
of a Japanese Birch grown in England to show the beauty of
the bark ; and there was also shown a gnaur from the trunk of
a Cedar of Lebanon.

Mr. Charles Stewart exhibited an ovum of Helix Jicemastoma,
remarkable for its great size relatively to that of the animal.
He also showed the Grenerative Organs, peculiar in having the
retractor muscle of the penis attached to the extremity of a short
and larger spermatophoral gland ; the prostatic portion of the
common duct was exceedingly large, the uterine being devoid of
the pouched character found in Helix aspera.

Mr. Thomas Christy made some remarks on a new India-
Eubber tree from West Africa ; and Mr. Holmes also showed
a species of Strychnos from the same region.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Synopsis of the Indian Species of Atidrosace." By George
Watt, M.B., F.L.S.

2. " Descriptive Catalogue of the Species of Cellopora col-
lected by the ' Challenger ' Expedition." By George Busk,
E.E.S., E.L.S.

May 24th, 1881.

Anniversary JSleeting.

Prof. G. J. Allmak, M.D., E.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Treasurer (Mr. Frederick Currey) then read his Annual
Heport, stating that financially the Society had continued pros-
perous.

The Senior Secretary then read his EejDort ; showing that
since the last Anniversary eleven Fellows had died, viz. : —

Fellows (11).

C. J. H. Allen, Esq.
E. H. Alston, Esq.
John Blackwall, F.E.S.
H. Bamsay Cox, Esq.*
John Gould, F.E.S.
Gerard Krefft.

Dr. J. Lauder Lindsay.
A. Eeginald Pryor.
Dr. J. D. Moore.
Dr. George Suche.
Arthur Veitch, Esq.f

* See ' The Entomologist ' (1880), vol. xiii. p. 248.
t See ' Gai-dener's Chronicle ' (1880), vol. xiv. p. 440.

'4

PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE

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LIIWEA.N SOCIETY OF LONDOIf.

And four had witLdrawB, viz. : —

C. J. L. Guppy, Esq.
Clements E. Markham, Esq.

Dr. Henry Scott.
Dr. Shearer.

Against this, 37 new Fellows, one Foreign Member, and one
Associate had been elected. As the Society stood at present,
there were 670 Fellows, 50 Foreign Members, and 21 Associates,
viz. a total of 7Jj1.

During the past year there had been received as Donations to
the Library 106 volumes and 125 pamphlets and separate im-
pressions of Memoirs. From the various scientific societies there
had also been received 96 volumes and 218 detached parts of
publications ; besides 23 volumes obtained by exchange and
donation from the Editors of independent periodicals.

The Council, at the recommendation of the Library Committee,
had sanctioned the purchase of 80 separate volumes and 63
serials and parts of important works, continuations and other-
wise ; these latter equal to about 10 vols, or 90 in all acquired
by purchase. The total additions to the Library were therefore
315 volumes and 373 separate parts.

Mr. Kippist had also presented framed "Water-colour Sketches
of Dr. Eobert Brown's birth-place, and of his London residence
in Dean Street, also of Sir Joseph Banks's Library, Soho Square.

The Society's Collections and Herbaria had been duly examined
and reported on to the Council as in good condition.

After fifty years' service under the Society, Mr. Eichard
Kippist had last summer resigned his position as Librarian ; and
the Council, iu acknowledgment thereof, had granted him a
retiring pension.

Mr. J. Gr. Baker then read a letter from, and in the name of
Mr. J. W. Miers presented a portrait of his Father, the late
Mr. John Miers, as a memento ot his connexion with the Society.
Prof. Allen Thomson, also, at the instance of a small Committee
of friends, presented a portrait in oil of Prof. St. George Mivart,
formerly Zoological Secretary to the Society. A vote of thanks
was accorded to the respective Donors.

Prof. Owen having taken the Chair, the President then deli-
vered his Anniversary Address, the subject chosen being " Eecent
Prorgress in our Knowledge of the Development of the Cteno-
phora." Afterwards Dr. W. B. Carpenter proposed a vote of
thanks to the retiring President for his interesting Address, and
also for his official services during his Presidentship), which, having
been put by him, was carried by acclamation.

The Secretary (Mr. B. D. Jackson) thereafter read the
Obituary Notices of the several Fellows of the Society who had
died during the year.

1 6 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

The Ballot for the Council having closed, the President nomi-
nated Dr. Braithwaite, Dr. R. C. Prior, and Mr. Jenner Weir
as Scrutineers. The votes having been counted, and rej^orted
to the President, he declared that Alfred W. Bennett, B.Sc,
Francis Darwin, M.B., Prof. E. Ray Lankester, Sir John Lub-
bock, Bart., and George J. Romanes, F.R.S., had been elected
into the Council in the room of E. R. Alston, Esq. (deceased),
Dr. Thomas Boycott, Prof. Michael Foster, Dr. J. Grwyu Jefireys,
and Prof. St. Gr. Mivart, who were removed.

Tlic Ballot for Officers also having closed, the President nomi-
nated the same Scrutineers. The votes having been counted,
and reported to the President, he declared the result as fol-
lows : — Presideni, Sir John Lul)bock, Bart. ; Treasurer, Frederick
Currey, Esq. ; B. Daydon Jackson, Esq., re-elected Botanical
Secretary, and George J. Romanes, F.R.S., elected Zoological
Secretary.

Ohituary Notices.

Et)"WAEB RicnAET) Alstok, F.G.S., F.Z.S, Member of the
British Ornithologists' Union, Secretary of the Linnean Society,
&c., was born at Stockbriggs, near Lesmahagow, Lanarkshire, on
the 1st December, 1845. In boyhood he was very delicate and
subject to asthma, which precluded his going to school ; so that
he was nominally educated at home. Practically he educated
himself ; and the success of this self-tuition, as carried out by one
possessed of his force of character, has been amply demonstrated,
A keen interest in natural history was developed in him from an
early age ; and numerous contributions from his pen upon zoo-
\o<y\, its folk-lore, and field-notes, the results of his observations,
both in his own country and on the Continent, apj)eared in the
' Zooloo-ist' and in various Scottish magazines. A preliminary
visit to Norway with Mr. J. A. Harvie-Brown led to a more
extended tour in 1872, when the two friends pushed theii' explo-
rations as liir as Archangel ; and contributed to ' The Ibis ' of
1873 a paper which was an important addition to the limited
knowledge tbeu possessed respecting the geographical distri-
bution of birds in North-eastern Europe. Ou his return, Mr.
Alston took up his residence in Loudon, devoting himself princi-
pally to the study of the osteology of the Mammalia, under the
excellent guidance of Professor Flower at the College of Surgeons ;
and to the literature of the subject in the pages of the ' Zoological
Record,' in which he edited this section until the year 1878 in-
clusive. In addition to this, in 1874 he assisted the late Professor
Thomas Bell in the second edition of ' British Quadrupeds ' to an
extent which the original author was unable adequately to acknow-
ledf^e iu print ; and in the same year he began to contribute
papers to the ' Proceedings of the Zoological Society ' on various
Mammals, principally ou the Rodents. The most important of
these, nearly a score iu number, are perhaps those on the Squirrels

LINNEA2T SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 7

of the Neotropical region, published in 1878 and 1879 ; but all
are valuable and remarkable for their conciseness and lucidity ot
exposition. In 1879 Messrs. Godmau and Salvin commenced the
publication of the ' Biologia Centrali- Americana,' in which the
division Mammalia was written by Mr. Alston, who, in spite of
failing health, managed to complete that section before he died.
Although still young, his scientific attainments and social quali-
fications were by this time generally acknowledged ; and in 1880
his elevation to a post on the Council of the Zoological Society,
on various Committees of which he had long served, was followed
by his election as Zoological Secretary here. But the seeds of
early disease, which it was hoped he had outgrown, still lurked
in his constitution ; and, working to within three weeks of his
death, he was carried ofi" by acute phthisis on the 7th March,
1881, at the early age of 35.

Only those who have watched his career can estimate tlie loss
which science has sustained by his untimely removal. In private
life few men have been more universally beloved ; for to great
force of character and to a frank outspokenness when he deemed
that the occasion required it, he united an amiability of manner
and a conciliatory mode of expression which precluded the possi-
bility of giving offence. The lot of any man may justly be envied
whose loss is so sincerely mourned.

John Blackwall was born nt Crumpsall Old Hall, near Man-
chester, on 20th January, 1789, and died on the 11th inst., in his
ninety-second year. About 1820 he began to devote his atten-
tion to the true spiders {Araneidea) ; and thenceforward his
ardour never flagged, despite failing sight and other accompani-
ments of old age. His work was prosecuted almost entirely
without help from other observers ; from time to time he issued
six papers in the ' Edinburgh Philosophical Journal,' and a
similar number in our own 'Transactions,' between 1833 and
1855. He also contributed fifteen articles in the 'Annals and
Magazine of Natural History,' from 1851 to 1857, comprising a
catalogue of all the then known British spiders. The ' Journal
of the Linnean Society ' has three papers by him in 1864 and
1870; but the work by which his reputation will be best main-
tained is his ' History of the Spiders of Grreat Britain and Ireland,'
published by the Eay Society in 1861-64 in one volume. [A full
obituary notice from the pen of the Eev. O. P. Cambridge will
be found in ' The Entomologist ' (1881), vol. xiv. pp. 115-150.]

John Gould was born in September 1801, at Lyme, in Dorset-
shire ; but his father moved afterwards to Guildford, in Surrey,
and subsequently was appointed one of the foremen in the Koyal
Gardens at Windsor. Here the boy had good opportunity of
studying British birds in the field ; and his early .specimens ob-
tained about this time, when he was little more than fourteen
years of age, show great skill in preparation. He came to London
in 1827, then quitted his career as gardener, and received the
appointment of Taxidermist to the Zoological Society's Museum.

LINN. sue. PBOCEEDINGS. — SESSIONS 1880-82.

1 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

In this capacity he enjoyed the friendship of Mr. N. A. Vigors,
one of the then leading English naturalists ; and by his means was
first introduced into the world of authorship. His maiden essay
consisted of " A. Collection of Birds from the Himalayan Moun-
tains," communicated by Mr. Vigors to Zool. Soc. Proc. (1830-31).
Gould's drawings afterwards were transferred to stone by his
accomplished wife. The success of this proved so gratifying, that
' The Birds of Europe ' was forthwith begun, and finished in 1837,
in seven vols, folio. Simultaneously with this important work,
he issued, in 1834, a Monograph of the Rhamphastida) or Toucans ;
and four years later a Monograph of the Trogonidse, which reached
a second edition a short time before his death. His journey to
Australia resulted in his sumptuous volumes on the birds of that
continent, which were issued in seven folio volumes from 1841 to
1848. "Within a year from his return to Europe, he was completely
over^^'helmed by the loss of his devoted -wife.

Possibly the most striking of Mr. Grould's publications is his
* Monograph of the Trochilidse, or Humming-Birds.' It is a
satisfaction to note that the original specimens collected for this
work have been, since the collector's death, acquired by the autho-
rities of the British Museum. The remaining works of the inde-
fatigable author were : — * The Birds of Great Britain ;' ' Handbook
to the Birds of Australia,' in 8vo ; ' The Birds of Asia ;' ' The Birds
of New Guinea ;' the first part of a ' Monograph of the Pittidae, or
Ant-Thrushes of the Old World ;' ' Icones Avium ;' and ' Mono-
graph of the Odontophorhinse, or Partridges of America.'

These various works were published by the author himself,
owing to the fact that his first work went vainly begging for a
publisher ; afterwards, when advantageous terms were ofl:ered, he
declined to treat. His enthusiasm for the objects of his care
was such as to make him refuse to sell a copy of one of his books
to a person wlio wanted to become a purchaser, but had thought
fit to speak to him slightingly of the performance.

He was elected a Fellow of this Society on January 15, 1833^
and died in Loudon, February 3, 1881.

Geeaed Keefft, born at Brunswick in 1830, and died in
February last at Sydney, Australia.

After passing some time in the United States, he went to
Melbourne in 1852, and formed part of the Government Explo-
ration Expedition in 1858. He returned to Melbourne as leader
of the Expedition, and accepted a post as Assistant at the Museum ;
but soon after relinquished it, and returned to Germany. The
next year, after a short stay in South Africa, he settled at Sydney
as Curator of the Museum in succession to Dr. Pittard. A series
of disagreements with the Trustees of that Institution ended by
his retirement from his position there in 1874.

De. Willia-M Laudee Lindsay was born in 1828. As a
schoolboy, he is said to have exhibited " that enthusiastic love of
knowledge and foreign travel, as well as that facility with the
pen and pencil, which distinguished his after years." His principal

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 9

objects of study resulted in the issue of his ' History of British
Lichens,' and many other papers which have appeared in our pub-
lications and elsewhere, which have been collected and republished.
His work ' Contributions to New-Zealand Botany,' which came
out in 1868, in 4to, was the outcome of a holiday employed by
him in a search after health at the Antipodes. His last book
treated of psychological subjects, and does not come within our
scope. He died in November last.

Adolphus Eeginald Petoe was born at Hatfield in Hertford-
shire, 24th April, 1839 ; and after leaving school he proceeded to
University College, Oxford. From quite an early period of his life
he was much attached to the study of natural history ; but gra-
dually he came to devote himself more especially to Botany. In
1873 he began to make himself known by his contributions to the
history of critical species of the British Flora, in the pages of
the ' Journal of Botany ' and ' Nature ;' and in the following year
he was elected a Fellow of this Society. The whole bent of his
mind was singularly accurate; on even trivial matters he was
most painstaking to ascertain actual facts or the foundations of
reports. After some weeks' illness, he died at Baldock on the 18th
February of this year, leaving his collections to the Hertfordshire
Natural History Society, of which he was a V^ice-President. His
' Flora of Hertford ' was in an advanced state at the time of his
death ; and it is therefore hoped that ere long it will be published
under the auspices of that Society.

June 2nd, 1881.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the Anniversary Meeting were read and con-
firmed.

Mr. Eobert Eomanis, D.Sc. Edinb., was elected a Fellow.

Dr. Greorge Hoggan made some observations on the Lympha-
tics of Vascular Walls, specimens in illustration being exhibited
under the microscope.

Mr. Thomas Christy also exhibited the following objects : —
Living Eubber-plants from West Africa, viz. Urostigma Vogelii
and a large specimen oi Taherncemontana crassa ; products o'i Pis-
tacia Terehinthus, viz. the nuts, the resin (for rendering paper
water-proof), and the so-called Pistacia-butter separated from
the resin, winch is used for sweetmeats in the East ; also China
Turpentine from the same tree.

There were exliibited, onbehalf of Mr. Henry J. Elwes, samples
of pure Sulphate of Quinine made by Mr. Grammie, Superin-
tendent of the Grovernment Cinchona Plantations in Sikkim,
from the bark of Cinchona succiruhra and C. Calisaya by a uew^
process discovered by himself, requiring no expensive chemicals
or apparatus.

c2

20 PROCEEDINaa OF THE LrS~NEAJf SOCIETY OP LONDON.

The followaiig papers were read : —

1. " Observations on Ants, Bees, and Wasps." — Part VIII.
Habits of Ants. By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.R.S., Pres. L.S.

2. " On the Genus Plocamia, Schmidt, and on some other
Sponges o£ the Order Echinodermata." By S. O. Eidley, F.L.S.

3. " On two Species of /S^owyi(?a from the Atlantic Sea-bed."
By Prof. P. Martin Duncan, P.R.S., P.L.S.

4. " MoUusca of H.M.S. ' Challenger' Expedition."— Part X.
(Fam. Pleurotomidae, cont*) . By the Rev. R. Boog "Watson, F.L.S.

The President gave the substance of a Circular received from
the Local Secretaries of the British Association inviting Fellows
of the Society to forward for exhibition at the Jubilee Meeting
in York (August 31) Instruments of Scientific Research and
such apparatus as might show historically, and otherwise, the
progress made during the last half-century.

June 16th, 1881.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
John Forrest, Esq., of Australia, iUexauder Somer\alle, Esq.,
and Capt. John Thomas Wright were elected Fellows.

Mr. W. Hood Fitch exliibited a set of drawings of new Orchids,
species of Odontoglossum .

The Rev. H. Higgius showed a specimen of Holothuria which
had been got between Patagonia and the Falkland Islands. Tliis
he had identified as Psolus squamatus ; and it had been figured
by Otho Fred. Miiller in his ' Zoologia Danica.'

The Secretary read a portion of a Letter addressed to him by
Mr. William Ferguson, of Colombo, in which lie mentioned
his having found Wolffia arrhiza, Wimm., in abundance in an
abandoned stone-quarry, covering the surface of the water ; and
that in a recent trip to the Kandyan country he had discovered
Adiantum cethiopicum, Linn., both these being new records for
Ceylon.

Mr. J. Gr. Baker exhibited a specimen of the Inflorescence of
the Aloe Parryi, the source of the drug. Tliis was the first time
it had flowered in tliis country, although the product of the plant
had been kno\m for two thousand years.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Flora of the Kuram Valley, Afghanistan." —
Part II. By Surgeon-Major Aitchison, F.L.S.

2. " On Central-African Plants collected by Major Serpa
Pinto." By Prof. Count Ficalho and W. P. Hiern, F.L.S.

3. " Revision of the Idoteidae, a Family of Sessile-eyed Crus-
tacea." By Edward J. Miers, F.L.S.

4. " On the Nostrils of the Cormorant {Plialacrocorax carlo)."
By Prof J. C. Ewart. Communicated by Gr. J. Romanes, Sec L.S.

PEOGEEDIMS

OP THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION 1881-82.)

November 3rd, 1881.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The President, in announcing the death of the Treasurer, Mr.
Frederick Currey, spoke of the universal esteem in which he was
held, and put the following Minutes of Council to the Meeting : —

" That the Council and Fellows of the Linnean Society of
London, having heard with the deepest regret of the death of
the Treasurer, Mr. Frederick Currey, desire to place upon
record their sense of the great loss sustained by the Society in
his death, and their sincere appreciation of the valuable ser-
vices rendered by him during twenty years as Secretary, and
afterwards as Treasurer.

" That a copy of the foregoing Eesolution be communicated
to the family of the late Treasurer."

These Eesolutions having been spoken to by Mr. Gr. Bentham,
Mr. H. T. Stainton, and Prof. St. George Mivart, were carried
unanimously.

The Eev. William Henry Jones and the Eev. William Moyle
Rogers were elected Fellows.

Mr. E-. M^Lachlan exhibited a parthenogenetically-bred Beetle
{Gastrophi/sa raphani), which was the secoud reared by Dr. J. A.
Osborne in Ireland. The egg which produced it was one of a
batch of forty-two laid by a virgin female on 14th June, and was

22 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

batched on 24th. Moults occurred on the 1st and 5th July ;
the melaniorphosis to pupa L4'th July ; and the imago appeared
23rd July.

Dr. T. S. Cobbold showed under the microscope about one
hundred eggs of Bilharzia h<xmatohia, taken from a patient re-
cently ari-ived from Egypt, suffering from hsematuria. By adding
water, nearly all the eggs were hatched during the Meeting.

Dr. M. T. Masters showed a spike of Calanthe Veitcliii, inter-
esting as a hybrid between species of two reputed distinct genera,
Liviatodes rosea and Calanthe vestita, the characteristics of both
genera being curiously combined.

Mr. J. E. Jackson called attention to a box of skinned and
sun-dried Bananas, recently imported from Jamaica, as an expe-
riment for sale in the English market.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Notes on Graminese." By George Bentham, F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " Description of some new Birds from the Solomon Islands
and New Britain." By Edw. P. Eamsay, F.L.S.

3. "Eeport on the Arctic Drift-wood collected by Capt.
Feilden and Mr. H. C. Hart in 1875-76." By Dr. W. E. M-'Nab,
F.L.S.

The President gave notice that the next Meeting would be
made Special, to elect a Treasurer and Member of Council.

November 17th, 1881.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The President having declared the Meeting mnde Special, pur-
suant to notice, announced that the Ballot would be taken for
1 he election of a Treasurer and a Member of Council, and that it
would remain open until 9 p.m. He then nominated Mr. C. J.
Breese, Mr, T. Christy, and Mr. P. Duffy as Scrutineers.

A Letter was read from Mr. F. Innes Currey, conveying the
thanks of the family of the late Treasurer to the Society for their
kind expression of sympathy.

Mr. George Murray exhibited a bough of Pinus Pinaster with
suppressed intern odes of the lateral branches, the result of injury
to the axis from which they sprang.

Dr. Francis Day showed examples of the stomachs of the Pil-
chard, with special reference to points in their digestion. These
fishes ai'rive on the coast of Cornwall in the evening to feed ; and
at sunset the nets arc shot between their feeding-grounds and
the deep water. Examination immediately after landing the fish
proved that in every instance the food was the Zota stage of
Crustaceans ; and whilst lying loosely in the pyloric division of

LINNEAN SOCTETT OF LONDON. 23

the stomacli, it was enclosed in a sac or sausage-shaped body.
He was not prepared to state what might be the function of this
membranous envelope.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Cross-fertilization in Boseoea purpurea and Salvia
Grahami." By A. Irwin Lynch, A.L.S.

2. " On the' Habits of Ants, Bees, and Wasps."— Part IX.
By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President.

3. " On a Hampshire Orchis not figured in * English Botany;' "
By C. B. Clarke, M.A., P.L.S.

4. "A new Entozoon from the Ostrich, Strongylus BouglasHy
By Dr. T. Spencer Cobbold, E.E.S., E.L.S.

The Scrutineers having examined the Ballot, and reported
thereon to the President, it was announced from the Chair that
Sir John Kirk, K.C.M.Gr., had been elected a Member of Council,
and Mr. Frank Crisp had been elected Treasurer in the room of
Mr. Frederick Currey, deceased.

December 1st, 1881.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The following were elected Fellows : — Capt. P. Greene, Lieut. -
Col. Swinhoe, G-. S. Jenman, Esq., Gr. S. Walton, Esq., Dr. Wil-
helm Landau, C. S. Wilkinson, Esq., Charles George Warnford
Lock, Esq., George Samuel Valentine Wills, Esq., Eev. T. E. H.
Sturges, and the Eev. George Wilson.

Mr. J. Harris Stone showed specimens of Lychnis Visearia,
and made remarks on it as a trap for ants. He had noticed
that in Norway 95 per cent, of the specimens had dead ants,
mostly on the glutinous nodes.

Dr. T. S. Cobbold exhibited diseased roots of StepJmnotis
which he had received from Dr. Masters ; these were swarming
with myriads of Nematoid worms, and also had minute Acari.
He referred the worms to the genus Leptodera; and stated that
thirty-three years before he had found similar parasites in the
shrivelled leaves of Gloxinia.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Note on the Foliation and Eamification of Buddleia auri-
culatay By Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " On the Homology of the Conario-hypophysial Tract, or
the so-called Pineal and Pituitary ' Glands.' " By Prof. Owen,
C.B., F.E.S., F.L.S.

3. "On the Sense of Colour among some of the Lower Ani-
mals." By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President.

4. " Note on a Proliferous Double Mignonette." By the Eev.
G. Henslow, M.A., F.L.S.

24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

December 15th, 1881.

George Busk, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair,

The Miuutea of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

W. H. CoflBn, Esq., E. Milners, Esq., and H. Parkes, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

Dr. T. S. Cobbold exhibited a large G-uinea-worm {Dracuncu-
lus) taken from a pony in Madras by Vet. -Surg. Frederick Smith.
Only one previous instance o£ the occurrence of this parasite in
the horse had been mentioned, and its authenticity had been
doubted by Fedschenko and others.

Mr. G. S. Boulger showed a set of papier-m&che models of
insectivorous plants for teaching-purposes, made under the super-
intendence of Prof. Cohn by Herr Brendel of Breslau.

Mr. T. Christy called attention to the volume of the Annual
Beport of the Commissioner of A griculture for 1879, issued at
Washington, containing much valuable information on the insects
and other agents destructive to crops.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On some Points in the Morphology of the Temnopleuridce.''^
By Prof P. Martin Duncan, F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " On a new Species of Gossypium from East Tropical Africa."
By Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, F.B.S., F.L.S.

3. " Note on Abies PattonUr By W. E. M'=N"ab, M.D.

4. " On the Digastric Muscle, its Modifications and Functions."
By G. E. Dobson, M.B., F.L.S.

5. "TheMolluscaof H.M.S. ' ChaUenger ' Expedition."— Parts
XI. and XII. By the Eev. E. Boog Watson, B.A., F.L S.

January 19th, 1882.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
The President announced the death of Mr. Eichard Kippist,
aged 70, who died on the 14th January, 1882. He had spent
upwards of fifty years in the service of the Society, at first as
Prof. Don's Assistant and afterwards as Librarian himself.

The following resolution was then put from the Chair, and
carried unanimously, that

" Tlie Fellows in Meeting assembled, on learning of the death
of Mr. Kippist, desire to record their sense of the efficient and
faithful service rendered to the Society by its former Libi'arian
during more than half a century."

A list was read of 189 volumes and pamphlets presented to the
Library as a Donation from the family of the late Mr. Frederick

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 2$

Currey, in memory of his long connexion with the Society. In
accepting this donation, a special vote of thanks was accorded to
Mr. F. Innes Currey and the rest o£ the donors.

Mr. T. B. Plower sent for exhibition Potentilla rupestris, L.,
from Montgomeryshire, Polygonum maritimwn, L., and Senecio
squalidus, L., from North Devon.

Mr. "W. Bancroft Espeut, of Jamaica, forwarded for exhibition
an albino specimen of Bat (Molossus ohscurus, Geoif.), albinism
in the Cheiroptera being of rare occurrence.

Dr. T, S. Cobbold showed living specimens of Leptodera under
the microscope.

The following papers were read : —

1. " The Life-history of a Crocus, and Notes on the Classifica-
tion and Geographical Distribution of the Genus." By George
Maw, F.L.S.

2. " The Asteroidea of H.M.S. ' Challenger ' Expedition."—
Part I. By W. Percy Sladen, E.L.S.

3. " Note on Staminiferous Corollas in Digitalis purpurea and
in Solamim tulejvsum.'' By the Eev. George Henslow, M.A.,
E.L.S.

February 2nd, 1882.

C. B. Claeke, M.A., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Eev. B. Scortechini and John Marshall, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

A Letter of invitation was read from the President of the
Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou to the Linneau
Society, or its representatives, to be present at a Jubilee on
May 14th next, N.S., in honour of Charles Eenard. The Council
communicated this to the Meeting in case any Fellow might wish
to act as representing the Society at the Jubilee.

Mr. T. Christy exhibited samples of various vegetable fibres and
manufactured pulp therefrom ; also explaining the new chemical
process employed by Mr. C. D. Ekmau for makiug excellent
paper quickly and economically from any sort of coarse plant-
fibre.

The Secretary read a portion of a Letter from Mr. Thomas
Edward, A.L.S., accompanying a specimen of a supposed rare
marine animal, caught on a line off" the Banffshire coast. Dr.
Murie identified it as belonging to the Nemertean worms, pro-
bably Cerebratulus angulatus.

Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited a new blistering-insect from

26

PBOCEEDraOS OF THE

Madagascar belonging to the genus Epicauta, allied to E. rufi-
collis, and brought to this country by Dr. Parker, Physician to
the Queen of" Madagascar. He also drew attention to specimens
of Cinchona-bark cultivated in Bolivia, belonging to the verde2iu&
vwrailit varieties ot" Calisaya, not hitherto cultivated in our colo-
nies, but deserving of attention on account of their large yield of
bark and good percentage of quinine ; for which reasons the Boli-
vian planters prefer tliem to Cinchona Ledr/eriana.

Mr. J. E. Jackson showed a native Australian Pituri-bag.
Formerly the leaf of the plant only was known ; but Baron F. v.
Mueller has lately shown that it is derived from Duhoisia Hop-
woodii.

The following papers were read : —

1. "Note on the Medical Use oi Melaleuca uncinata, R. Br."
By J. a. Otto Tepper, F.L.S.

" In the ' Proceedings of the Eoyal Soc. of S. Australia ' (vol. iii.
p. 175, 1879-80) I drew attention to the curative properties of
the above plant, and have since then used it exclusively myself in
all cases of colds, cough, and sore throat arising from cold or con-
tinued speaking, with the best effects ; so that I hardly know now
what it is to be troubled by the above complaints.

" The wife of one of the residents some months ago was so seriously
aflBicted by catarrh and bronchitis, that her life was pronounced
in danger by the medical adviser of the family. I asked the man
to try the above plant, which grows plentifully about here, as it
could do no harm. Early next morning he procured a sprig, and in
a day or two the patient was out of danger. My children likewise
use it with the same good result ; and so do many people here
about. The way it is applied is to masticate a few fresh or dried
leaves, swallow the expressed sap with the saliva at convenient
intervals ; and the complaint disappears in a day or two quite
imperceptibly, and without the slightest inconvenience. The
taste of the leaves is aromatic, but not nearly so unpleasant as
those of the other indigenous species, or of the various Eucalypts."
(Accompanying were a few branches for experiment.)

2. " Eemarks on Elephant Flukes." By Major-General Benson,
F.L.S.

(The author referred to Dr. Cobbold's use of the term Fasciola
Jacksoni, whilst he himself had described the flukes in the ' Ran-
goon Times ' in 18G7. Dr. Cobbold explained that initials only
had been appended to the article referred to, in which the Ele-
phant mortality was first correctly referred to these parasites ;
but the w orm was first discovered by J. B. S. Jackson twenty years
before the llangooii letter, viz. in 1847.)

3. " Botanical Sketch in connexion with the Geological Fea-
tures of New South Wales." By Robert D. Fitzgerald, F.L.S.

4. " Observations on Animal Intelligence." By J. Gr. Otto
Tepper, F.L.S.

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 27

February 16th, 1882.

Frank Ceisp, LL.B., Treas. and Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

A circular letter from the Eoyal Society of N. S. "Wales was
read, announcing that prizes would be given for the best essays
on certain subjects in 1882 and 1883, some being on the natural
history of Australia.

Mr. John Badcock exhibited a supposed Fungus obtained in
Epping Forest. Mr. Cliarles Stewart afterwards gave his reasons
for supposing it to be the zoogloea stage of Monas termo.

Dr. Cobbold drew attention to male and female specimens o£
Ascaris transfuga found in the leg of a Brown Bear in Transyl-
vania. Hitherto these parasites had only been found in the in-
testinal canal.

Mr. A. Grote showed Geaster fornicatus from Maidenhead.

The following papers were read :—

1. " Potato-disease, and the Theory of Fungoid Parasitism."
By A. Stephen Wilson. Communicated by Prof. Trail, F.L.S.

2. "On the Shells of Aden." By Lieut. J. F. Cockburn.
Communicated by Prof. Bayley Balfour, F.L.S.

March 2nd, 1882.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Col. Richard Henry Beddome, Thomas Bonner Chambers, Esq.,
George Cheverton, Esq., The llev W. H. Dallinger, C. D. Ekmau,
Esq., Prof. W. Fream, Eev. Eichard Hooper, C. Dubois Larba-
lestier, Esq., Eev. E. P. Murray, and Charles Vipan, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

Prof. P. M. Duncan exhibited, under the microscope, the
pollen-tubes of Crocus, and Mr. Charles Stewart the ovule of the
same genus.

Mr. C. F. "White exhibited a series of drawings of the pollen
of various plants.

Dr. T. S. Cobbold showed drawings of pollen-tubes oi Portulaca
oleracea, received fi-om Mr. Krutsclmitt of New Orleans.

The following papers were read :—

1. " Eemarks on the Structure and Habits of the Coral-reef
Annelid, Palolo viridis.'" By the Eev. Thomas Powell, F.L.S.

2. " Contribvition to the Lichenography of New South Wales."
By Charles Knight, F.L.S.

3. " Contributions to the Ornithology of New Guinea." Part

28 PE0CEEDING8 OF THE

VII. Diaj^uoscs of new Species of Birds from the Astrolabe
Range, S.E. New Guinea. By E. Bowdler Sharpe, F.L.S.

4. "Description of a new Genus and new Species of In-
sectivora from Madagascar." By Oldfield Thomas. Communi-
cated by Dr. J. Murie, F.L.S.

5. " On a new Species of Sand-Martin (Cottle) from Mada-
gascar." By E. Bowdler Sharpe, F.L.S.

March 16th, 1882.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.E.S., President, in the Cbair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

H. M. Brewer, Esq.,V, I. Chamberlain, Esq., and A. P. Thomas,
Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. Worthington G. Smith called attention to certain destruc-
tive Australian fungi new to this country, viz. Ccqjnodium australe,
fatal to Conifers, and Isariafucifonnis, a pest of grass in Kent and
Sussex. The latter plant is supposed to cause a disease similar to
di])htheria, and said to be fatal to cattle. He also showed a Bee
caught in England having a profuse growth of the Isaria condi-
tion of Cordiceps sphecocephain, a West-Indian form, the latter
being closely allied to ergot {Claviceps).

The following papers were read : —

1. " Observations on the British Salmones" (Trout). By Dr.
Francis Day, F.L.S.

2. " On the Action of Carbonate of Ammonia on the Eoots of
certain Plants." By Charles Darwin, F.R.S., F.L.S.

8. " On the Influence of Carbonate of Ammonia on Chloro-
phyll-bodies." By Charles Darwin, F.E.S., F.L.S.

4. "'Challenger' Mollusca."— Part XIII. By the Eev. E.
Boog Watson, F.L.S.

April 6th, 1882.
Sir John LrBBOCK, Bart., F.E.S. , President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of tlie last Meeting were read and confirmed.

John Blaikie, Esq., C. C. Lacaita, Esq., J. W. Phillips, Esq.,
and John B. Wilson, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. Patrick Geddes exhibited a series of living specimens
under the microscope, illustrative of the presence of Algse in
Eadiolarians and certain forms of Coelenterata.

Mr. Marcus M, Hartog afterwards drew attention to sections
of Cyclops and the eye of Daphnia.

A scries of thin sections of Woods was sIioaxti on behalf of Mr.
Wilmersdorffer of Vienna.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 29

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Connexion between Geotropism and Growth." By
Francis Darwin, F.L.S.

2. " Note on Negative Heliotropism in Ftwiaria corymbosa,
Desf." By B. Daydou Jackson, Sec. L.S.

3. "MoUusca of the 'Challenger' Expedition."— Part XIV.
By the Eev. E. Boog Watson, F.L.S.

4. " Some Observations on the ' Breaking ' of the Shropshire
Meres." By W. Phillips, F.L.S.

Six neighbouring meres in Shropshire, namely, Ellesmere mere,
Kettlemere, Newton mere, Whitemere, Colemere, and Blakemere,
whose collective area is about 311 acres, exhibit, with tlie excep-
tion of the last named, the phenomenon known locally as " break-
ing" in July and August. The water, ordinarily clear, becomes
turbid and greenish in tint, and a scum forms on the surface, col-
lecting in patches, sometimes smelling offensively. In Ellesmere
mere this appearance is due to an abundance oi Bivularia articu-
lata, Ach., a rare species. Kettlemere and Whitemere exhibited
a yellow scum, due to Anahaina circinalis, E.abh. Blakemere,
although closely adjacent to Kettlemere, and believed by the
country-people to be connected with it underground, has never
been known to "break." Colemere began to "break" last
autumn on October 15, and the opportunity to investigate it was
lost. Newton mere showed an alga, believed to be Cylindrosper-
tnum Salfsii, Kiitz., ranked by Tiabenhorst as a variety of Sphce-
rozyga Carmichaelii, Harv. This mere "broke" as early as
Feb. 23 this year, with two species, namely Anabaina circinalis
and Coelosperinwn Kutzingianum, Naeg., the latter in very small
proportion to the former. We have here, then, a double " break-
ing," in spring and autumn, caused by different algae. See also
' G-revillea,' vol. ix. p. 4, and vol. x. p. 111.

April 20th, 1882.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The President, addressing the Meeting, said that all pre-
sent would no doubt liave heard the sad news of tlie irreparable
loss which science, the country, and the Linnean Society iiave
sustained in the death of Mr. Darwin. Only a month ago they
had the pleasure of hearing a paper of hi.s, unhappily his last,
Avhich showed no sign of any abatement of vigour. The present
was not the occasion to speak of the value of his scientific work,
but he might say that while the originality and profound cha-
racter of his researches had revolutionized natural history, he
had also added enormously to its interest, and given, if he might
say so, new life to biological science. Many of them, and no one
more than himself, had also to mourn one of the kindest and best
of friends. He begged to pro[)ose, as a small mark of respect to

30 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

the memory of their late illustrious countryman, the greatest — •
alas that he could uo longer say, of living naturalists ! that
after the formal business was concluded the Society should
adjourn.

The Motion having been put, was adopted in silence.

The President announced that the following Auditors to
examine the Treasurer's Accounts had been nominated by the
Council : —

For the Fellows, Dr. Jolm Millar and Mr. H. T. Stainton ;
for the Council, Mr, E. M'Lachlaii and Mr. A. \V. Bennett ; and
by show of hands these were unanimously elected.

Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, Bart., M.P., was elected a Fellow.

Specimens of Fritillaria Meleagris had been sent for exhibition
by Mr. Matchwick ; they were gathered near Burghfield Bridge,
three miles from Eeading ; and the plant there is said to be rapidly
becoming extinct.

May 4tli, 1882.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The following Eesolutions of Council were read and put from
the Chair : —

" That the Fellows of the Linnean Society in Meeting
assembled desire to place upon record their sense of the great
and irreparable loss biological science has sustained in the
death of their most distinguished and venerated Fellow, Charles
Eobert Darwin, so long and so honourably connected with
the Linnean Society ; also to express their deepest sympathy
with Mrs. Darwin and the family in their bereavement.

" That a copy of the foregoing Eesolution be communicated
to the family by the Secretary."

These Eesolutions were unanimously adopted.

Dr. Cuthbert C. Gibbes was elected a Fellow.

The Eev. E. P. Murray exhibited specimens of Carex montana,
obtained at Heathfield in some abundance, in confirmation of
Mr. Eoper's statement in the current number of ' Trimen's
Journal of Botany.'

Mr. John Murison showed Heliptenim eximium from the Cape
and Ixodia acliilleoides from Australia, as samples of dried flowers ;
also Jungle-cotton from Nagpore.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Algai from the Himalayas." By Prof. G-. Dickie, F.L.S.

2. " On new Varieties of the Sugar-cane produced by Planting
in Apposition." By the Baron de Villa Franca and JDr. Glass,

LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 3 1

Superintendent o£ the Botanic Grarden, Rio de Janeiro. Com-
municated by the late Charles Dar\vin, F.E.S., F.L.S.

3. " Discovery of the Hemains of the Great Auk on the Island
of Oronsay, Argyllshire." By Symington Grieve. Communi-
cated by Dr. J. Murie, F.L.S.

4. " On Cape Orchids, with a List of Published Species." By
Harry Bolus, F.L.S.

5. " On the Occurrence of Single Florets on the Eootstock oi
Catananche luteal By B. Daydon Jackson, Sec. L.S.

6. " Contributions to the Ornithology of New Gruinea." — Part
VIII. By E. Bowdler Sharpe, F.L.S.

7. " On the Prehensorial Organs ancillary to Generation in
Male Butterflies of the Genera OrnitJioptera and Pa^nlio." By
P. H. Gosse, F.E.S. Communicated by E. M^Lachlan, F.E.S'
F.L.S.

May 24th, 1882.

Anniversary Meeting.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes o£ the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. H. T. Stainton, on the part of the Audit Committee, read
the Annual Eeceipts and Payments as follows (see p. 32) .

The Treasurer, Mr. Frank Crisp, then submitted a detailed
explanation of the various items in the foregoiug statement.

The Secretary then read his Eeport of the deaths, withdrawals,
and elections of new Fellows for the past year as follows : —

Since the last Anniversary 16 Fellows have died, or their deaths
been ascertained, viz. : —

Dr. "William Addison.
William Atkinson.
A. H. Barford.
Eev. G. "W. Braikenridge
Dr. A. Carte.
Frederick Currey.
Charles Darwin.
M. P. Edgeworth.

Fellows (16).

Eonald C. Gunn.

Samuel Gurney.

J. A. Hankey.

G. C. Joad.

Henry Eeeks.

Prof. Eolleston.

Dr. G. Eutherford.

Sir C. Wyville Thomson.

FOBEIGN MeMBEES (2).

J. Decaisne. | Prof. Schleiden.

Associate (1).
Richard Kippist.

32

PEOCEEDINGS OP THE

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. ^^

During the year seven Fellows had withdrawn, viz. : —

W. C. Boyd.

H. a. Bohn.

r. H. Champneys.

G. E. Comerford Casey.

And 40 Fellow^s had been elected.

H. T. K. Kempton.
Capt. J. V. Legge.
Capt. Gilbert Mair.

During the past year there had been received as Donations
to the Library ISJ- volumes and 113 pamphlets and separate
impressions of memoirs. From the various acieutific Societies
there had also been received 117 volumes and 175 detached
parts ; besides 2-1 volumes obtained by exchange and donation
from the Editors of independent periodicals. The Council, at
the recommendation of the Library Committee, had sanctioned
the purchase of 58 separate volumes and 60 parts of important
works. The total additions to the Library were therefore 383
volumes and 348 separate parts.

The Secretary, on behalf of the President, having read the Bye-
Laws govei'ning the elections, —

The President then opened the business of the day, and the
Fellows present proceeded to Ballot for the Council and Officers.

The Ballot for the Council having closed, the President
appointed Lieut. -Col. Grrant, Mr. Charles J. Breese, and Mr.
Cliarles Tyler as Scrutineers. The votes having been counted
and reported to the President, he declared the following Members
to be removed from the Council, viz. :

Prof. G. J. Allman, Eev. J. M. Crombie, Mr. W. S. Dallas,
Mr. Arthur Grrote, and Prof. E. R. Lankester.

And the following to be elected into the Council, viz, :
Mr. Henry W. Bates, Prof T. S. Cobbold, Prof. P. M. Duncan,
Mr. E. Morell Holmes, Sir J. D. Hooker.

The President then delivered his Address (see p. 36), followed
by Reports on the various botanical and zoological publications
during the previous twelvemonth.

Sir J. D. Hooker then proposed the following resolution,
viz. : — " That the thanks of the Society be presented to the Pre-
sident for his excellent Address ; and that he be requested to
allow it to be printed."

This having been seconded by Mr. S. W. Silver, was carried
unanimously.

The senior Secretary read the Obituary Notices of deceased
Fellows (see p. 58).

JjInn. soc. peoceedings. — SESsioiss 1880-82.

34 PUOOEEDINGS OF THE

Juue 1st, 1882.

Fbank Crisp, LL.B., Treas. and Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. Henry Charles Burdett was elected a Fellow.

Mr. H. N. Eidley exhibited a specimen oi ^quisetum maximum,
Lam., having the spike of the fructification surmounted by a
branch-bearing portion, which had been obtained at Darlestone
Bay, near Swanage, Dorset.

The Eev. Gr. Henslow showed a specimen of malformed Wall-
flower in which the petals were suppressed, or represented by
small green scales. It had no stamens, but malformed carpels
took their place. He also drew attention to a Rhododendron in
which every flower had an open pistil ; and a garden Eanunculus
with a mass of foliaceous petals.

Dr. T. S. Ealph, A.L.S., exhibited living specimens of Vallis-
neria from Sydney, Australia, supposed to differ somewhat from
the European species V. sph-alis.

The following papers were read : —

1. "Results of the Investigations on the Ceylon Coffee-disease."
By H. Marshall Ward. Communicated by W. T. Thiselton
Dyer, F.E.IS., F.L.S.

2. " On some Cutaneous Nerve-terminations in Mammals." By
Drs. George and F. E. Hoggan. Communicated by Dr. J. Murie,
F.L.S.

3. " Note on two Himalayan Ferns erroneously described in
the ' Ferns of British India.' " By C. B. Clarke, M.A., F.L.S.

4. " On Eecent Additions to the Flora of New Zealand." By
Thomas Kirk, F.L.S.

5. " On the Ascidians collected during the Cruise of the
Yacht ' Glimpse ' in 1881." By H. C. Sorby and Prof. Herdman,
F.L.S.

G. " Descriptions of new or little-known Comatula^." By P.
Herbert Cai'penter. Communicated by Dr. W. B. Carpenter,
F.E.S., F.L.S.

June 15th, 1882.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The President nominated Prof Busk, Mr. Frank Crisp, Sir
Jose])h Hooker, and Sir John Kirk, Vice-Presidents for the
ensuing year.

The Eev. Robert Collie, Charles Anderson Ferrier, Esq., T. D.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 35

Gibson-Carmichael, Esq., Sir J. D. Gribson-Maitlaud, Bart., W. D.
Goocb, Esq., Michael Murpliy, Esq., Eev. H. A. Soaue, H. C.
Stephens, Esq., H. Gr. W. Stephens, Esq., and James Turner, Esq.,
were elected Eellows.

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer exhibited specimens of JEqidsetum
giganteum from Brazil, which is said to have aerial stems attaining
30 feet in height.

Mr. C. B. Clarke, with reference to his paper in the Journal
(Bot. xix. p. 206), showed OrcJds incarnata, Linn., O. incarnata,
Syme, and O. maculata, Linn., in quantity, from Hampshire,

Mr. H. N. Eidley exhibited a specimen of Cavex glmoca obtained
at Swanage, with two female spikes and the lower male spike each
arising from a complex utricle, the two female spikes on long
pedicels. He also showed Lolmm perenne from Hendon, in which
the stamens and pistils were converted into glume-like bodies,
usually tipped by stigmatic hairs.

Mr. Gr. J. Eookes exhibited Wallflowers similar to those shown
at the last Meeting ; also a monstrosity of Clematis lanuginosa.

Sir John Kirk showed specimens of the fruit, leaves, and rubber
of Landolphia Jlorida, from the island of Pemba, north of Zan-
zibar ; also bells and rubber-beaters made and used by the natives
of East Central Africa.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Dgera, a new Grenus of Rubber-producing Plants." By
Sir J. D. Hooker, K.C.S.I., P.R.S., E.L.S.

2. " On the Apocynaceous Caoutcliouc-yielding Plants of
Malaya and Central Africa." By W. T. Thiselton Dyer, F.E.S.,
F.L.S.

3. " Note on some Habits of the Scorpions Androctonusfmies-
tris, Ehr., and Euscorpius italicus.''' By Prof E. Eay Lankester,
F.E.S., F.L.S.

4. " On a new Grenus of Collembola allied to Degeeria^ By
George Brook, F.L.S.

5. " On a Marine Caddis-fly {PJdlanissus, 'Wsi\kev,=Anoma-
lostoma, Brauer) from New Zealand." By E. M'^Lachlan, F.E.S.,
F.L.S.

6. " On the Genus PleurecJdnus, L. Agassiz." By Prof. P.
M. Duncan, F.E.S., F.L.S.

7. " On a probable Case of Parthenogenesis in the House-
Spider." By F. M. Campbell, F.L.S.

8. "On Indications of the Sense of Smell in Actiniae." By
W. Pollock and G. J. Romanes, F.E.S., Sec. L.S.

9. " List of Fungi from Brisbane, Queensland, with Descrip-
tions of New Species." By the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, F.E.S.,
F.L.S., and C. E. Broome, F.L.S.

d2

36 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

10. " Notice of a uew Animalcule allied to Pleuronema.'' By
F. W. Phillips, F.L.S.

11. " On a Collection of Ferns made by theEev. E. B. Comius
in the Solomon Islands." By J. G. Baker, F.E.S., F.L.S.

12. " On the Teredo utricvliis of Gmelin, with Eemarks upon
other Ship-worms." By S. Hanley, F.L.S.

13. " On two new, and one wrongly referred, Cyrtandrese." By
H O. Forbes. Communicated by W. T. Thiselton Dyer, F.E.S.,
F.L.S.

14. " Mollusca of H.M.S. ' Challenger ' Expedition."— Part XV.
By the Eev. E. Boog Watson, F.L.S.

Anniveesaey Addeess of the Peesident.
Gentlemen, —

On the first intimation that you proposed to confer upon me the
very high honour of electing me to the Presidency, I must con-
fess to much hesitation whether it would be right to accept so
great a responsibility. It was impossible not to be conscious
that there were others much better qualified to occupy the post
with advantage to the Society, both from their abilities and great
services to biological science. I also felt that it would be impos-
sible for me to prepare an Address such as those which you have
been accustomed to hear. For even if I had been competent to
do so in other respects, it would have been almost impracticable
just in the middle of the Parliameutary Session. Under these
circumstances I can but ask for your generous indulgence. I do
so with tlie better hope of success, having been fortunately able
to supplement my own shortcomings by the valuable aid of friends.

My distinguished predecessor in this Chair was of opinion
that the object of the Presidential Address would be best fulfilled
by making it as far as possible an exposition of recent progress
in some branch of Natural Science ; and the object he thus placed
before himself, I think, we shall agree that he most successfully
attained. On the present occasion, however, at any rate I will
rather refer to the events of the last year with especial reference
to their bearing on our Society.

In many respects we have undoubtedly much reason for con-
gratulation. The Society was established in 1788, and no body
which has nearly arrived at its centenary can expect to grow
rapidly ; nevertheless our numbers show a steady and continuous
increase.

Our pecuniary position is also satisfactory, our balance in liand

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 37

exhibitiug an improvement of more than £100, besides which a
small addition has been made to our permanent investments.
During the past year, again, the papers and raemoii's have been
increased in number, those presented since the last Anniversary
being 57 as against 52 in the preceding year. I think also that
as regards the actual publications we have every reason to be
satisfied. Of the Journal, 900 pages have been issued, with 53
plates and 66 woodcuts, in addition to 136 pages of Transactions,
with 18 plates and 14 woodcuts. It is satisfactory also to find
that the sale of our publications steadily enlarges, which not only^
leads to a welcome increase in our funds, but indicates the grow-
ing number of those who take an intelligent interest in, and
derive a pure pleasure from, the study of nature.

Our Meetings have been of more tban usual interest ; and the
attendance of Members continues to increase. For this we are
of course primarily indebted to the authors of papers, but also to
our Secretaries for their care in selecting beforehand those por-
tions which are suitable for reading ; and, lastly, to those Mem-
bers and other gentlemen who have been good enough to bring
ua specimens for exhibition.

During the past year there have been received as Donations to
the Library 184 volumes and 113 pampiilets and separate im-
pressions of memoirs. From the various scientific Societies there
have also been received 117 volumes and 175 detached parts ;
besides 24 volumes obtained by exchange and donation from the
Editors of independent periodicals. The Council, at the recom-
mendation of the Library Committee, has sanctioned the purchase
of 58 separate volumes and 60 parts of important works, con-
tinuous and otherwise. Tlie total additions to the Library were
therefore 383 volumes and 348 separate parts or memoirs.

On the 28th Marcli, with the kind permission of the Council,
I had the honour of giving a Soiree in these rooms, at which I had
the pleasure of seeing a large number of the Fellows of the Society
and others interested in science. I mention this merely for the
purpose of thanking, as I trust I may do, not only in my own
name, but in yours also, those who contributed so greatly to the
interest of the evening by the objects they were good enough to
send for exhibition. I may specially mention : —

1. The Portrait of Mr. Darwin painted by John Collier.

2. An extensive series of Drawings of Pollen, drawn to a
scale of ^J^Q diameters and from nature, by Charles Frederick
White, F.L.S.

3. A series of Living Plants from Kew, exhibited by Sir J.
Hooker, K.C.S.I. Among these a remarkable illustrative set of
carnivorous plants. — Also a number of Wedgewood Medallions of
celebrated Naturalists.

4. Some fine examples of the Flowers of rare Uliododendrons
grown in this country, and exhibited by James H. Mangles, F. L.S.,
and the Hon. and Kev. J. Townseiid Boscaweu.

38 I'HOCKKUINOS Of THE

5. Camellias and varioiiH other Plants, exhibited by William
Paul, F.L.S.

G. Drawings of INfarine Animals and Dredging-apparatus, by
Henry C Sorby, F.li.S.

7. Models of Insectivorous Plants, by Gr. S. Boulger, P.L.S.

8. A set ies of the British Stalk-eyed Crustacea and Cases of
Lepidoptera, by J. T. Carrington, F.L.S.

9. Jiisectivorous and Orchidaceous Plants, by Messrs, Veitch
and AVilliams.

I cannot omit to mention tlie great Meeting of the Interna-
tional Medical Congress held liere just a year ago, and which was
so successful. Three of the Sections, — namely, those of Anatomy,
of Diseases of the Skin, and of Diseases of the Teeth — held their
sittiiigs in our rooms. The Council had much pleasure in placing
them at the disposal of the Members of the Congress ; and I am
sure that in doing so they were acting in accordance with the
general wishes of the Society.

To the general success of the Jubilee Meeting of the British
Association at York, the Biological Section, or, I might say,
Sections, contributed their full share. The papers presented
were numerous and interesting.

An important event of the last year has been the removal of the
Botanical Collections of the British Museum from the old build-
ings in Bloomsbury to the new Natural-History Museum at
South Kensington. On this subject Mr. Carruthers has been
good enough to supply me with the f olloAving information, w^hich .
I shall give almost in his own words.

The increased space which the erection of the new building has
enabled the Trustees to devote to the Botanical Collections, and
which was urgently needed, has secured the required accommo-
dation for the Herbarium, and the opportunity of exhibiting in
the public gallery such a representation of the Vegetable Kingdom
as may give a visitor some notion of the groups of which it is com-
posed, of their chief characteristics, and their geological and geo-
graphical distribution.

The Herbarium has been arranged in a continuous series. The
Flowering Plants, occupying the great gallery, are arranged as
regards the genera in the order of Bentham and Hooker's ' Genera
Plantarum,' while the species follow the order of DeCandolle's
' Prodromus,' or of more recent monographs of particular orders.
The Vascular Cryptogams occupy cabinets in the pavilion ; and
the Cellular Plants are placed in two rooms on a higher floor of
the pavilion, where great facilities exist for the minute examina-
tions of these plants.

The earlier collections formed by Sir Hans Sloane are contained

in more than 300 folio volumes, and comprise his own plants from

Jamaica and plants from the first botanical explorers, such as

Kamel, Ka?mpfer, Cunningham, Bartram, Catesby, and Claytou.

In 1827 Eobert Brown transferred to the Trustees of the

LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 39

British Museum the large Collection of Sir Joseph Banks in
accordance with the terms of his will. The extensive and
important additions that have since been incorporated with the
Banksian Herbarium have increased it more than twentyfold.
These additions include the Sliuttleworth Herbarium, containing
the plants of Eoemer ; the African plants of Welwitsch and
Schimper ; the American plants of Nuttall, G-ardner, and Miers ;
the Asiatic plants of Pallas, Horsfield, and Wallich ; the Austra-
lian plants of Robert Brown and Drummond ; the Ferns of John
Smith ; and the Mosses and Liverworts of* Wilson and Hampe.

To these have been added the plants collected in Ceylon by
Hermann, and afterwards employed by Linnseus for his Elora of
that island, and the plants collected by John Eay in his travels
on the continent of Europe. The gap between the herbaria of
Sloane and Banks has been filled up by the plants of Chelsea
Grardens and the Collections of Dale and Nichols, presented to
the Trustees by the Apothecaries' Company. Thus the great Her-
barium and the other collections in the British Museum represent
the progress of botanical science and the work of botanists in one
unbroken series, from the days of Eay, Hermann, and Sloane to the
present time.

The collection of seeds and fruits is arranged in cabinets
placed along the centre of the Herbarium Grallery, following the
same order as the plants in the Herbarium.

By the plan adopted in arranging the Herbarium cabinets in
the gallery a series of secluded recesses between the projecting
cases are obtained, where the collection can be consulted by the
scientific worker without interruption.

The extensive Herbarium of British Plants is founded upon the
collections formed by Sowerby while preparing his ' English
Botany,' and now includes the Herbaria of my late partner
Edward Forster, of Carroll, Trimen, Wilson, and others. Con-
nected with the British Herbarium is an extremely important
collection of original Drawings of British Plants, made by Sowerby
and Salter for ' English Botany,' by Sowerby for ' English Fungi,'
as well as unpublished Drawings of British Fungi by W. Gr.
Smith, F.L.S., and the late Mrs. Eussell.

The Drawings of Ehret, Parkinson, and especially of Francis
and Ferdinand Bauer, enrich the general collection.

The public exhibition of botanical specimens in the Museum
has hitherto consisted of plants or parts of plants that were
thought to be suited to such a purpose. In the new gallery Mr.
Carruthers determined to give a systematic representation of the
whole Vegetable Kingdom. Such a representation is given as
will enable an intelligent visitor to form some idea of the prin-
cipal groups into which plants are divided, and of the points of
resemblance or difierence on which the groupings are based.
The species themselves are represented by stems, foliage, and
fruit ; but as these fragments of dead and dried plants do not

4© PROCERDTNOS OP THE

present the natural colour and habit of the plants to whicli they
belong, and seldom make manifest the structural characteristics
on which the classification depends, the use of coloured drawings
has been largely resorted to. Each Natural Order of the Vege-
table Kingdom is thus represented. The leading characteristics
of the Orders are shown in diagrams. Lastly, by the aid of a
small map the distribution of the plants included in it, both in
time and space, are shown at a glance. These maps will, I
think, be found most interesting and instructive. Specimens of
fossil plants are incorporated in the series wherever the Order is
represented amongst extinct species.

A walk round the gallery thus presents to the visitor a graphic
representation of the Vegetable Kingdom, beginning with the
Ranunculacese and passing in a descending series through the
Dicotyledons, Monocotyledons, and G-ymnosperms to the Vas-
cular and Cellular Cryptogams.

The large specimens of trunks placed in the tall cases in the
centre of tlie gallery are arranged in the same order as the prin-
cipal series, and are supplementary to it.

As regards the Zoological Department also, with reference to
which I am indebted for the facts to Dr. Giinther, the past
year proved to ' be exceptional with regard to the number and
importance of acquisitions.' Of purchases, the most important
were : — The entire collection of Birds formed by the late Mr. J.
Gould; a selection of the most valuable specimens from the
Evton collection, especially skeletons figured in his ' Osteologia
Avium;' part of the Baly collection of Phytophagous, and of
the Bates collection of Heteromerous, Coleoptera; a large col-
lection of the Hymenoptera of South Germany and Switzerland ;
and the celebrated collection of North-American Moths formed
by Mr. A. R. Grote. The donations were likewise of great
value. The Socotra Committee of the British Association pre-
sented a complete series of the animals collected by Professor I.
Bayley Balfour during his exploration of the fauna and flora of
that island ; the Smithsonian Institution a large collection o£ the
Marine Fislies of the Pacific coast of North America, obtained by
the U.S. Fishery Commission ; Messrs. Godman and Salvin their
fine collection of Australian Birds ; and the Lords Commissioners
of the Admiralty an exceedingly rich collection of JNIarine Inver-
tebrates from the Australian Seas, made by Dr. Coppinger during
the Survey of H.M.S. 'Alert.' Finally, of the ' Challenger ' Col-
lections, the study-sets of the Birds, Pycnogouids, Echinoids, and
Alcyonarians were received.

These and many other acquisitions of minor importance swelled
the number of zoological specimens received in the year 1881 to
49,602, or about double the average number of the last ten years ;
and it must be considered a particularly fortunate circumstance
that a large proportion of these additions consists of materials
which have been already worked out by acknowledged authorities

LIWriTEAIT SOCIETY OF LONDON. 4 1

on their several subjects, and tliat objects on which so much
labour has been bestowed are now safely deposited for future
study and comparison in our National Collection.

Since tlie Act of Parliament has been passed which enables the
Trustees to part with superfluous duplicates to other kindred
iostitutions in the United Kingdom and the Colonies, numerous
applications have been received for such specimens ; and not less
than 18,336 zoological objects have been transferred to provincial
Museums in the course of last year. The selection from the
stock of duplicates is left with the curators of those institutions,
as they are, or ought to be, the best judges as to which specimens
are the most desirable and suitable for their requirements.

Of the various publications which have been issued in con-
nexion with the Zoological collections in the British Museum,
one may be referred to as especially illustrating the progress of
Zoology, and the corresponding rapid growth of the National
Collection, viz. the second edition of the ' Catalogue of Batra-
chia Salientia.' The first edition, prepared in 1858, contained
descriptions of 283 species, represented in the British Museum
by 1691 specimens, wlailst now the number of species described
amounts to 800, and the collection of specimens to 4692. But
the progress made within the period of less than 25 years is not
sufficiently indicated by a mere comparison of tliese numbers.
It appears still more marked when we consider the change that
has taken place in the systematic arrangement of the class. This
is now based upon the osteological investigations made in the
period intervening between the two editions : it removes many
of the incongruities which have puzzled the student of the
geographical distribution of animals, and is sure to be of great
assistance to the palaeontologist.

Another important point connected with the British Museum
ia that, after long delay, fair progress has been made in the erection
of a separate house for the specimens preserved in spirit. The
presence of large quantities of such an inflammable liquid in the
vaults of the Museinn has been a source of much anxiety to the
Trustees ; and I am very glad that the Treasury has at length
consented to supply the funds for the erection of this building,
so as to remove a source of danger which might have led to a
fearful catastrophe.

The separation from the great library at Bloomsbury threatened
to be a serious hindrance to work ; but since the Government
has placed, for five consecutive years, £5,000 at the disposal of
the Trustees for the purchase of books for the new Museum, the
Departmental libraries have been so much increased as to contain
now upwards of 24,000 volumes, in addition to mixed journals,
publications of learned Societies, Voyages and Travels, which are
being formed into a " Greneral Library " common to all the
Departments.

Passing from the British Museum to Kew, I may mention that

42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

the gallery find collection of pictures presented by Miss North
will be open to the public early in June. It contains 615 oil-
pictures, painted in every case by Miss North herself in the actual
places represented — Singapore, Borneo, Japan, Java, New Zea-
land, Brazil, Jamaica, N. America, Cejdou, and India. The
pictures are transcripts of extraordinary fidelity of all that is
remarkable in the physiognomy of the places visited ; and the
ensemble supplies one of the most complete series of illustra-
tions of the possibilities of plant-form which has ever been
brought together.

The late Grcorge Curling Joad, a Pellow of the Society, who
died last year somewhat unexpectedly, left directions that his
extensive herbarium of European plants and his large collections
of living herbaceous plants should be offered to Kevv. The latter
will entirely fill the large rock-garden which is now in process of
being laid out.

The Rev. "W. Allport Leightou, a Fellow of the Society and
the well-known authority on British Lichenology, has presented
the whole of his extensive herbarium of British Lichens to the
National Herbarium at Kew.

Kew has also been enriched by the interesting herbarium of
Hewett Cottrell Watson, the author of so many well-known works
on British botany.

The exhibited collection of Cryptogamic Plants at Kew, which
was formerly much scattered, has been brought together into
one convenient room, and the arrangement much improved.

It is much to be hoped that a pathological collection illustrating
the diseases of plants and trees (a subject to which, apart from
its practical importance, much interest has been given by a recent
remarkable address of Sir James Paget's) may be gradually de-
veloped.

Numerous collections have been received at Kew from Dr. Gr.
AV. Parker and others from Madagascar ; and their examination
by Mr. J. G. Baker has largely increased our knowledge of the
vegetation of an area of singular interest from the point of view
of geographical distribution, and which is rich also in peculiar
endemic forms.

Mr. Dyer, to whom I am indebted for the preceding facts,
considers that the great desideratum at present is a more detailed
examination of the floras of the upper levels of Central Tropical
Africa. The collections made by Mr. Thomson of Keith John-
ston's Expedition, and by the late Mr. New on Kilima-njaro,
show that there is reason to expect that fresh explorations of the
mountain-floras would throw much light on the origin and former
geographical relations of the peculiar flora of S. Africa, which
seems to extend northwards at the higher levels. It is much to
be regretted, in the interests of geographical botany, that the
proposed expedition to Kilima-njaro has, for the present, faUen
througli.

L1N>£AN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 43

Last, but certainly uot least, though Mr. Jacksou has been
good enough to prepare a Eeport on the Progress o£ Botany
during the year, I may, in connexion with ICew, allude here to
the ' Genera Plantarum.' This vast undertaking has occupied
the late President of the Linnean Society, Mr. Eentham, and Sir
Joseph Hooker for the last quarter of a century. Tlie first part
was published July 1862. The printing of the second part
of the third volume, concluding the work, has now began ; and
its publication may be hoped for before the next Linnean Anni-
versary.

The portion published includes the genera of Dicotyledonous
plants. It deals with about 14,500 published genera, of which
probably about half have been sustained. Probably when the
whole is finished the accepted genera of flowering plants will
amount to something like 10,000.

A most useful complement to the * Genera Pl.antarum ' will be
the new edition of Steudel's ' Nomenclator,' the funds for the
preparation of which have been supplied by the munificence of
Mr. Darwin. The superintendence of the work has been entrusted
to the Botanical Secretary, Mr. Daydon Jackson.

Considering that the Linnean Society is now all but 100 years
old, it is somewhat remarkable that we have had during that long
period only nine Presidents : —

Sir James Edward Smith was President from 1788 to 1828.

Edward Lord Stanley, M.P. „ „ 1828 to 1834.

Edward Adolphus Duke of Somerset „ „ 1834 to 1838.

Edward Lord Bishop of Norwich „ „ 1838 to 1849.

Eobert Brown „ „ 1849 to 1853.

Thomas Bell „ „ 1853 to 1861.

George Bentham „ „ 1861 to 1874.

George James Allman „ „ 1874 to 1881.

Indeed, I am happy to say that Members of our Society are
generally very long-lived ; but within a year, though not all
since the last Anniversary, we have had the misfortune to lose
three of our Officers — Mr. Alston, Mr. Currey, and Mr. Kippist.
They are referred to more at length in the Obituary Notices ;
but I cannot refrain from saying here how" much they are per-
sonally regretted, and how much we miss them at our Meetings.
The Secretary has been good enough to prejjare obituary
notices of the Eellows whom we have been so unfortunate as to
lose by death during the past twelve months. I regret to say
that the list is unusually long.

The Society has already shown its sense of our irreparable loss
in the death of Mr. Darwin, both by adjourning on the day it
was announced, and also by passing a special vote of condolence
with Mr. Darwin and the other members of his family. I had
thought of attempting to give some short account of his work ;
but 1 understand that a series of articles will be devoted to it in
'^Nature ' by one eminently ([ualified for what is certainly no

44 I'HOCKKUINOS OF TlIK

light undertaking. Mr. Darwin's death has drawn forth one
harmonious ehorus of admiration and regret. He will rank witli
Bacon and 8hakeapeare, Newton and Young, among the very
greatest men wliom our country has ever produced. Others
have eloquently and truly dwelt on the patience and accuracy of
his ohservations, on the profound philosophy of his works. I
will here only say one vrord as to the additional interest which
he has given to Biology, and the new source of happiness with
wliich he has enriched our lives.

For my own part I have also to mourn one of the oldest, tlie
kindest, the best of friends. It has been truly said that a de-
scription of Mr. Darwin which to those who had the privilege of
his friendship would seem quite inadequate, to any one else
might appear over enthusiastic, even extravagant.

In conclusion. Gentlemen, I must gratefully acknowledge the
valuable assistance I have received from the Council, and espe-
cially from the Officers ; and cordially thank the Fellows of the
Society for their kind support during the past year.

Report on the Progress of Botany during the Year April 1881 to
April 1882. Prepared for the Linnean Anniversary.

If the past twelvemonth does not present any very strikingly
phenomenal publications, it is probably quite up to the average
of other years, whether we regard it as of facts accomplished or
promised.

Heer Bohneusieg has continued his handy ' Repertorium ' of
the various articles in different journals, the volume published
being for 1877 ; the still more important work of Dr. Just,
the ' Botanischer Jahresbericht,' has been continued with un-
abated vigour. It is to be regretted that both works should lag
so far behind date ; but that is in a large measure compensated
for by Dr. Uhhvorm's ' Botanisches Centralblatt,' intended to
give speedy intelligence of any thing new. A bibliography of
the species of Diatomacese has been begun by Mr. F. Habershaw ;
and Dr. von Herder, the Librarian of the Imperial Botanic
Garden at St. Petersburg, has completed his list of books bear-
ing upon Eussian botany. With Ledebour, Herder, and Traut-
vetter's labours, probably no country has had its botanical lite-
rature so completely focussed as Russia.

Some modifications of the received arrangement of plants
have been severally proposed by Prof. Caruel, in Italy, and Prof,
von Borbas, the latter confining his attention to Vascular Crypto-
gams. Concerning these I need not detain you.

Turning to Palteobotany, I must call attention to tlie valuable
introduction to the regular study of fossil plants which is being

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 45

brought out by M. Eenault of Paris. The first two vols, are
supposed to serve as handbooks for the first and second year of
the study ; the third vol., which is in preparation, will treat of
the Ferns. One point to be deprecated in this book is its entire
neglect of some good vs^ork done in this country, passing over
it without the slightest allusion. Prof. Engler, of Kiel, has
lately issued Part 2 of his ' Versuch einer Entwickelungs-
geschichte der Pflanzenwelt ; ' but I regret to notice some care-
lessness in printing, one page in particular offers upwards of
twenty misspellings. In Prance M. Zeiller has devoted nearly
200 pages to an exposition of the Carboniferous Plora of France ;
and the Comte de Saporta has issued another instalment of his
' Paleontologie francaise.' Dr. Oswald Heer has brought out a
contribution to the Fossil Flora of Portugal ; and our country-
man Mr. Shrubsole has written an account of the Diatomace83
found in the London Clay, with a list of the species by Mr.
Kitton of Norwich. Prof. Newberry gives, in the ' Bulletin of
the Torrey Botanical Club,' the Geological History of the North-
American Flora ; and Prof Lesquereux has brought out two
volumes on the Coal Flora of Pennsylvania, with an accompanying-
atlas.

Of the more important productions purporting to be derived
from various Botanic Grardens, I may mention Herr Treub's
'Annales du jardin botanique de Buitenzorg,' namely, the first
part of the second volume ; the first volume of an intended
annual series of Prof. Eichler's on the Berlin Garden ; and the
completion of vol. i. of Signer Todaro's ' Hortus botanicus Panor-
mitauus ' in folio, with coloured plates ; these, however, are
coarsely executed.

I have a much longer list of works on morphological and phy-
siological botany. Besides the current abstracts which appear
from time to time in our scientific serials, I am bound to men-
tion Grassmaun's work on "Vegetable Physiology, Detmer's on
the same subject, and Pfeffer's also, the last author devoting the
first volume of 383 pages, the only one published as yet, to the
consideration of Stqffwechsel. The last year has also witnessed
the publication of continuations of Cohn's ' Beitrage,' Sachs's
record of work at Wiirzburg, and Priugsheim's researches into
the nature of Chlorophyll, the latest add.ition, and certainly one
of the most iuiportant on the subject. On a more restricted
scale. Von Hohuel on some secretionary organs of plants ; a
memoir by Jancewski, in Polish, on comparative experiments on
the sieve-tubes ; Karl Noerner on the development of the em-
bryo in Grasses ; and a criticism (and further experiments) on
Mr. Darwin's book ' The Power of Movement in Plants,' by
Prof. Julius Wiesner of Vienna. This brings us to a group of
papers of one of our own Fellows, Mr. Francis Darwin, on the
power possessed by leaves of turning themselves at right angles
to incident light.

46 PBOCEKDINGS OF THE

Tiic explanations hitherto given of the power possessed by
leaves of placing themselves at right angles to the direction of
incident light are: — (1) That of Frank; and (2) the opposite
theory of 8achs and De Vries. Frank's idea was that the leaves
are transversely heliotropic (or, as Mr. Darwin called it, diahelio-
troplc); that is, he supposed theai to be endowed with a specific
power of growth which is not as yet capable of further ana-
lysis, and which must at present be accepted just as geotropism,
for instance, is accepted as a term expressing the inexplicable
power which plants have of growing vertically upwards. Sachs
and De Vries, on tlie other hand, believe that the phenomena
can be explained as being due to the interaction of the ordinary
growth-tendencies exhibited by leaves. Of these only two
need here be mentioned, viz. apheliotropism and apogeotropism.
If we imagine a plant growing out of doors and illuminated from
the zenitii, then if its leaves are aplicliotropic, that is, if they
tend to curve away from the light, they will of course bend
downwards and point towards the ground ; but if they are at the
same time apogeotropic, they will tend to curve upwards away
from the ground. Now Sachs and De Vries suppose that the
horizontal position of leaves which are exposed to zenith illumi-
nation is due to a balance struck between some such opposing
growth-tendencies as those above sketched. Francis Darwin
has shown, however, that at least for certain plants, e. g. Ranun-
culus Ficaria, this explanation is untenable. He employed the
klinostat or slowly-rotating apparatus of Sachs (which, by the
way, was originally invented by John Hunter), by which means
the influence of gravitation is destroyed. And he found that
even under these circumstances, when apogeotropism could not
come into the problem, the leaves were able to adjust themselves
so as to be at right angles to the light. Here there can be
no question of a balance between opposing tendencies, since the
important factor of apogeotropism is removed ; it is therefore
clear that Frank's views are strongly supported by these experi-
ments ; and we must for the present accept the term diaheliotro-
pism. Such a term is merely a convenient label for a certain
region of ignorance, and should stimulate rather than hinder
further research into the subject.

Another paper by Mr. F. Darwin, on Climbing Plants, was pub-
lished in a popular form in the journal ' Kosmos ;' whilst his re-
mai'ks on "Circumnutation in certain one-celled Organs" came out
in the ' Botanische Zeitung ' last July. A paper by Mr. Shattock
was also read before the Society, on the reparative processes which
occur in vegetable tissues. The author's investigations had been
prosecuted without knowing of l^j-ank's researches on the same
subject, but were confirmatory of the latter. Herr Schwarz has
written an article on the influence of gravity on the growth
lengthwise of plants, which appeared in the Tiibingen volume
edited by Dr. W. Pfefter. Herr Krasan has been investigating

LINNEAIf SOCIETY OP LONDON". 47

the combined iuflueuce of warmth and light on the duration of the
annual phenomena of vegetation. These investigations were
brought out in Bugler's ' Botanische Jahrbiicher ; ' where also
Hildebrand has a memoir on the similar topics of the duration of
life and methods of plant-growth, with theii* causes and develop-
ment. Dr. Pfitzer, of Heidelberg, who had previously published
a sketch of his views concerning the practicability of classifying
Orchids according to their habits of growth, has brought out a
sumptuous folio in exposition of his theme. Like nearly every
writer who has treated of Orchids, the work is printed ia large
type and on luxuriant jiaper, which greatly enhances the cost
to the ordinary student. Two subjects, the Victoria regia and
Orchids, seem to impel authors to make use of the largest paper
and print. Last, but far from least, are the two papers of the late
Charles Darwin, which, although they will fairly coine into next
year's Address, as they will not be issued for a few weeks, yet,
with the remembrance of the worker taken from us so lately, I
cannot refrain from alluding to them. Their subject was on the
action of carbonate of ammonia on the roots and chlorophyll-
bodies of plants. The woodblocks to illustrate these papers had
been approved by the author before his death.

Systematic botany next claiming our attention, I will first men-
tion the issue of the third volume of MM. DeCandoIles' ' Mono-
graphiae.' The most important groups monographed in this
volume are the Commelinacese by our Councillor, Mr. C. B.
Clarke, a worthy continuation of his labours on the Bengal
plants of that Order; and the Cucurbitacese by M. Cogniaux,
the latter occupying more than GOO of the large 8vo pages. Dr.
Luerssen's ' Medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik ' has been
carried on ; as most know, in spite of its title, it is a systematic
work of an important type.

Dr. Buchenau, of Bremen, has made some remarks on Alisma-
ceae, Butomaceag, and Juncaginese in Engler's ' Jahrbiicher; ' these
Orders have also been monographed by M. Micheli in the volume
of DeCandoIles' ' Monographise ' just mentioned. Mr. Baker
has drawn up a synopsis of the genus Grinum in the ' Grardener's
Chronicle,' to which last week he has added another s])ecies, de-
scribed from a drawing by Miss North in the gallery at Kew. Mr.
Maw, in the same Journal, has published diagnoses in English of
the genus Crocus, as a forerunner of his elaborate treatise on the
genus to which he has consecrated so much time and pains.
Baron Ferd. von Mueller is continuing his description of the
genus Eucali/pUis,t\\e eighth decade having reached this country
only yesterday (May 23rd). Mr. Bentham has published in our
Journal a sketch of the classification of grasses he purposes adopt-
ing in the forthcoming part of the ' Genera Plantarum.' Dr. Emil
Koehne has published his monograph of Lythraceaj in Engler's
'Jahrbiicher;' and in that Journal will also be found an article on
Valerianacete. Before quitting this portion of the subject, I may

48 PRO0EEDIKG8 OF THE

mention that the large collection of critical forms of Rubus
acquired by M. Genevier has recently passed into the hands of
Prof. Babington.

Of Mosses, I have to report that Dr. H. Leitgeb, of G-raz, has
conoliulod his admirable work on Hepaticae mth the 6th Heft.
Liiupricht has set forth his views on the systematic arrangement
of Sphagnacete in the ' Botanisches Centralblatt,' vol. viii.

Poster's recent German work on Ferns by nature-printing is
worth mention, perhaps, as showing how the fashion or rage for
ferns is extending from the English-speaking races, who have
hitherto held it as a monopoly. This, mth one other German
work, are the only excej^tions I know, not having seen a single
French production on the popular side of the subject. Dr.
Prautl is engaged on the Schizseaceae, and has issued a prelimi-
nary statement in Dr. Engler's ' Jahrbiicher.'

I find that there has been considerable activity in works re-
lating to Algae. Prof. J. G. Agardh has published a new contri-
bution in the 'Acta ' of Lund University ; and a memoir of Georg
Klebs on the lower forms of Algae runs through five numbers
of the ' Botanische Zeitung.' Schmidt's Atlas of the Diato-
maceae has been carried on ; whilst a paper by Dr. P. T. Cleve
on some new and little-known Diatoms is written wholly in
English, according to the author's practice ; it may be seen in
the ' Handlingar ' of the Eoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
M. Prinz has some remarks on sections of Diatoms in rocks
from Nykjobing, in Jutland, in the ' Bulletin ' of the Belgian
Microscopical Society. Herr Grunow has virtually monographed
the genus Grammatophora in the ' Botanisches Centralblatt.'

As regards Lichens, I have only to report that Dr. A. Minks
has followed up his work ' Das Microgonidium ' by a new one, of
which the first part only has appeared to the present time. It
is entitled ' Symbolae Licheno-mycologicae,' and professes to dis-
cuss the boundaries between Licheus and Fungi.

Turniug to Fuugi, we fiud some very noteworthy issues.
Prof. De Bary and M. Woronin have issued their fourth series of
contributions on the morphology and physiology of Fuugi. Prof.
Fries, of Upsala, has issued another fasciculus of his ' Icones
selectae hymenomycetarum nondum delineatarum,' in folio ; and
Oscar Brefeld his fourth Heft of his researches on the lower
Fungi. Lastly, I may mention the publication iu our own
' Transactions ' of Mr. Phillips's revision of the small genus
Vibrissca.

My survey of general works ending here, I turn to the con-
sideration of local works.

Since our last Anniversary Herr Nyman has published Part 3
of his most useful 'Conspectus florae Europaeae;' the next Part
will complete the work ; and it is earnestly to be hoped that an
adequate index will be added, the skeleton index such as he gave
in his earlier work the ' Syllogc ' is disappointing and meagre. Dr.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 49

Kauitz, of Carlowitz in Hungary, has also published an inedited
fragment of Grisebach, styling it ' Reliquiae Grrisebachianse ;'
this came out as a Supplement to the Hungarian ' Magazine of
Botany,' but is procurable separately : it is of such a character as
to make us regret that the author was not able to complete his
work on the same plan.

Herr Hackel has published a monograph on the European spe-
cies of Fesfuca ; and "Warnstorf, on the species of Sphagnum from
the same continent. Cleve and G-runow have also elaborated a
quarto on the Arctic Diatomaceae.

As regards our own island, I may indicate Prof. Babingtou's
' Manual,' which has reached an eighth edition, tlie first having
been brought out in 1843. Only one other ' Britisli Flora ' has
passed through so many editions, that of Dr. "Withering ; but
the latter died after the publication of the third edition. Dr.
Braithwaite is prosecuting his painstaking British Moss-flora,
tlie plates of which are admirably done. Dr. Cooke has conti-
nued his ' Illustrations of British Fungi,' and has started a new
publication on the British Freshwater Algge, a work much
wanted, since Hassall's book is both inadequate and when met
with unconscionably dear. An unpretentious pamphlet by Mr.
W. C. Mathews on the Flora of the Clent Hills is a useful addi-
tion to our local lists. Dr. Buchenau, of Bremen, has produced a
Flora of the East Friesland islands. Here, as might be expected,
many weeds of cultivated land on the mainland are absent.
Sand-loving plants largely prevail, woods and undergrowth of
coppices are quite wanting, whilst dune-plants are abundant.
M. F. Crepin's concise ' Manuel de la Flore de Belgique ' has
reached a fourth edition. M. Koltz has brouglit out the second
part of his Flora of Luxembourg, devoted to the Cryptogams, the
previously published part having dealt with the flowering-plants.
Dr. Van Heurck has issued his third fasciculus of his Synopsis
of the Belgian Diatomacese. Dr. Eabeuhorst's ' Kryptogauien-
flora von Deutschland,' which practically includes the whole of
Central Europe, is now in course of reissue, brought down to
date ; of the first portion on Fungi, by G-. Winter, several parts

have been issued. Celakowsky has completed his large Pro-
dromus of the Bohemian Flora in 4to ; and a new Flora of
Silesia by Fick has made its appearance. Signer E. de Visiani is
still publishing his Supplements to his 'Flora dalmaticse;' and
Count Solms-Laubach has worked up the Coralline Algoe of the
Gulf of Naples. Dr. Kanitz has finished his enumeration of Rou-
manian plants by the issue of the last part.

The Spanish peninsula has still to thank foreigners for tlie most
important contributions to Iberian botany. Dr. AVillkomm, of
Prague, has commenced his ' Illustrationes flome hispanicce,' in
4to, to accompany the ' Prodromus ' of himself and Dr. Lange ;
the latter has also published some diagnoses of new Spanish plants
in the Danish Scientific Journal. MM. Mares and Vigineix

LLNTS". SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSIONS 1880-82. e

5© PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

have brought out a ' Catalogue raisonnc dea plantes vaeeulaires
dea lies Balcarcs ' in an 8vo vol. of 370 pages.

Dr. "Wainio has added a considerable memoir to the literature of
Lapland Lichens in the ' pro Fauna et Flora Fennica ; ' and E. van
Lindemann has issued the first volume of his * Flora chersonensis '
at Odessa.

Dr. Ascherson has drawn up a nominal list of species known to
occur on the central northern African district ; this appeared in
the ' Botanisches Centralblatt,' viii. ; whilst the first volume of a
more important work has also been issued, namely, Dr. E. Cos-
aon's * Compendium florae Atlanticse.' This volume, from the pen
of the highest authority on the North- African flora, has been natu-
rally looked forward to with much interest ; but this preliminary
volume is filled with introductory matter, and does not deal with
a single species.

Of Central-African plants, the only addition to our knowledge
that I can cite is that of Prof. Ficalho and Mr. Hiern, which
came out in our ' Transactions,' it being a description of the new
plants brought back by Major Serpa Pinto, the Portuguese tra-
veller. A catalogue of Canary-Island plants was also printed in
the form of an inaugural dissertation by Fritz Sauer at Halle ;
and M. E. Bescherelle has published an account of the Mosses
found in Reunion and neighbouring islands in the 'Annales des
Sciences naturelles.'

Of Asian botany, I may mention that Dr. Maximo^dcz, our
Foreign Member, is still publishing his Diagnoses of new Asian
plants ; and that the third fascicide of M. L. Pierre's Forest-
flora of Cochinchina is also in our hands. Mr. W. H. Grregg
has published a textbook of Indian botany in a small volume of
80 pages at Calcutta, which I have not seen ; and Dr. Masters, in
our own Journal, has given a full account of the Conifers of Japan.
In the last Botanical part issued of our Journal also, there will be
found an enumeration of the plants collected by Dr. Aitchison
in his second journey into Afghanistan.

Previous to Aitchison, there was only one noteworthy collec-
tion from Afghanistan in this country, namely, that made by W.
Grifiith during the first Afghan war. Though numerous as to
species, the specimens were, to a great extent, imperfect, quite in
contrast to Dr. Aitchison's admirably prepai'ed specimens ; seventy
of these latter have been described, and thirty of them figured
in our Journal. Besides Griffith, Honigberger passed through
Afghanistan ; but his collections were very trifling, and were de-
scribed by Endlichcr in his ' Sertum cabulicum.' Honigberger
was not able to collect in any quantity, but only a few scraps
here and there : it is a marvel how he managed to escape with
his life. The flora is of very great interest ; it shows the penin-
sula flora dying out towards the north, and the Central- Asian
flora doing the same southward. Little is known of the Central-
Steppe flora save through the Russian botanists.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 5 1

Amongst the novelties, the following are of special intei-est : —
Oxi/grapMs Shaftoana.

Bosa Ecce, with yellow flowers, named in compliment to
Mrs. Aitchison (Ece).

Aitcldsonia rosea, the type of a new genus of Rubiaceje.
Fertya Aitchisonii, a composite of the tribe Mutisieje,
and a member of a genus only known previously from Japan ;
also remarkable as being the most western member of the
Old-World Mutisieae (if HocJistettena, a genus of doubtful
affinity, be excepted).

Rhododendron, two small -flowered species.
Carex jtssirostris, only known before from Marocco.
Fingerlmtliia africana, not as yet been found between South
Africa and Afghanistan.
A flora of Iceland has been published by Ch. Groenlund, of
Copenhagen.

The account by Dr. Asa Gray and Sir Joseph Hooker of
the Vegetation of the Rocky-Mountain region, published in the
Bulletin of the U.S. Geological and Geographical Suryey of
the Territories, has been translated into German. Mr. E.
Tuckerman has published the first volume of a synopsis of North-
American lichens. Signor Spegazzini on Argentine Eungi, and
three fasciculi of the splendid ' Flora brasiliensis ' have come to
hand since our last Anniversary ; these contain another portion
of the Gramineae by Doell, and tlae Palms by Dr. Oscar Drude.
A posthumous work by Hampe on Brasilian Mosses has also
come out ; and Dr. Philippi has elaborated a catalogue of all the
Ciiilian plants hitherto described.

The unwearied Baron P. von Mueller has issued a census of
the genera of Australian plants, and continued bis important
work ' Eucalyptographia,' as previously mentioned.

Mr. J. Buchanan of Wellington, New Zealand, has brought
out a Manual of the Grasses of that colony, Avith 04 plates.

As to plant-diseases, I may mention the papers by Mr. W.
Bidie and Dr. Cooke on the Coftee-leaf disease in our Journal,
and the final Report of Mr. Marshall Ward when in Ceylon.

Prof. M'Nab has given in our Journal an account of his en-
deavours to ascertain the species of Arctic drift-wood ; but the
results, owing to various causes, were unsatisfactory.

I have thus endeavoured in the time and space allowed me to
run over the chief publications of the last twelvemonth. Num-
berless smaller contx'ibutions have been passed by in silence,
simply because of the absolute need of severe compression of the
subject into a few pages.

e2

52 PEOOEBDINGS OP THE

Summary of the CJiief Zoological Work from April 1881 to
April 1882.

A. Important Woeks of Compeehensive CnAEACXEE.

1. Continuatiou of the * Challenger ' Eej^orts (Moseley's Corals
&c.).

2. Coutinuation of the Eeports of the Norwegian North-
Atlantic Expedition (of 1876-78).

3. Balfour's ' Embryology,' vol. ii.

"Whilst alluding to these, the preliminary Eeport of the Italian
Expedition may be mentioned. This expedition has carried on
explorations in depths of 2000 fathoms and more in the Mediter-
ranean, and has obtained results contradictory of those arrived
at by Dr. Carpenter some years since. The typical forms of
the deep-sea fauna, such as Hyalonema, Willemoesia, certain Cri-
noids and Holothurians, have been recognized by Prof. Giglioli,
who has conducted the expedition.

B. DiSCOVEEIES IN PAETICULAE GeOUPS.

Peotozoa. — Tlie studies of Dr. August Gruber on amoeboid
Erhizopoda, and on the division of Euglypha (Zeitschr. fiir wiss.
Zoologie, vols, xxxv., xxxvi., 1881-82) have added to our know-
ledge of unicellular organisms. Dr. Gruber has shown that the
shell of the young Euglyplia which is budded from its parent is
formed by a number of minute shell-plates (about eighty in
number), which pass from the parent organism on to the extruded
protoplasm destined to form a new individual. Subsequently
the nucleus extends and divides, exhibiting the fibrillar structure
seen in other cell-nuclei when dividing ; one half of the divided
nucleus passes into the protrusion which forms the new indi-
vidual.

The Gregarinfe and Psorosperms have received special atten-
tion from Professor Biitschli (Zeitschr. fiir wiss. Zool. vol. xxxv.
1881), in connexion with his great w^ork on Protozoa now being
published in the series known as Bronn's ' Thierreich.' The
conjugation and encystation of the bilocular Gregarinse parasitic
in Arthropods, and the formation of spores and spore-ducts has
been studied by Biitschli, who in the main confirms Aimee
Schneider's results.

Dr. Ganle, of Leipzig, has described a curious worm-like body,
often seen in the blood-cells and other tissue-elements of the
edible frog. This worm-like body is j-ecognized by Prof Kay
Lankestcr (Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., January 1882) as the young
form, or "ialciform condition," of a Oregarina already described
by Eimer and by Lieberkuhn as producing " psorosperms " or
spores in the kidney and intestinal epithelium of the frog.

Important observations tending to connect the organisms

IINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 53

known as "A moebse " with the paradoxical Myxomyeetea have been
made by Surgeon-Major D. D. Cunuingham, of the Indian Medical
Service. In a paper on " Microscopic Organisms occurring in
the Intestinal Canal" (Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. vol. xxi.), he
describes the life-history of Protomyxomyces coprinarius, an
amoeboid organism intermediate in characters between the Proto-
monadinae and the Myxomycetes. Its immature forms occur
both in health and disease as inmates of the digestive canal of
man and the lower animals. It only attains full development
when cultivated external to the bodies of the animals in which
it occurs. Very remarkable spore-formation is described and
figured by Dr. Cunningham.

Mr. Saville Kent has also independently advocated the view
that the Myxomycetes should be regarded as animals allied to the
riagellata. The valuable monograph on Ciliate and Plagellate In-
fusoria by this naturalist is approaching completion, the sixth
and last part being now in the press.

CcELENTEEATA. — Profcssor Eilhard Schulz continues his foun-
dation-laying studies on the histology of the Sponges in the
Zeitschr. wiss. Zoologie. Vosmaer, in Holland, and Stuart Eidley,
in this country, have published valuable studies on specific
and generic characters atibrded by the hard parts of Sponges.
Amongst Hydrozoa, the most important work has been the
second part of Hackel's great monograph, containing the species
of the Scyphomedusfe or Acraspedse, beautifully illustrated.
Hackel has also described various strange abnormalities of deve-
lopment of Ativelia kept by him in an aquarium. Some eggs of
this jelly-fish, instead of passing through a scyphistoma-stage and
then producing ephyrse by transverse fission, actually developed
directly into young medusre : other eggs presented intermediate
phenomena, carrying out only partially the noi'mal order of deve-
lopment. Praipont seems clearly to have shown that the eggs of
Campanularia, as maintained by Van Benedeu, jun., for this genus
and for Hydractinia, do develop from cells of the endoderm of the
hydrocaulus. On the other hand, Kleinenberg maintains that in
Etidendrium and other Tubularians the eggs are formed from cells
of the ectoderm ; and points out the necessity of distinguishing
between the observation of generative cells which may eventually
lie in either ectoderm or endoderm and the tracing back of such
generative cells to original constituent cells of these layers
(Zeitschr. wiss. Zoolog. vol. xxxv.).

The magnificent memoir of Dr. Chun on the Ctenophora of
the Bay of Naples (Leipzig, Engelmann), deserves notice here
not only on account of tlie large amount which the author adds
to our knowledge of this remarkable group, but also as being a
sample of the series of memoirs which Dr. Anton Dohru, the
Director of the Zoological Station at Naples, has started in con-
nexion with that institution. These memoirs arc published by
aid of subscription, each subscriber being entitled annually to a

54 pnocKEDiNflS or the

large quarto illustrated volume. The memoirs already issued are
such as to render it a duty for every well-wisher of zoological
science to become a subscriber.

Platthelmia. — Passing on to the AVorms, we find that very
important work has been done during the past year, on the one
hand by Dr. Arnold Lang of the Zoological Station, and on the
other hand by M. Frai])ont of Liege. Dr. Lang has made known
for the first time with aitythiug like accuracy the form of the
nervous system in the Planarire, the Trematoda, and the Cestoidea.
Speaking generally, we may say that Dr. Lang's observations
are confirmatory of those of Dr. Ilubrecht on the Nemer-
tines. Dr. Ilubrecht discovered a complete nerve-tunic in the
latter group of worms in which certain longitudinal cords are dif-
ferentiated. Dr. Lang finds, similarly, much as recent researches
have made known for the Medusa>, a com2)lete subepidemic nerve-
plexus in the three groups of flat worms studied by him : within
this nerve-plexus longitudinal trunks (as many as eight) may be
differentiated. The study o£ a remarkable segmented Planarian
worm, Gwida segmentata, has convinced Dr. Lang of the close
affinity of the Platyhelmia to the Leeches on the one hand, and
to the Ctenophora on the other. The comparison with the latter
group has been carried out in detail by Dr. Lang ; and he is led
to the conclusion that the alimentary canal with its ramifications
is identical in the two cases, and that the excretory canal-system
of the flat worms is but a special development of this system.
When the identification by Hackel o£ the parts of a Ctenophore,
such as Pleurolracliia, with those of a craspedote Medusa is borne
in mind, the immense importance of the conclusions to which Dr.
Lang's researches tend becomes apparent. For a proper appre-
ciation of his views we must refer to his original papers in the
' Mittheilungcn ' of the Zoological Station of Naples. Scarcely
less interesting have been Fraipont's discoveries with regard
to the termination of the fine ramifications of the excretory or
ncphridial canal-system of Planarian, Cestoids, and Trematodes, in
the form of minute funnels leading into an excessively fine net-
work of intercellular spaces, which must be regarded as a canali-
cular or spongiform body- cavity ('Archives de Biologie'). The
exact limits of the nephridia of these worms are thus determined,
as lately established by Biitschli for Cercaria ; and it is apparent
that in structure and relation to the general organization of the
animal they arc identical with the excretory organs or nephridia
ol" the Eotifera.

MoLLUscA. — Not less important, and really following on the
same lines, are the researches which have this year been pub-
lished on the most worm-like of the Mollusca, viz. the Chitons
and the vermiform Neomenia, Proncomenia, and Cha>toderma.
It is plain, from Hubrecht's account of these animals, which form
the group of Amphineura ((^uart. Journ. Micr. Sci., April 1882),
that the nervous system, consisting essentially of two or of four

LTONEAK 80CTETT OF LONDON. 55

longitudinal cords united in a cephalic ganglion and by numerous
transverse commissures, is to be considered only as a step in ad-
vance upon that o£ the Planariro described by Lang. Similarly,
the nephridia or excretory organs appear (especially from the
researches of Sedgwick upon Chiton, (Proc. Eoy. Soc. 1882) to be
a pair of contorted tubes opening into a more or less rudimentary
body-cavity by one end, and to the exterior by the other. Whilst
these AmjDhineura furnish close points of contact with the flat
worms, there is no difficulty in tracing to the structures found in
them the special modifications of nervous system, renal organs
(nephridia), and general form o£ body seen in the other Mol-
lusca. Especially valuable in this respect is the memoir of Dr.
Spengel (Zeitsch. wiss. Zoologie, vol. xxxv.), entitled " The Olfac-
tory Organs and the Nervous System of the Mollusca. — A Con-
tribution towards the recognition of the Unity of the Molluscan
Type." The gradual loss of bilateral symmetry in the Grastropod
Molluscs, and the morphological consequences of torsion of the
region of the body covered in these animals by the shell (which
no doubt has been the cause of such torsion) are explained and
enforced by means of new arguments based on new facts.

The development of the Polyzoa, probably the most difficult
problem (uot excluding even that of the Mammalia) which em-
bryologists have yet attacked, has formed the subject of two
important memoirs by Dr. Jules Barrels, who, it is gratifying to
state, has recently been authorized by the French Government
to establish at Villa Franca, near Nice, a public zoological labo-
ratory, which will be open to the naturalists of all countries who
may wish to make use of it in the prosecution of their investi-
gations.

Crustacea. — Apart from the important work (always progress-
ing) of the identification of new species and genera in this group,
the investigations of Dr. Delage, a pupil of M. de Lacaze Duthiers,
on the circulatory ajjparatus of the Edriophthalma deserve special
notice. A remarkable supra-neural artery similar to that of the
Scorpions and Limulus has been discovered in these forms by
M. Delage by means of careful injections (Archives de Zoologie
experimentale, 1881). The observations of Mr. Conrad Beck
(Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1881) on new Cladocera from the English
lakes show how much interesting material there still exists under
the hands of English naturalists who may choose to explore
localities as yet but little studied ; whilst Prof. Lankester's
studies on Ajjus cancriformis (Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci., April
1881) show that even a well-known form may furnish new facts
of importance to careful observation.

Aeachnida. — The latter naturalist has recently raised the
question of the affinities of the Kiug-Crab ; and has endeavoured,
by a cai'elul comparison of the external and internal structure of
this animal with that of the Scorpion, to show that the true posi-
tion of Limulus is, as maintained fifty years ago by Straus-Durck-

56 PR0CEEDTN08 OF THE

heiui, among the Arachnida (Quart. Joum. Micros. Sci., July and
October 1881). The most important conclusion to which Prof.
Laukcster is led is, that the four pairs of lung-books of the Scor-
pion are the equivalent of the four hindmost pairs of gill-books of
the King-Crab, the most anterior of the five pairs of the King-
Crab's gill-books corresponding to the "pccten " of the Scorpion,
whilst the genital operculum in each animal corresponds both in
structure and position.

Yertebeata. — In the great group of Vertebrates embrj-olo-
gi.sts have been active. AVe have not only Mr. Balfour's second,
volume of the ' Comparative Embryology,' but also a paper from
his pupil, Mr. Ileape, on the development of the Mole (T«Z^«)
(Proc. Eoy. Soc.) ; and an important memoir by the veteran eiu-
bryologist, Prof. Kolliker of AViirzburg, on the development of
the germ-layers of the Eabbit. Both these memoirs tend to show
that the development of the Mammal is a very strangely modified
one ; and that it cannot be brought under the general scheme of
development by formation of two primary layers (ectoderm and
endoderm) through invagination, as had been erroneously main-
tained by Edouard van Beneden of Liege.

Dr. Bcrthold Hatschek, in a beautifully illustrated memoir, has
given an account of the develo])ment of Amj)liioxns, which is a
confirmation, and in some points a correction, of that of Kowa-
lewsky (Arbeiteu. "Wiener Anstalt. 1881).

Professor Milues Mar.shall,of Manchester, has summarized the
results of his own and other recent observations on the develop-
ment of the cranial nerves and the primitive segments of the ver-
tebrate head in an essay published in the ' Journal of Anatomy,'
April 1882, which mai'ks an important step in knowledge.

Amongst Fishes, the most important new work of the year has
been that of Professor F. M. Balfour on the development of the
paired fins of Elasmobranchs (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 651),
showing that the paired fins are an anterior and posterior differ-
entiation of a once continuous lateral fin comparable to the con-
tinuous median dorsal fin.

Amongst Aniphibia, we have Prof. Parker's studies on the
skulls of Anura (Phil. Trans., special volume) and on the skulls
of Urodela (Trans. Zool. Soc.) ; and Mr. Boulenger's Catalogue
of the Anura in the British Museum.

Amongst Birds, the systematic treatises of Salvin and Grodman
on the fauna of Central America, and of Salvadori on the orni-
thology of the Moluccas, are important contributions. Not less
so the pala!ontological memoirs of O. C. Marsh on the characters
of ArchcEopteryx, and on Jurassic Birds and their allies, in the
' Geolog. Magazine ' of 18S1.

Pala?ontology furnishes the most important new matter in re-
ference both to Eeptiles and Mammalia. We have Marsh's
" Classification of Dinosauria " (Amer. Jouru. of Science, 1881),
and " Wings of Pterodactyles " in the same Journal. Cope, " On

LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 57

the Classification of the Creodonta" (American Naturalist, 1881),
a group supposed to be intermediate between Carnivora and
Marsupials. The same author describes the feet of the little-
known extinct Toxodon (said by him to be Proboscidean in cha-
racter) ; and also describes a Lemurine animal, Anaptomorplms
Jiomunculus, with a dentition like that of Anthropoid apes.

Part 1 of Mr. Dobson's ' Monograph of the Insectivora ' has
been issued in this year. It ])romises to be a valuable work ;
already the author has shown, inter alia, that the "West-Indian
Solenodon has nothing to do with the Centetidse of Madagascar,
as had always been supposed before.

The placenta of Mammals still offers large scope for research.
Prof. E. M. Balfour has thrown much light on the real signifi-
cance of the various forms of Placenta by his paper on the " Evo-
lution of the Placenta and its bearing on Classification;" the
most important point being the separation of the discoid pla-
eentffi into two widely remote groups, viz. the " protodiscoidal "
and the " metadiscoidal," the latter containing only Man and the
Simise. The placentation of the Marsupials is still in as much
obscurity as it ever was. Prof. Chapman, of Philadelphia, has
offered some observations on the placentation oi Macropusm the
' Trans. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,' 1881 ; but it is indeed sur-
prising that, with all our zoological gardens and successful
breeding of these animals, no more definite knowledge is attained.

A work of a comprehensive character, of which the first part
has appeared in 1881, is the magnificently illustrated folio volume
by Prof. Gustav Eetzius, ' On the Auditory Organ of the Verte-
brata.' This is one of the most thorough and masterly treatises
of the day, the comparative anatomy of the microscopic tissue-
elements, as well as of larger parts, being most fully consi-
dered and set before the reader.

Hasty and full of gaps as this summary is, it would be alto-
gether ' too partial were a notice omitted of the ' Vergleich.
Physiologisch. Studieo ' of Dr. Krukenberg, of Heidelberg. A
series of Parts, each containing a variety of memoirs, have been
issued by this young physiologist during the past year and its
predecessor. It is impossible too strongly to recommend them
to the notice of English naturalists, not on account of the im-
portance of the results set forth by the author, though^ this is
great, but because this Comparative Physiology to which Dr.
Krukenberg is devoting himself is, without any possibility of
doubt, the path which Biology has to tread m the immediate
future. Dr. Krukenberg has trained himself in the methods of
the Physiological Laboratory (he is a pupil of Prof. Kuhue); and
now he proceeds to apply the graphic methods of record, the che-
mical analyses, the toxicological conclusions of the physiologist
of frogs and rabbit, to the wider field of zoological material. The
colours of birds, of marine animals, the blood of worms and mol-
luscs, the movements of the heart of Tunicates, the digestion of

58 PROCBKDINOa OF TITF.

Soa-anomones and other Invertebrates, — these and endless other
topics aro touched ou, in the spirit of the pioneer, by Dr. Kru-
keubcrg. Tlie Qehl is an enormous one, and has been air dy
troddtMi by a lew stragglers from among the ranks of contem-
porary English naturalists. But there is no shadow of a doubt
that hero lies the future of experimental physiology, and not
only of that brancli of biology, but indirectly of morphology
also. For it is only wlicn we have an adequate physiology of
lower as well as higher organisms that we can hope to deal with
the problems of morphological evolution. It will bo sufficient
justification for Dr. Krukenberg's vigorous attempts, if he shall
have succeeded in forcing the attention of biologists to the phy-
siology of the lower animals, which urgently and irresistibly
demands the services of experimental investigators.

Obittjaeies.

William Addison was one of tlie senior Fellows, having been
elected in January 1831. A Surgeon by profession, he entered
upon practice in 1825 ; and for many years resided at Brighton,
where he died. In addition to liis connexion with our Society,
he was F.K/.S. ; but his chief published works are wholly medical.

Alfred Henet Baefoed was born in Birmingham on the 14th
August, 1832, receiving his early education at a school in the Old
Square, kept by the Eev. E. Bristow, and subsequently at King
Edward the Sixth Grammar School, of which Prince Lee, who
became Bishop of Manchester, was then Head Master. At the
early age of fourteen he left to take a private tutorship in the
family of Mr. Gataire, of Coton Hall, near Bridgnorth, remain-
ing there four years. Thence he went to help one of his old
masters, the Ilev. A. K. Thompson, Head Master of the Dudley
Grammar School : from there to Dr. Batt, of Cornwall Terrace,
Regent's Park. Whilst here, he matriculated at London Univer-
sity in 1852, in 1854 obtaining the degi'ee of B.A. In 1858 he
purchased the school of Dr. Batt, which he carried on until four
months before his death. On December 1, 1859, he was elected
Fellow of this Society ; and in 1874 he was called to the Bar ;
but his liealth giving way, he abandoned the idea of practising.
He died suddenly on 15th August last, one day after his forty-
ninth birthday. Although his failing health w^as the cause of his
giving up school-teaching, his friends had no suspicion of the end
at hand.

Alexander Cakte was born about 1820, graduated as B.A. in
the University of Dublin in 1834, and proceeded to tlie degrees
of M.A. and M.B. in 1840. About the same time he obtained
the appointment of Curator of the Museum of the Eoyal College

"LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 59

of Surgeons, Dublin ; and a few years later lie was made Director
of tlie Natural-History Museum of the Eoyal Dublin Society.
When Dr. Carte entered upon these latter duties, he found the
collections of the Dublin Society in a very embryotic stage —
some few stuffed birds in a case and a few miserable-looking
quadrupeds. The Museum, now by Act of Parliament the Na-
tional Museum for Ireland, owes its present existence to the
labours and perseverance of Dr. Carte ; he had to commence at
the very beginning, and to obtain not only the specimens, but
also the cases to hold them. Although a well-taught anatomist, Dr.
Carte was not a zoologist in the general acceptance of the word ;
and his printed contributions to science were not numerous. He
was of the type of those who can make collections, but cannot
disclose their treasures to best advantage. A list of his papers,
written by himself or in conjunction with Prof Macalister, will
be found in the Eoyal Soc. Cat. of Scientific Papers.

He was made Pellow of the Eoyal College of Surgeons, Ireland,
in 1844, and elected a Fellow of our Society in 1859 ; in addition,
he was a Member of several foreign societies. He died on the
25th September 1881.

Feedeeick Cueeet was born at Norwood, in Surrey, August
19th, 1819, his father, Mr. Benjamin Currey, being Clerk of the
Parliaments. He received his education at Eton and Trinity
College, Cambridge, where ho obtained a Scholarship, took his
B.A. degree in 1841, and proceeded to M.A. in 1844. In that
year he was called to the Bar, and thenceforth practised as con-
veyancer and equity draughtsman.

His earliest work on scientific subjects appears to have been a
translation of Schacht's ' Das Mikroskop,' which was issued in
1853, and so well received as to call for a second edition two
years later. In 1854 he contributed a paper to the ' Microsco-
pical Journal ' on two new Fungi ; and in the fifth volume of the
' Phytologist ' were printed some observations on the "Fungi of
the Neighbourhood of Greenwich." The ' Microscopical Journal '
about this time contains several papers on the more obscure
points in the life-history of cryptogams and on local botany.

The Greenwich Natural-History Club, established in 1852, had
appointed a Committee to draw up a Ecport on the flora of the
neighbourhood. Mr. Currey being chosen Chairman, drafted
the Eeport, which was printed as an 8vo pamphlet early in 1858,
in which 395 fungi were enumerated. The title runs, ' On the
Botany of the District lying between the Elvers Cray, Eavens-
bourne, and Thames.'

Ill the first volume of the ' Journal of the Linncan Society ' ho
described the development of Sclcrotium roseum, Kneiff., which
was named by the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, Pcziza Gurreijana. In
1856 he was elected Fellow of our Society ; in 1857 he communi-
cated an account of the existence of amorphous starch in a

6o PE0CEEUINO8 OF THE

Tulicraccous fungus to the Eoyal Society, followed by hia being
elcctc'd into that Society in 1858. On the retirement of Mr. J.
J. Bennett, in 1860, from the Secretariat of the Linnean Society,
Mr. Currey was chosen as his successor ; and continued in that
office until 1880, when he relinquished it to undertake the
duties of Treasurer, which ])osition he held at the time of his
death.

In 1859 he undertook his most extensive work in the shape of
a translation, with considerable additions by the author, of Hof-
meister's ' Vergleichende TJntersuchungen ueber der . . . hoeherer
Kryptogamen.' This was published in 1862 by the Eay Society,
under the title ' On the Germination, Development, and Fructi-
fication of the Higher Cryptogamia,' &c. This was quickly fol-
lowed by his edition of Dr. Badham's ' Esculent Funguses of
England ' in 1863, in which he restricted himself to corrections
and bringing the work down to date. Several communications will
be found in the Journal and Transactions of the Society, which
are set out in the ' Catalogue of Scientific Papers.' Amongst
them may be mentioned " Notes on British Fungi " in 1864, and
his last contribution, " On a Collection of Fungi made by Mr.
Sulpiz Kurz," 1876. With Daniel Hanbury he prepared "Ee-
marks on Sclerotium sfqntafum, Berk. & Curr., Pachyma Gocos,
Fries, and some similar Productions,' 1862 ; and, with Dr. Wel-
witsch, "A Description of the Fungi collected by Dr. F. Welwitsch
in Angola during the years 1850-61 " (1870).

The latest production of his pen was issued last spring in the
Eeport of the West Kent Natural-History, Microscopical, and
Photographic Society, an association which had absorbed the
Greenwich Natural-History Club before mentioned. The paper
is entitled " On some Useful and Noxious Fungi;" it is a pojjular
resume of well-known facts ; but is of interest as testifying to his
abiding interest in local natural history. He was twice President
of this Society, on each occasion for a term of two years.

For some years he had considered his health precarious ; but
only a short time before his death, from an affection of the
liver, was any alarm felt by his family. He died at Blackht\ath
on September 8th, and was buried at Weybridge, 13th September,
w^here his wife had been interred some years before. His col-
lection of Fungi, by his express desire, has been added to the
Herbarium of the Eoyal Gardens, Kew ; and many of his books
have been generously presented by his family to the Library of
the Linnean Society.

Mr. Currey'slong official connexion with the Society had given
rise to a large circle of friends ; whilst his ever kind and genial
manner had attached them to him by close tics of esteem. By all
his loss will be felt as that of a personal friend, an officer of large
experience whose place it will be difficult to fill.

Indisputably the greatest loss this Society has sustained during
the past tvvelvemouth has been the removal by death of Ciiaeles

LTNTTEAN SOCIETY OT LONDON. 6 1

EoBEET Daewin. As the President lias so admirably dealt with
the influence exercised by our late Fellow in every department of
human thought, no further observations on that point need be
offered here, whilst the still recent events and the notices which
have been so abundantly inserted in the public j)rints, together
with the copious memoir in course of publication by my col-
league in the Secretariat, absolves from any extended recapi-
tulation of the events of his life.

He was born on February 12th, 1809, at Shrewsbuiy, his
grandfatlier being Dr. Erasmus Darwin, one of the earliest of
our Fellows, and his father Dr. EoberL Waring Darwin. The
poetical effusions of Dr. Erasmus are well known ; but it is not
so well known that he was the chief mover in aii anonymous trans-
lation of the ' Systema vegetabilium,' edited by Eeichard, entitled
* The Families of Plant, &c., by a Botanical Society at Lichfield.'
The proof of this lies in several letters from Dr. Erasmus in
the Banksian correspondence belonging to Lord Brabourne. Dr.
R. W. Darwin had previously published a volume entitled ' Prin-
cipia botanica ' as a concise and easy introduction to the sexual
botany of Linufeus, published at Newark, 1793. The preface is
signed vnth the initials only.

His voyage with Captain Fitzroy in H.M.S. 'The Beagle' re-
sulted in the publication of his observations in the narrative of
that Commander's voyage ; it was afterwards published sepa-
rately, and called ed. 2. Whilst on this voyage Mr. Darwin first
observed those variations in animal and vegetable life when subject
to modifying surroundings, which were formulated only several
years later. It must be a just source of pride to every Fellow of
the Society that the first sketch of this epoch-making theory was
promulgated in the rooms of the Linnean Society. Robert Brown
having died on June 10th, 1858, the subsequent Meeting of the
Society held on the 17th adjourned after formal business only ; a
Special Meeting was therefore convened out of the Session, on
July 1st, to elect a Member of Council to fill Mr. Brown's place.
At this Meeting there was read a letter, dated June 30th, from
Sir Charles Lyell and Dr. Hooker, embodying extracts from Mr.
Darwin's writings on this subject, and Mr. Wallace's letter from
the Malay Archipelago, which was the proximate cause of Mr.
Darwin's reluctance to publish his views being overcome. This
notable communication will be found in the tliird volume of our
Journal. The * Origin of Species,' when published in the follow-
ing year, led to memorable debate. Several Fellows withdrew
from the Linnean Society because the President refused to
take steps to eject the author.

Of the remarkable series of works which followed the above
there is no need of a detailed list ; particulars of them are in
every hand. Suffice it to say that his last elaborated papers, viz.
on the influence of carbonate of ammonia on the roots of plants
and on chlorophyll-bodies, were read in this room only one

62 PE0CEEDIK08 OF THE

month before his death ; wliilst a still more recent communica-
tion to the Society received his final notes only a few hours pre-
vious to his disease. These papers, when they reach the hands of
the Fellows, will be seen to bear the marks of his unhasting and
unfailing care.

His death, which came upon us suddenly, happened at his re-
sidence at Down on Wednesday, 19th April ; news having only
reached London on the afternoon of the next day, the Society
adjourned without transacting more than the necessary business.
The funeral in Westminster Abbey on Api'il 26th was attended
by a concourse of mourners, probably unequalled in its kind since
Liunajus was buried in the Cathedral of Upsala in January
1778.

Joseph Decaisne was born at Brussels in 1807, and was tlic
second of a family of three brothers, who had a hard struggle
for the means of subsistence. His elder brother Henri showed
so decided a bent for painting, that his mother removed wath
her children to Paris. Joseph began the study of medicine ; but
after a short time he turned from it with dislike, and exchanged
objects of study ^^atli his younger brother Pierre, who had applied
Mmself to botany. In 1824;, when 17 years of age, Joseph
Decaisne was taken on as a working gardener at the same Museum
where he afterwards held so distinguished a position. After
being appointed Chef du Carre des Semis, a post which had been
previously held by Bernard de Jussieu and the brothers Thouiu,
he was placed by Adrien de Jussieu as his Assistant in the Chair
of Eural Botany. This was the epoch from which his fii'st pub-
lications took their origin. .

His earlier works were on descriptive and geographic botany,
embracing the new plants brought from Japan and the East ;
also completing Jacquemont's account of the plants collected in
Asia, and a monograph of Asclepiads, done at the instigation of
M. DeCandolle, &c.

In 184:7 he was elected into the Academie des Sciences, in-the
Section of Eural Economy ; in 1850 he was chosen to succeed
Mirbel in the Chair of Cultures at the Jardiu des Plantes. Tlie
remainder of his life was spent as assiduously as the earher por-
tion. With his pupil Thurct he worked at the Alga) with a view
of working out their entire sexual history. AVith Le Maout, he
produced his ' Traite geuerale do Botauique,' a work which has
appeared in most of the Eui'opcan languages, and owes much of
its extended popularity to the drawings wliich Decaisne had so
diligently amassed during his career. His most important work
perhaps was his ' Le Jardin fruitier du Museum,' of which twelve
4to volumes liavebeen issued. For many years he was Editor of
the botanical portion of the ' Aunales des Sciences naturelles.'
He died at Paris on February 8th last ; and w'as followed to his
grave by an immense concourse of people. His plants and papers
were bequeathed to the State Botanic Garden at Brussels.

LIOTTEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 6^

He was not able to avoid all personal controversy ; but there
must be few who do not regret that his closing years should have
been disturbed by the issue of an inviduous publication actuated
by personal feeling against Decaisne.

Michael Pakeniiam Edgewoeth was the youngest son of
Eichard Lowell Edgeworth and Frances Anne, daughter of the
Eev. Dr. Beaufort, and was half brother of Miss Maria Edge-
worth, the novelist. He was born on the 24th May, 1812 ; that
is, he would have reached his sixtieth birthday today had he
lived so long. In September 1823 he entered the Charter-
house, from whence, in 1827, he went to Edinburgh, where he
first began to study oriental languages ; and there also he studied
botany under the elder M'Nab. After a distinguished career
at Haileybury, he went to India in 1831 in the Civil Service.
He was appointed to Ambala and Saharunpore, where his
administration received the ajiprobation of his superiors and the
grateful appreciation of the natives. In 1812 he came home
on leave; and in 1846 he married Christina, daughter of Dr.
Macpherson, King's College, Aberdeen, returning the same year
to India.

On his way out he took advantage of the steamer coaling at
Aden to look about him for plants ; he published his results in
the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal under the title of
" Two Hours' Herborizatiou at Aden : " of the forty species he
collected in that brief space of time in so frequented a locality,
eleven were new to science.

He was stationed at Bauda till 1850, when he was selected as
one of the five Commissioners for the Settlement of the Punjaub,
first at Moolton, afterwards at Jullundur ; but he was obliged
to leave India owing to a sunstroke, and, to his deep regret, he
was never able to return thither. He died suddenly in the Island
of Eigg on 30th of July last.

His local lists of Indian plants have received the warm com-
mendation of Drs. Hooker and Thomson in the Introductory
Essay to their 'Flora Indica.' He also published some papers
which have appeared iu our publications ; a Grammar of Kash-
miri ; and his last work, on Pollen, which saw the light in 1878.

EoNALD Campbell Gunn was born at the Cape of Good Hope
in 1808 ; but passed the greater part of liis life in Tasmania,
holding several official positions, arriving there in 1830. He
began to work at the flora of that island in the following year ;
and his labours in that direction were acknowledged in Dr.
Hooker's * Plora of Tasmania.' In 1850 he was elected Fellow
of the Society, and in 1854 Fellow of the Eoyal Society. He
was Editor for some time of the ' Tasmanian Journal,' published
under the auspices of the Eoyal Society of Tasmania. The
number of papers attributed to him in the Eoyal Society's Cata-
logue of Scientific Papers is ten, two being elaborated in conjunc-

64 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

tion with Dr. J. E. G-ray ; but there were probably inaiiy other
productions of his peu which have not been taken into account.
His fiivourite pursuit was botany ; but he devoted much time to
the birds of Australia and the sheUs. He died March 14th,
1881.

Samuel Gurnet was born at Ham in Essex in 1816, and was one
of the well-known family of that name. His life was principally
absorbed in commercial affairs ; and for many years he was a prin-
cipal partner in the discount house of Overend, G-urney, and Co.,
which, when converted into a limited liability company, failed in
18GG, inflicting a heavy blow on the trade of the country. He
was high Sheriff of Surrey in 1861, a Fellow of the Eoyal
Geographical Society, and was elected into the Linnean Society
17th March, 1859 ; he died on 4th April last.

George Curling Joad died on 24th November last at his
residence, Oakfield, Wimbledon Park. His garden was richly
stocked with plants ; and his herbai'ium of dried plants was
of considerable extent. He was elected Fellow of the Society
on January 19th, 1871 ; and was also a Member of the Scientific
Committee of the Eoyal Horticultural Society.

BiciiARD KiPPiST was born at Stoke Newington on June 11th,
1812. AVhilst still a lad he entered the office of Mr. Joseph
Woods, the architect, and author of a monograph on Eoses and
the still useful ' Tourist's Flora.' The taste for botany was either
acquired whilst in the service of this gentleman, or else greatly
fostered by him ; for Mr. Kippist travelled with him, and after-
wards helped to prepare the ' Tourist's Flora.' In 1830 Mr.
Woods retired to Lewes ; and Mr. Kippist, in February of that
year, entered the service of the Linnean Society, then housed in
Sir Joseph Banks's former residence in Soho Square. Under
Prof. David Don, the then Librarian, Mr. Kippist had much to
do with the distribution of Dr. Wallich's plants ; and, on the
death of the Librarian in 1842, he was chosen by the body of the
Fellows his successor. In the April previous he had been elected
an Associate ; and he contributed at rare intervals some observa-
tions, chiefly on Australian plants, and also on the occurrence
of spiral cells in the tests of Acanthaceous seeds. He was one
of the earliest Members of the Microscopical Society, and also
an Associate of the Eoyal Botanic Society, Eegent's Park. He
retired from his 2)ost of Librarian to the Society only last year;
although for several years before his health, owing to asthmatic
attacks, prevented his giving uninterrupted attention to his duties.
The action of the Council in granting the full pension on his
retirement met with the full approval of the Fellows ; but he
did not live long to enjoy his well-merited repose, for he died at
Chelsea on Saturday, January 14th, 1882.

LUmEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 65

Mr. KipjDJst's long and faithful services of more than fifty
years have already met with formal acknowledgment at the hands
of the Fellows ; but a few words in reiteration of the same will
not he deemed out of place. No one could more thoroughly
identify himself wdth the Society's interests than did our late
Librarian ; the welfare of the Society, its dignity, and import-
ance w'ere his first objects of regard. Precise and methodical
almost to a fault, his scrupulous care and love of accuracy quite
excused his seemingly rigid punctiliousness ; and the news of
his death called forth expressions of the sincerest regrets from
all who remembered his lengthened and devoted services. He
was buried at Brompton Cemetery on January 21st, the present
Librarian, Dr. Murie, and the Assistant, Mr. James West,
attending.

Henet Reeks was born at Standen near Hungerford, Berks, on
March 15th, 1838. During the greater part of his life he lived
at the Manor House, Thruxton, Andover, where he died on
Monday, 20th February of the current jear. Early in June 1866
he left England on an ornithological trip to Newfoundland ; during
it he met with severe frost-bite, and, surgical aid not being at hand,
courageously amputated his own toes ; he therefore remained
partially crippled during the remainder of his life. Whilst on
his sick-bed, he compiled a list of flowering-plants and ferns of
Newfoundland, with meteorological observations, which was read
before this Society December 2, 1869.

His remarks on the zoology of the same region were pub-
lished in the ' Zoologist ' of April 1869 ; also notes of rare eggs
from North America. He likewise drew up a list of the flower-
ing-plants, ferns, and mosses observed in the parish of East
Woodhay, contributed towards the flora of the district, and pub-
lished in the ' Eeport of tlie Newbury District Field Club' for
1870-71. He published notes on the Mammals of Shakespeare
in the ' Zoologist ' for 1878, the last paper known to the compiler.
His death happened unexpectedly, after four days' illness, result-
ing, it is believed, from close attention to his wife, who was con-
fined to her bed by quinsy. As an all-round naturalist, his loss
was greatly deplored by those who knew and esteemed him.

Geoege Rolleston was the son of a Yorkshire clergyman, and
born at Maltby on July 80, 1829. He entered at Pembroke
College, Oxford, after early private tuition, took a First Class
in Classics in 1850, and was elected Fellow of his College
in 1851. He studied medicine at St. Bartholomew's Hospital
and served at Smyrna in the British Hospital there, but resumed
his residence at Oxford on being appointed Lee's Eeader in Ana-
tomy at Christ Church. La 1860 he was appointed first Linacre
Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, which he held to the time
of his death. The work by which he is most widely known is his
' Forms of Animal Life,' issued from the Clarendon Press iu 1870 •
LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. SESSIONS 1880-82. f

66 rEOCEEDINOS OF THE

but his other numerous contributions to science were usually in
the form of papers, our own Society being one of the media
of publication. He spent the previous winter in the south of
Europe in the hope of recruiting his health, enfeebled by inces-
sant and unsparing exertion ; but he returned iu a sinking state
to England oiiiv a few days before his death, which took place on
June IGth, 1881, in his 52ad year. [For a fuller notice see
Eoyal Society Proceedings, vol. xxxiii. (1882) pp. xxiv-xxvii.]

David EuTHERroKD was born in Eifeshire in 1812 ; and up to
1871 was engaged in business as a bookseller in Edinburgh and
London ; but from an early period he was greatly attached to the
study of natural history. In the year named (1871) he w^ent out
to the west coast of Africa as clerk to a trading firm. Two years
later he gave up his situation and devoted his entire attention to
entomology, at intervals sending home his collections. In 1875
he came home, with the best of his collections ; but the vessel
w^as wrecked and all his cases lost. After his return he was in
the employ of a City firm till March 1879, when he again set out
for the west coast. Collections were again received from him,
but somewhat more sca-nty than during the iirst visit. His move-
ments up to 1881 are not easily traced ; but in March of that year
he had found his way to the Baptist Mission Station of Eev. D.
Euller, from w-hom the account of his last days is derived. He
went from this station up country, away from all white men ; and
at some two days' journey away he sickened, and died of dysentery
at the age of 39. His body was brought down to the Missionary
settlement and buried there. His collections safely reached
England ; but I am not aware if they were of great extent or
value.

Matthias Jacob Schleiden was born on the 5th April 1804,
at Hamburg, where he received his early education. In 182-1
he betook himself to Heidelberg to study law% remaining there
for three years. In 1833 he proceeded to Gottingen, to take
up the study of medicine ; and whilst there he attended Bart-
ling's lectures on botany. Shortly after this, Schleiden went to
his uncle. Professor Norkel, at Berlin, there to carry on his
botanical studies by particularly devoting his attention to the
anatomy and physiology of plants. From this period, namely
1837, Schleiden's activity in publication dated.

Two years later Schleiden was appointed Extraordinary Pro-
fessor of Botany at Jena, at which place he busied himself with
the preparation of his elaborated work ' Grundziige der wissen-
schaftliche Botanik.' In 1813 the diploma of Doctor medicinae
honoris causa was accorded to him by the Medical Faculty of
Tiibingen ; and in 1841! he was elected a Foreign Member of our
Society. Having previously declined an invitation to fill the
Chair of Botany at Giessen, he w^as appointed Director of the

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOJJ^DO^. 6^

Botanic Gardens at Jena in 1851, and in 1859 filled the office
of Prorector Magnificus of the University.

For teaching-purposes he brought out his ' Grundrias der
Botanik,' ' Haudbuch der raedicinisch-pharmaeeutischeu Botanik,'
and ' Physiologie der Pflanzen und Thiere.' With Nageli he
started a ' Zeitschrift f iir wissenschaftliche Botanik,' of which,
however, only four parts appeared. After this time his pub-
lished works were almost entirely of a popular or else non-
scientific character. In the year 18G2 he abruptly resigned his
Chair at Jena, and settled as a private individual at Dresden.
The next year he was called to Dorpat as Professor of Botany,
but gave up the post the following year. After this he agaia
came forward as a popular writer, and, amongst other things,
published two volumes of lyrics under the pseudonym of
"Ernst." On his return from Dorpat he settled at Dresden;
after that he moved to Wiesbaden, and finally to Prankfort-
on-the-Main, where he died on the 23rd June last.

It is hardly necessary to remind the Fellows present of the
great and lasting impulse given to vegetable physiology by the
earlier works of Schleiden. His mistakes are forgotten ; but the
impulse forward which he gave when he promulgated his views
on the life and functions of the cell, has not died out. For a full
account of the influence Schleiden has exerted on the science,
reference may be made to Sachs's ' Geschichte der Botanik,'
pp. 202-210.

SiE Charles Wtvtlle Thomson was born at Bonsyde, near
Linlithgow, on the 5th March 1830. He went to school at
Merchiston Castle Academy ; and in 1845 he began his medical
studies in the University of Edinburgh. He joined the Botanical
Society there in 1847, and soon afterwards became Secretary of
the Eoyal Physical Society. In 1850 he was appointed Lec-
turer on Botany in King's College, Aberdeen, and the year
following Professor of Botany in Marischal College and Univer-
sity. In 1853 he was made Professor of Natural History in
Queen's College, Cork, and in 1854 was transferred to the Chair
of Mineralogy and Geology at Belfast.

Elected F^E.S. in 1867, he took part in the ' Porcupine ' Expe-
dition the next year, publishing his results in the volume entitled
' The Depths of the Sea.' On Prof. Allman resigning the Chair of
Natural History at Edinburgh in 1870, Mr. Thomson was chosen
his successor. In 1872 he was nominated chief of the scientific
stafl" on board H.M.S. ' Challenger,' obliging him to be absent
from Britain for upwards of three years. On his return he was
Knighted, and received one of the Gold Medals of the Eoyal
Society ; and on his visit to Upsala he was created Knight of the
Polar Star by the King of Sweden.

The long sea-voyage, however, had not invigorated him ; but
in 1879 his condition first caused alarm to his friends. In June
of that year he was attacked by paralysis, and thenceforward only

68 PEOCEEDINGS OP TUE LINITEAN SOCIETY.

able to oooasionallv lake part in the preparation of the ' Chal-
len<j;er' Ivcports now in course of puhlit-ation by the Government.
In October last he resi<j;ne(l his Chair in the University, and died
10th INIarch 1882. He has left a widow and one son to mourn
his loss.

The departments of zoolofi;y to which he devoted most atten-
tion were those of corals, crinoids, and sponges.

INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.

SESSIOI^S 1880-1882.

Note. — The name of the Chairman at each Meetino; is not indexed.

Ahks Paffonii (M'Nab), 24.

Acari in Stephauotis-i-oots (Cobbold),

23.
Accessions to Library (1882), 33.
Accounts (1881), 14: (1882), 32.
Acland, Sir T. D., elected, 30.
Actinice, smell in (Pollock & Romanes),

35-

Addison, W., death reported, 31 ; obitu-
ary, 58.

Address by President (1882), 36.

Aden, shells of (Cockburn), 27.

Adiantum aithiopicum found in Ceylon
(Ferguson), 20.

Afghanistan, Kuram- Valley flora (Ait-
chison), 20.

Africa, new Gossypmm from (Masters),
21 ; rubber-plant from (Dyer), 35,
(Kirk). 35.

— , Central, plants from (Ficalho and
Hiern), 30.

— , West, rubber-plant from, shown
(Christy), 13, 19; Strychnos from,
shown (Holmes), 13.

Agriculture, American report on
(Christy), 24.

Aitchisou, J, E. T., Flora of the Kurara
VaUey, II., 20.

Albino bat from Jamaica, shown
(E.><peut), 25.

Alga3, British, shown (Gould), 6 ; caus-
ing breaking of the meres (Piiil-
lips), 29 ; from Hinudayas (Dickie),
30 ; in Radiolai-ians (Geddes), 28 ;
new to Britain (Holmes), i, 8.

Allen, C. J. H., deceased, 13.

Allmau, G. J., removed from Council,

33-
Aloe Parryi, inflorescence of, shown

(Baker), 20.
Alston, E. R., death reported, S-q ; name

removed from Council (1S81), 16;

obituary 16-17; resolution at Anni-
versary Meeting, 13.
Alterations in Bye-Laws, balloted for and

rejected in pai't, 5 ; read first time,

3-4 ; read second time, 5.
— , Alternative, 9 ; balloted for, 11-12;

read lirst time, 9-10 ; read second

time, 10.
Amanita Muscaria, shown (Prior), i.
America, South, Coffee-disease in

(Cooke), 7,
Ammonia, carb., on chlorophyll, and on

roots of plants (Darwin), 28.
Anabaina clrcinalis (Phillips), 29.
Aiidroctonus fimcsfris (Laukester), 35.
Androgace, Indian species of (Watt), 13.
Anemones, found by H. C. Sorby, i.
Augas, G. E., leaf of Hennas shown

by, I.
Animal intelligence (Tepper), 26.
Animalcule, new (Phillips), 36.
Annelid, coral-reef (Powell), 27.
Anomalostoma (M'^Lachlan), 35.
Antheridia and trichophora in Calli-

thamnlon (Holmes), i.
Ants, Bees, and Wasps (Lubbock),

VIIL, 20; IX., 23.

— entra])ped by Lychnis Viscaria
(Stone), 23.

Aphrocdllistes (Duncan), 7.
Apocynacece yielding rubber (Dyer), 35.
Apposition, sugar-canes produced by

planting in (ViUa Franca and Glass),

30.
Arachnida, recent work on, 55.
Arctic di-ift-wood (M'Nab), 22.

— plants, shown (Wickhauj), 7.
Arc/entina silus on Banfl'shire coast

(Edward), 12.
Armitage, J., elected Fellow, 8.
Armhia, dimorphisin in (Clarke), 8.
Ascaris transfuya (Cobbold), 27.

70

INDEX.

Ascidians (Sorby and Ilerdraan), 34.
— , braiu'liial sac uf ( Ilerdinaii), 12.
Ascidiida, British (Ilerdman), 4.
Asteroidea ol' the ' Challenger ' (Sladen),

Astrolabe range, new birds from
(Sliarpe), 28.

Atkinson, W., death reported, 31.

Auditors nominated (1881), 12-13;
(1882), 30.

Auk, Great, remains of (Grieve), 31.

Australia, dried 11. oilxodia shown from
(Morison), 30.

— , Papilionida; of (Tepper), 2 ; prizes
oifered for Nat. Hist, essays on, 27 ;
siiells of (Smith), 12; Vallisneria
from (Ralpli), 34.

An.stralian fungi (lierkeley), 2; (Berke-
ley and Broome), 35 ; new to Britain,
28 ; Pitiu-i-bag (Jackson), 26.

Badeoek, J., Monas temto from Epping

Forest shown, 27.
Baker, J. G., inflorescence of Aloe

Parryi shown, 20 ; Kitching's plants

from Madagascar, 2 ; portrait of Mr.

Miers presented, 1 5 ; Solomon-Islands

ferns, 36.
Balfour, I. B., com. by (Cockburn), 27.
Ballot for Councillor, 5.
Bananas, dried, sliown (Jackson), 22.
Bancroft, fungi obtained by (Ciiristy), 4.
Banifsbire coast, Argentina silus found

off (Edward), 12.
— , Nemertean worm captured on (Ed-
ward), 28.
Banks, Sir J., sketch of his library pre-
sented, 1 5.
Barford, A. II., death reported, 31 ;

obituary, 58.
Barnard, C, elected, 11.
Bat, albino, shown from Jamaica

(Espeut), 25.
— , parasite from (Dobson), 2.
Bates, H. W., elected Councillor, 33.
Bear, Ascaris tram^fuga found in leg of

(Cobbold), 27.
Be luvois's ' Genera ' (Bentham), 6.
Beddome, E. H., elected, 27.
Bee infested with Cordiccps (Smith), 28.
Bees, ants, and wasps (Lubbock), VIII.,

20 ; IX., 23.
Beetle, parthogenetically bred, shown

(M'^Lachlan), 21.
Bell, F. J., sur-anal plate, 8.
Ben Lawers, Loscurwa from, shown

(Holmes), 8.
Bennett, Alfred W., elected Councillor

(1881), 16 ; nom. Auditor (1882), 30.
Bennett, Arthur, elected, 8 ; on Chara

stelligera, i.

Benson, Gen., elephant-flukes, 26.

Bentham, G., Ci/peracece, 6 ; Gramiuece,
22 ; Orchidece, 6 ; relative to Trea-
surer's death, 21 ; resigns as Coun-
cillor, 4.

Berjeau, C., squirrel's nest .shown by. 6.

Berkeley, M. J., Australian fungi, 2.

Berkeley, M. J., and C. E. Broome,
Brisbane fungi, 35.

Berwick-on-Tweed, new Algce from
(Holmes), i.

Bidie, W., Coffee-leaf disease, 6.

iJilkar^ia-eggs shown (Cobbold), 22.

Birch, Japanese, shown (Masters), 13.

Birds from Solomon Islands (Ramsay),
22.

Bisset, J., elected, 11.

Blaekwall, J., decea.sed, 1 3 ; obituary,

17-

Blaikie, J., elected, 28,

Blakemere, no breaking shown by (Phil-
lips), 29.

Bohn, H. C, withdrawn, 33.

Bolivia, Cinckona-culture in (Hohnes),
26.

Bolus, H., Cape Orchids, 31.

Bolus, H., and M'Owan, new Cape
plants, 2.

Botany, report on (1881-82), 44.

— and Geology of N. S. Wales (Fitz-
gerald), 26.

Bots from Elephant, shown, 10.

Boulger, G. S., models of insectivorous
plants, 24.

Boycott, T., growth of orange, 5 ; re-
moved from Council (1881), 16.

Boyd, W. C, withdrawn, 33.

Braikenridge, G. W., death reported, 31.

Braithwaite, R., nominated Scrutineer
(1881), 16.

Bramble, growth of cuttings of (Dar-
win), 5.

Branchial sac of Ascidians (Herdman),
12.

Brazil, Eqidsetum gigantcum from
(Dyer), 35.

Breaking of the meres (Piiillips), 29.

Breese, C. J., nominated Auditor (1881),
12; nom. Scrutineer (1881), 22;
(1882), 33.

Brendel, plant-models made by (Boul-
ger), 24.

Brewer, H. M., elected Fellow, 28.

Bridge, T. W., elected, 8.

Brisbane fungi (Berkeley and Broome),
35 ; (Christy), 4.

British anemones (Sorby), i.

— algffi, new (Holmes), 1,8; shown
(Gould), 6.

— Chara, new (Bennett), i.

— Eryfhraa, new (Townsend), 4.

INDEX,

71

British hybrid ferns (Lowe), 6.
■ — fishes (Day), 7.

— lichens, new (Holmes), 10,

— moss, new (Ilohnes), 8.

— Tunicata (Herdman), 4.

— Zoophytes shown (Gould), 6.
British Assoc, loan exhibition of instru-
ments proposed, 20.

British Museum Collections, alluded

to by President, 38.
Brook, G., new Colic mbola, 35 ; NocU-

luca 7>iiliaris shown by, 4.
Broome, C. E., and M. J. Berkeley,

Brisbane fungi, 35.
Brown, E., elected, i.
Brown, E., sketches of birth-place and

London residence, presented, 15.
Bi(ddJeia auriculata, ramifications of

(Masters), 23.
Burdett, H. C, elected, 34.
Burghfield Bridge, Frifillaria from, 30.
Busk, G., 'Challenger' Celleiwra. 13;

nom, V.-P. (1882), 34.
Butter from Pistacia shown (Christy),

19.
Butterflies, male generative organs of

(Gosse), 31.
Bye-Laws, alterations in, balloted for

and rejected in part, 5 ; read first

time, 3-4 ; read second time, 5.
-^, alternative alterations in, balloted

for, 11-12; read first time, 9-10;

read second time, 10.

Cabinet for microscopical preparation

(Hillhouse), 6.
Caddis-fly, marine (McLachlan), 35.
Calanfhe Veitchii shown (Masters), 22.

— vcdita, parent of C. I 'citchii (Mas-
ters), 22.

Calisaya, varieties shown (Holmes), 26.
Callithamnion, two species shown

(Holmes), i.
Cameron, J., com. by (Bidie), 7.
Campbell, F. M., parthenogenesis of

spider, 35.
Canton, F. A., elected, 3.
Cape, dried fl. of HeUpferum exmiium

shown from (Murison), 30.
— , Hernms gigantca, leaf used as tinder

at (Angas), 2.
— , new plants from (MacOwan &

Bolus), 2.
Cape Orchids (Bolus), 31.
Capnodium mistralc (Smith), 28.
Capsicum, sweet, shown (Christy), 4.
Carex ff/auca, monstrous (Kidley), 35.

— montana from Heathfield shown
(Murray), 30.

Carica Papaya dried juice of, shown
(Christy), 8

Carpenter, P. H., Comatulee, 34.
Carpenter, W. B., vote of thanks to

President (1881), 15 ; com. by, 34.
Carte, A., death reported, 31 ; obituary,

58.
Casey, G. E. C, withdrawn, 33.
Castro, P. de, dried figs shown, 5.
Catananche, root-florets of (Jackson),

31-

Catanella Opuntia shown (Holmes), 8.
Cedar, gnaur from trunk of, shown

(Masters), i 3.
Cellepora of 'Challenger' (Busk), 13.
Cerebratidus angulafus (Edward), 25.
Cerura vinula shown (Hammond), 7.
Cetacean, albino, seen by H. C. Sorby,

I.
Ceylon, additions to the flora of (F'er-

guson), 20.
Ceylon Coffee-disease (Ward), 34.
' Challenger ' Asteroidea (Sladen), 25.

— Celhpora (Busk), 13.

— MoUusca (Watson), VIL 4 ; VIII.
8 ; IX. 12 ; X. 20 ; XI.-XII. 24 ;
XIII. 28 ; XIV. 29 ; XV. 36.

Chamberlain, V. I., elected, 28.

Cliambers, T. B., elected, 27.

Champneys, F. H., withdrawn, 33.

Chara stelligera, new to Britain (Ben-
nett), I.

Cheverton, G., elected, 27.

Chian turpentine shown (Cliristy), 19.

— , substance I'esembling, shown
(Christy), 6.

Chi]istable, Amanita shown from
(Prior), I.

Clilorophyll, carb. ammonia on (Dai--
win), 28.

Christie, A. C, stipules of Hex, 6.

Christy, T., Brisbane Fungi shown by,
4 ; Capsicum shown by, 4 ; dried
juice of papaw-tree, 8 ; nominated
Scrutineer, Nov. 1881, 22; new pro-
cess of fibre-extraction, 25 ; new
rubber-tree shown by, 1 3 ; Pistacia-
galls shown by, 6 ; rubber-plants and
Pzsi'ftr/ff -products shown by, 1 9 ; Re-
port of American Com. of Agricul-
ture, 24.

Cinchona, quinine from, grown at Sik-
kim, 19; varieties cultivated in Boli-
via (Holmes), 26.

Clarke, C. B., dimorphism in Arnchia
and Macrofomia, 8 ; elected Coun-
cillor, 5 ; Himalayan ferns, 34 ;
Orchis not figured in Eng. Bot., 23 ;
right- and left-hand contortion, 7 ;
species of Orchis shown, 35.

Classification of Crocus (Maw), 25
Claviceps, Cordiccps its ally (Smith)
28.

72

HTDEI.

Clematis, monstrous, shown (Fookes),

Cobbokl, T. S., Axcaris fransfiu/a, 27 ;
Bilhar^ia-eggs shown by, 22 ; JJis-
toma crassum, 2 ; D. sinense, 3 ;
drawings of pollen-tubes of Portu-
laca shown, 27 ; elected Councillor,
33; elephant -parasites, 10,26; Gax-
trodisciis shown by, i ; Guinea-worm
shown by, 24; Lcplodera shown, 28;
roots of Stephanotis infested with
Leptodera, 23 ; Stroiigylus Dmiglasii,
23.

Cockburn, J. L., shells of Aden, 27.

Ccelcnfcrata, algfe in (Geddes), 28 ; re-
cent works on, 53.

CaJos^pcrmum Kutzingianum (Phillips),
29.

Coffee-leaf disease (Bidie), 6 ; (Cooke)
7 ; (Ward) 34.

CofRn, A. H., elected, 24.

Cohn, Prof., plant-models designed by
(Boulger), 24.

Colcmere, breaking of (Phillips), 29.

Collcmhola, new (Brook), 35.

Collie, R., elected, 34.

Coloiu--pcrceplion of lower animals
(Lubbock), 23.

Colouring of sloth's hair (Sorby), 10.

Cctmaiv.liB (Carpenter), 34.

Comins, ferns collected by (Baker), 36.

Conario-hypophysial tract (Owen), 23.

Conifers of Japan (Masters), 4.

Contortion,right- and left -hand (Clarke),

7-
Conversazione, President's, 37.
Cooke, M. C, Coffee-disease, 7.
Coral-reef annelid (Powell), 27.
Cordiceps sphecoccplmla on bee (Smith),

28.
Cormorant, nostrils of the (Ewart), 20.
Corolla, contortion of (Clarke), 7 ; sta-

miniferous (Henslow), 25.
Cory, C. B., elected, 3.
Cotilc, new (Sharpe), 28.
Cotton, jungle, from Nagpore shown

(ftlurison), 30.
Council elected 1881, 16 ; 1882, 33.
Councillor elected, 5.
Cox, H. K., deceased, 13.
Crisp, F., elected Treasurer (1881). 23 ;

nom. Auditor (1881), 13; nom. V.-P.

(1882), 34 ; Treasurer's accounts

(1882\ 31.
Croi IIS, life-history of (Maw), 25 ; ovule

of, shown (Stewart), 27 ; pollen-tubes

of, sliown (Duncan), 27.
Cronibie, J. M., removed from Council,

33-
Crustacea devoured by pilchards (Day),
22 ; recent works on, 55.

Ctcnophora, development of (AUman), I

15. 'i

Cumberland, new British licliens from !

(Holmes), 10. \

Currey, F., death reported, 21 ; dona-
tion to Library, 24; obituary, 59;
re-elected Treasurer (1881), 16 ; re- i

solution at Anniversary, 31 ; Trea- I

surer's Report (1881), 13.

Currey. F. Innes, reply to Society's re- ■

solution, 22.

Cuttings, growth of (Darwin), 5. j

Cyclops, sections of (Hartog), 28. '

Cylindrospermum Balfsii (Phillips), \

29.

Cyperace<B, Notes on (Bentham), 6.

CyrtandrecB, two (Forbes), 36.

Dallas, W. S., nominated Auditor !

(1881), 13 ; removed from Council, 1

33- i

Dallinger, W. H., elected, 27. '

Dnphnia, eye of (Hartog), 28. '

Darlestone Bay, monstrous Eguisetum \

from (Ridley), 34. \

Darwin, C. R., carbonate of ammonia ;

on chlorophyll, 28 ; carbonate of !

ammonia on roots of plants, 28 ; '

com. by (Villa Franca and Glass), 30 ; !

death reported, 29 ; motion thereon, \

30 ; obituary, 60 ; resolution at An- ^

niversary, 31. i

Darwin, F., elected Councillor (1881), \

16 ; geotropism and growth, 29 ; 1

growth of cuttings, 5 ; incident light ■

on leaves, 5. '

Dasya Gibbesii shown (Holmes), i. |

Davidson, A. A., elected, 6. 1

Day, F., Briti.sh fishes, 7 ; British \

trout, 28 ; stomachs of pilchards
shown, 22.

Decaisne, J., death reported, 31 ; obi-
tuary, 62.

Becjccria, new genus near (Brook), 35.

Bcrmocarpa pruflna shown (Holmes), 8.

Devon, plants from (Flower). 25.

Dickie, G., Algfc from Himalayas, 30.

Digastric muscle (Dobson). 24.

Digitalis pnrpurea, staminiferous corolla ;
of (Henslow), 25.

Dimorphism in ArnehtaKaA. Macrotovda
(Clarke), 8.

Disease, coffee-leaf (Bidie), 6 ; (Cooke)
7 ; (Ward). 34.

— of potatoes (Wilson), 27. ^
Distoma crasfrim shown (Cobbold), 2;

— siticnsc shown (Cobbold), 3.
Distribution of Crocus (Maw), 25.
Dobson. G. E., com. (Macdonald), 2 ;

digastric muscle, 24; parasite from
bat, 2.

73

Donation to Library fi-om family of
late F. Currey, 24.

Double mignonette (Henslow), 23.

Draciinculus from pony shown (Cob-
bold), 24.

Dresser, H. E., elected, i.

Drift-wood, Arctic (McNab), 22.

Btiboisia Hopwoodii yielding Pitiiri
(Jackson), 26.

Duffy, P., nominated Scrutineer, Nov.
1881, 22.

Duncan, P. M., Aphrocallistes, 7 ; elected
Councillor, 33 ; motion on Alston's
death, 9 ; Leirodermatium, 7 ; Pleur-
echinus, 3 5 ; pollen-tubes of Crocus,
27 ; Spongida from Atlantic, 20 ;
TcnmoplcuridcE, 24.

DurgcUa (Godwin- Austen), 5.

Dyei-, W. T. T., com. (Forbes), 36 ;
(Ward), 3 5 ; Equisctum giganteum
from Bi'azil, 3 5 ; India-rubber plants
of Malaya, 35.
By era (Hooker), 35.

Eckinometra, sur-anal plate in (Bell), 8.

EctocarpKS terminalis shown (Holmes),
I.

Edgeworth, M. P., death reported, 31 ;
obituary, 63.

Edward, T., Argentina sihis on Banff-
shire coast, 12; Ccrcbraiidus, 25.

Ekman, C. D., elected, 27 ; process of
fibre-extraction, 25.

Elephant, Entozoa from, shown, 10.

— flukes (Benson), 26.

— tusks shown (Garston), 10.
Ellesmere mere, breaking of (Phillips),

Elwes, H. J., quinine shown for, 19.
Entozoa of elephant shown (Cobbold),

ID.

Entozoon from ostrich (Cobbold), 23.
Epicauta, a new blistering insect

(Holmes), 26.
Epping Forest, Monas termo from,

shown (Badcock), 27.
Equisctum giganteum shown (Dj-er),

35 ; E. maximum, monstrous, shown

(Eidley), 34.
Ergot, new fungus allied to (Smith),

28.
Erinaccus auritus, parasite of (Dobson),

12.
Erlebach, H. A., elected, 4.
Erythraa, new (Townsend), 4.
Espeut, W. B., albino bat shown by,

25 ; elected, 8.
Euscorpins italicus (Lankester), 35.

Falkland Islands, Holothuria from

(Higgins), 20.
Fa&ciola Jacksoni (Benson), 26.

UKN. SOC. PKOCEEDINOS

Pawcett, C, elected, 3.

Fawcett, W., elected, 10.

Feilden, Capt., drift-wood collected by
(McNab), 22.

Ferguson,W., addition to Ceylon flora,2&.

Fei-ns, hybrid (Lowe), 16.

— from Solomon Islands (Baker), 36,

— , Himalayan (Clarke), 34.

Ferrier, C. A., elected, 34.

Fibres, new process of extraction
(Christy), 25.

Ficalho, Prof., and W. P. Hiern,
Serpa Pinto's plants, 20,

Figs, Syrian, shown (Castro), 5.

Fishes, British (Day), 7.

Fitch, W. H., drawings of Odontoglos'
sum shown by, 20.

Fitzgerald, E. D., Botany and Geology
of N. S. Wales, 26.

Flora of Kuram valley, II. (Aitohison),
20.

Floras, local, alluded to, 48.

Florets of Catananchc (Jackson), 31.

Flower, Prof., elephant-tusks shown
for, 10.

Flower, T. B., plants shown for, 25.

Flukes from a Chinese missionary
(Dobson), 2 ; from elephant (Ben-
son), 26.

Foliation of Buddlcia (Masters), 23.

Fookes, G. J., elected, 8 ; monstrous
wallflower and Gkmatis shov^n, 35.

Forbes, H. O., two L'yrtandrece, 36.

Forrest, J., elected, 20,

Foster, M., com. (Shattock), 8 ; removed
from Council (1881), 16.

Franz-Josef Land, plants from, shown
(Wickham), 7.

Fream, W., elected, 27.

Freshwater shells of Australia (Smith),
12.

Fritillaria Mekagris shown, 30.

Ftmiaria, negative heliolrojjism in
(Jackson), 29.

Fungoid parasitism, theory of (Wikon),

27.
Fungi, Australian (Berkeley), 2 ; (Berke-
ley and Broome), 35 ; new to Britain
(Smith), 28 ; from Brisbane (Berke-
ley and Broome), 35 ; (Christy), 4.
Fungus, supposed, from Epping Forest,
shown (Badcock), 27.

Galls from Pistacia shown (Christy), 6.

Gamasince (Michael), 6.

Gammie, Mr., qiiiniue made by, shown,

19-
Garston, Dr., elephant's tusks shown

by, 10.
Gasteropoda, classif. of (Macdonald), 2.
I Gastrodiscns Sonsinonis shown (Cob-
I bold), I.

SEssio>^s 1880-82. a

74

INDEX,

Gastrophysa raphani shown (McLach-

lan), 21.
Gcaster fornicafus shown (Grotc), 27.
Geddes, P., Algiv in liiuliulariiuis, 28.
Generative organs in liutterllies (Gosse),

31-

— of two species of Helix (Stewart), 1 3.

Geology and liotiiny of N. S. Wales
(Fitzgerald), 26.

Geotropism and growth (Darwin), 29.

Gibbes, C. C, elected, 30.

Gibson-Carniichael, T. D., elected Fel-
low, 34.

Gibson-Maitland, Sir J. D., elected Fel-
low, 35.

Glass, Dr., sugar-cane varieties, 30.

' Glimpse ' Ascidians (Sorby and Herd-
man), 34.

Gfo.r/»w -leaves infested with Leptodera
(Cobbold), 23.

Gnaur of cedar of Lebanon shown
(Masters), 13.

Godwin-Austen, H. H., Burgclla, 5 ;
elected, 2.

Gooch, W. D., elected, 35.

Gosse, P. H., male organs of butterflies,

31-

Goss)/2nu7n, new (Masters), 21.
Gould, J., deceased, 13 ; obituary, 17.
Gould, Eev. J., preparations shown by, 5.
GraminccB, notes on (Beutham), 22.
Grant, Lt.-Col., nom. Scrutineer (1882),

33-

Great-Auk remains (Grieve), 31.

Green colouring of sloth's hair (Sorby),
10.

Greene, P., elected, 23.

Grieve, §., great-auk remains, 31.

Grote, A., Gcaster fornicatus shown, 27 ;
removed from Council, 33.

Growth and geotropism (Darwin), 29.

Guinea-worm shown (Cobbold), 24.

Gunn, R. C, death reported, 31 ; obi-
tuary, 63.

Guppy, C. J. L., withdrawn, 15.

Gurney, S., death reported, 31 ; obi-
tuary, 64.

Hair of sloth, green colouring of (Sor-
by), 10.

Hammond, A., sac of puss-raoth, 7.

Hampsliire Orchis (Clarke), 23 ; do.
shown (Clarke). 35.

Hankey, J. A., death reported, 31.

Hanley, S., Teredo nfriculus, 36.

Hart, H. C, drift-wood collected by
(McNab), 22.

Hartog, M. il., Cyclops and Daphnia,
28.

Ileathfield, Carax montana from (Mur-
ray), 30.

Hedgehog, parasite from (Dobson), 2.

lleliotropism, negative, in Fumaria
(Jackson), 29.

Helipterum cximittm, dried flowers of,
shown (Murison), 30.

Helix h(emasioma and H. anpera, gene-
rative organs of, compared (Stewart),

13-

Helminthora divaricatashown (Holmes),

I.
Hendon, monstrous Lolium fr. (Eidlcy),

35-

Henslow, J. S., double mignonette, 23 ;
monstrous wallflower, 34; proliferous
Vcrbascum nii/rum, 2, 3 ; staminife-
rous corollas, 25.

Herdman, W. A., branchial sac of As-
cidians, 12; British Tunicata, 4;
elected, 4.

Herdman, W. A., and H. C. Sorby,
' Glimpse ' Ascidians, 34.

Hernias ffiffrmfca, leai sho-wn (Angas), i.

Hibiscus pahtsfris (Jackson), 12.

Hiern,W. P. (Ficalho and), SerpaPinto's
plants, 20.

Higgins, H., Psolus squainatus shown by,
20.

Hillhouse, W., microscopical cabinet, 6.

Himalayan ferns (Clarke), 34.

Himalayas, algje from (Dickie), 30.

Hoggan, G., lymphatics of vascular
walls, 19.

Hoggan, G., and F. E., nerve-termina-
tions, 34.

Holly, squirrel's nest in, shown (Ber-
jeau), 6.

Holmes, E. M., elected Councillor, 33 ;
new British alga*, 1,8; new British
lichens shown by, 10; moss shown,
8 ; new blistering insect shown, 25 ;
Sfrychnos from West Africa shown,

13-

Holmes, W., elected, 11.

Holofhuria shown (Higgins), 20.

Hooker, Sir J. D., Dycra, 35 ; elected
Councillor, 33; moved vote of thanks
to President, 33 ; nom. Y.-P. (1882),

34.
Hooper, R., elected, 27.
Horse, trematode from (Cobbold), i.
Hottentots, Hennas leaf used as tinder

by (Angas), 2.
Huskisson, H. O., elected, 3.
Hybrid ferns (Lowe), 16.

Idotcida (Miers), 20.

Ilex Aqnifoliu7n, stipules in (Christie),

6.
lUcinecp, stipules in (Christie), 6.
Inchbald, P., elected, 3.
Lidia, ferns of (Clarke), 34.

75

India, on flora of (Watt), 2.
India-rubber from Bycra (Hooker), 35 ;

fr. Pemba shown (Kirk), 35; new

tree producing, shown (Christy), 13 ;

plants of Malaya (Dyer), 35; plants

from West Africa shown (Christy),

19.
Indian species of Amdrosace (Watt), 1 3 ;

o? Pri inula (Watt), lo.
Inflorescence of Aloe Parryi shown

(Baker), 20.
Inman, T. F., elected, 4.
Insectivora, new (Thomas), 28.
Insectivorous plant- models shown

(Boulger), 24.
Intelligence of animals (Tepper), 26.
Isariafuciformis (Smith), 28.
'Isbjorn' plants from Novaya Zemlya

shown (Wickham), 7.
Ixodia achilleoides, dried fl. of, shown

(Murison), 30.

Jackson, B. D., on Hibiscus jpalustris,
12; florets of Catananche, 31 ; Fu-
maria corymbosa, 29 ; obituary notices
read by, 15 ; re-elected Secretary
(1881), 16; (1882). 33.

Jackson, C. L., elected, 13.

Jackson, J. B. S., discovery of elephant-
flukes by, 26.

Jackson, J. R., dried bananas shown by,
22 ; Pituri-bag shown, 26.

Jamaica, albino bat from, shown (Es-
peut), 25.

— , dried bananas from, shown (Jack-
son), 22.

Japan, Conifers of (Masters), 4.

Japanese birch shown (Masters), 13.

Jeffreys, J. G-., removed from Council
(1881), 16.

Jennian, G. S., elected Fellow, 23.

Joad, Gr. C, death reported, 3 1 ; obi-
tuary, 64.

Johnson, M., new lichens collected by
(Holmes), 10.

Jones, W. H., elected, 21.

Jungle-cotton shown (Murison), 30.

Kalera-singlii galls shown (Christy),

6.
Kempton, H. T. K., withdrawn, 33.
Kent, some Australian fungi a pest in

(Smith), 28.
Kettlemere, breaking of (Phillips), 29.
Kew collections referred to by President,

Kippist, R., death announced, 24 ; do-
nations from, 15; librariauship re-
signed by, 1 5 ; obituary, 64 ; resolu-
tion at Anniversary, 3 1 .

Kirk, Sir J., elected Councillor (1881),

23; Landolphia Bhown by, 35; nom.
^V.-P. (1882), 34.
Kirk, T., New-Zealand plants, 34.
Kitchiug, Mr., plants collected in Mada-
gascar by (Baker), 2.
Knight, C, lichens of N. S. Wales,

27-

Kohl-rabi, side growth of (Masters), 5.
Krefft, G., deceased, 13 ; obituary, 17.
Krutschnitt, drawings of pollen-tubes

by, 27-
Kuram-Valley flora, II. (Aitchison),

Lacaita, C. C, elected, 28.
Landau, W., elected, 23.
Landolphia shown (Kirk), 35.
Lankester, E. R., elected Councillor

(1881), 16 ; removed from Council

(1882), 33; scorpions, 35,
Larbalestier, C. D., elected, 27.
Leaves, incident light on (Darwin), 5.
— of Gloxinia shrivelled by Leptodera

(Cobbold), 23.
Lecanora, two species new to Britain

shown (Holmes), 10.
Legge, J. v., withdrawn, 33.
LeguminoscB from Novaya Zemlya shown

(Wickham), 7.
Leirodernudium (Duncan), 7.
Leptodera in Stephanotis-vooi&iGohholA),

23; shown (Cobbold), 25.
Lestiboudois's ' Essai ' (Beutham), 6.
Librarian, Mr. Kippist succeeded Prof.

Don as, 24.
Library, accessions to (1881), 15 ; (1882),

3 3 ; donation from family of F. Car-
rey to, 24.
Lichens, new Bi'itish, shown (Holmes),

10 ; of N. S. Wales (Knight), 27.
Life-history of Crocus (Maw), 25.
Light, leaves placing themselves towards

(Darwin), 5.
Lima f odes rosea, a reported parent of

Calanthe Veitchii (Masters), 22.
Lindsay, J. L., deceased, 1 3 ; obituary,

17-

Lock, C. G. W., elected, 23.

Lolium perenne, monstrous (Ridley), 35.

Loscurcsa saxicola shown (Holmes), 8.

Lowe, E. J., British hybrid ferns, 6.

Lubbock, Sir J., Ants, Bees, and Wasps,
VIII. 20, IX. 23 ; elected Councillor
(1881), i6; elected President (1881),
16; sense of colour in lower ani-
mals, 23.

Lychnis Viscaria shown as a trap for
ants (Stone), 23.

Lymphatics of vascular walls (Hoggan),
19.

Lynch, R. I., cross-fertilization in

76

TNDBX.

• Eoscoea and Salcia, 23 ; elected
Assoc, 8.

Macdonald, J. D., on Gasteropoda, 2.

McGillivray. P. H., elected, 3.

Mclvor, R. W. E., elected, 3.

McLachlan, R., com. (Gosse), 31 ; ma-
rine caddis-fly, 35 ; nom. Auditor
(1882), 30; parthenogenetically bred
beetle shown by, 21.

M'Nab, W. R., Abies Pattonii, 24;
Arctic drift-wood, 22.

MacOwan, P., and H. Bolus, new Cape
plants, 2.

Macrotomia, dimorphism in (Clarke),
8.

Madagascar, Insectivora from (Thomas),
28 ; new blistering insect from
(Holmes), 26 ; new Cottle from
(Sharpe), 28 ; plants collected by
Kitching (Baker), 2 ; vegetable pro-
ducts shown (Holmes), 10.

Maidenhead, Geaster shown from
(Grotc), 27.

Mair, G., withdrawn, 33.

Malaya, rubber-plants of (Dyer), 35.

Mammals, nerve-terminations in (Hog-

gaii). 34-
Markliam, A. H., plants collected by

(Wiokham). 7.
Markham, C. R., withdrawn, 15.
Marriott, P. W., elected, 11.
Marshall, J., elected, 25.
Martin, N. H., elected, 8.
Masters, M. T., Bitddleia auriculafa,

23 ; Calanfhe Veitchii shown by, 22 ;

Conifers of Japan, 4 ; diseased roots

of Sfcjihanotis, 23 ; Japanese birch

shown by, 13 ; " Kohl-rabi," 5 ; new

Gossyinum, 24.
Matcliwick, FrifiUaria shown by, 30.
Maw, G., life-history of Crocus, 25.
Medicinal use of .Melaleuca (Tepper),

26.
Mefiaderma frons (Dobson), 2.
Melaleuca imcinata used in medicine

(Tepper), 26.
Meres, breaking of (Phillips), 29.
Metabdella, a supposed new genus (Dob-
son), 2.
Miall, L. C, elected, 8.
Michael, A. D., Ga/uaMnce, 6.
Miers, E. J., Idofeidxe, 20.
Miers, J., portrait presented, 15.
Miers, W. J., presentatit)n of his father's

portrait, 15.
Millar, J., nom. Auditor (1882), 30.
Milners, E., elected, 24.
Mivart, St. G. J., portrait presented, 15 ;

removed from Council (1881), 16 ;

»elative to Treasurer's death, zi.

Models of Insectivorous plants shown
(Boulger), 24.

Molossi/s obscurus, albino specimen of,
shown (Espeut), 25.

MoUusca, ' Challenger ' (Watson), VIL
4, VIII. 8, IX. T2, X. 20, XI. & XII.
24, XIII. 28, XIV. 29, XV. 36.

— , recent works on, 54.

Monstrous Carex glauca (Ridley), 35 ;
Clematis siiown (Fookes), 35 ; Equi-
setum (Ridley), 34 ; Lolium (Ridley),
35 ; l{anunculus{iiQx\»\oW), 34; Rho-
dodendron (Henslow), 34; wallflower
(Henslow), 34, (Fookes) 35.

Montgomeryshire, Potentilla ntpestris
from (Flower), 25.

Moore, F., elected Assoc, 8.

Moore, J. D., deceased, 13.

Morada variety of C. Calisaya shown
(Holmes), 26.

Moray Firth, Argentina silus found in
(Edward), 12.

Morphology of Temnopleuridte (Dun-
can), 24.

Moscow, invitation to take part in fes-
tival at, 25.

Moss, new British, shown (Holmes), 8.

Mueller, F. v., determination of Pituri
by (Jackson), 26.

Murie, J., Cerebratulus, 25.

— , com. (Bell) 8, (Hoggan) 34,
(Smith) 12, (Thomas) 28.

Murison, J., dried flowers shown, 30.

Murphy, M., elected, 35.

Murray, G., Pinus Pinaster shown by,
22 ; wood-sections shown, 6.

Murray, R. P., Carex montana shown by,
30 ; elected, 27.

Mussel, new method of preserving,
shown, 6.

Nagpore jungle-cotton shown (Murison),

3°-

Nematoid worms in Stephanotis (Cob-
bold), 23.

Nemertean worm from Banff'shire (Ed-
ward), 25.

Negative heliotropism in Fumaria (Jack-
son), 29.

Nerve-terminations (Hoggan), 34.

New Britain, birds from (Ramsay), 22.

New Guinea, oruith. of (Sharpe), VII.
27, VIII. 31.

New South Wales, botany and geology
of (Fitzgerald), 26; lichensof (Knight),
9 ; prizes ofi'ered for essays on uat.
hist, of, 27.

Newton mere, breaking of (Phillips),

New-Zealand plants (Kirk), 34 ; marine
caddis-fly from (McLachlau), 35.

INDEX.

77

Nitophj/llum repfans shown (Holmes),

8.
Norway, Lychnis Viscaria a trap for

auts in (Stone), 23.
Nostrils of the cormorant (Ewart), 70.
Novaya Zemlya, plants from, shown

(Wickham), 7.

Obituary notices (1881), 15-19; (1882)

58-68.
Odontoglossum, drawings of, shown

(Fitch), 20.
Officers elected (1881), 16 ; (1882), 33.
Orange, gi-owth of (Boycott), 5.
OrchidccB, notes on (Bentham), 6.
Orchids of the Cape (Bolus), 31.
Orchis from Hampshire (Clarke), 23 ;

shown (Clarke), 35.
Organs of flukes shown (Cobbold), 4.
Ornithology of New Guinea (Sharpe),

VII. 27; VIII. 31.
Ornithopiera, male gener. organs in

(Gosse), 31.
Oronsay, great-auk remains in (Grieve),

31-

Osborne, J. A., beetle reared by, shown
(McLachlan), 21.

Ostrich, entozoon from (Cobbold), 23.

Ova incrusting elephant's tusks (Gars-
ton), 10.

Ovule of Crocus shown (Stewart), 27.

Owen, R., conario-hypophysial tract,
23.

Palolo viridis (Powell), 27.
Papaw-tree, dried juice of, shown

(Christy), 8.
Papayine shown (Christy), 8.
Papilio, male gener. organs of (Gosse),

31-

Papilionidce of S. Australia (Tepper),
2.

Parasites of elephants (Cobbold), 10.

Parasitism, fu!igoid, theory of (Wilson),
27.

Parker, Dr., new blistering insect in-
troduced by (Holmes), 26.

Parkes, H., elected, 24.

Parthenogenesis of spider (Campbell),

35-
Parthenogenetically bred beetle shown

(McLachlan), 21.
Patagonia, Holuthuria from (Higgins),

20.
Peake, vegetable products of Madagascar

obtained by (Holmes), 10.
Pemba, Landolphia shown from (Kirk),

35-
Pepp6, F. F., elected, i,
Pertusaria spilomanthodes shown

(Holmes), 10.

Phalacrocorax Carho (Ewart), 20.

Philanissus (McLachlan), 35.

PiiiUips, F. W., new animalcule, 36.

Phillips, J. W., breaking of the meres,
29 ; Vihrissea, 6.

Pilchards' stomachs shown (Day), 22.

Pineal gland (Owen), 23.

Pinus Pi7iastcr shown (Murray), 22.

Pistacia butter shown (Christy), 19 ;
galls shown (Christy), 6,

Pistacia Tcrehinthus, products of, shown
(Christy), 19.

Pituitary gland (Owen), 23.

Plaiyhehnia, recent works on, 54.

Phurechinus (Duncan), 35.

Plcwronema,, new animalcule near (Phil-
lips), 36.

Pleurotomidffi, 'Challenger' (Watson)
8, 12, 20.

Plocamia (Ridley), 20.

Polemonium, two species of, from No-
vaya Zemblya, shown (Wickham), 7.

Pollen, drawings of, shown (White),

27-
Pollen-tubes of Crocus shown (Duncan),

27 ; Portulaca (Cobbold), 27.
Pollock, W., and G. J. Romanes, Ac-

tinicB, 35.
Polygonum ■maritimu7n shown (Flower),

25.
Portulaca oleracea, pollen-tubes of (Cob-
bold), 27.
Potato-disease (Wilson), 27.
Potentilla rupestris shown (Flower),

25.
Powell, J., Palolo viridis, 27.
President's Address (1882), 36.
Presidents, list of past, 43.
Proliferous mignonette (Henslow), 23 ;

liubus (Webb), 2 ; Verbascum nigrum

(Henslow), 2, 3.
Primula, Indian species of (Watt), 10.
Prior, R. C. A., Amanita shown by, i ;

nom. Scrutineer, 5 ; (1881), 16.
Protozoa, recent works on, 52.
Pryor, A. R., deceased, 1 3 ; obituary,

19.
Psolus squamatus shown (Higgin), 20.
Pterygodermatites plagiostoma ijiohson),

2.
Puss-moth shown (Hammond), 7.

Queensland fungi (Berkeley and Broome),

35; (Christy), 4.
Quinine made in India shown, 19.

Radiolarians, algaj in (Geddcs), 28.

Ralph, T. S., Vallisneria from Aus-
tralia, 34.

Ramification of Buddleia (Masters),
23.

78

rNDEX.

Bivmsay, birds from Solomon Islands,

22.

' Rmgoon Times,' mortality of ele-
phants noticed in (Benson), 26. .

lianunculiig, monstrous (Uonslow), 34.

Reeks, H., death reported, 31 ; obituary,
65.

Renard, C, Jubilee at Moscow in
honour of, 25.

Reparative processes in vegetables (Shat-
tock), 8.

Report on Botany (1881-82), 44 ; Zoo-
logy (1881-82), 52.

Resin from Pistacia shown (Christy),
19.

Retention of a sur-anal plate in Echino-
imtra (Bell), 8.

'Rhododendron, monstrous (Henslow),

.34-
Ridley, H. N., elected, 8 ; monstrous

C'arex and Lolium, 33 ; monstrous

Equisetum shown by, 34.
Ridley, S. O., Ploca/aia, 20.
Rivularia articidata (Phillips), 29.
Rogers, W. M., elected, 21.
Rolleston, G., death reported, 31;

obituary, 65.
Romanes, G. J., com. (Ewart), 20;

elected Councillor (1881), 16 ; elected

Secretary (1881), 16.
Romanes, G. J., and W. Pollock, Ac-

tinicB, 35.
Romanis, R., elected, 19.
Root-florets of Catananche (Jackson),

Roots of plants, action of carb. of am-
monia on (Darwin), 28.

— of Stephanotis infested with Lepto-
dera (Cobbold), 23.

Roper, F. C. S., Carex monfana at
Heathfield, 30.

jffoscc>c«, cross-fertilization in(Lynch), 23.

Rubus fruticoms, growth of (Darwin),
5 ; proliferous (Webb), 2.

Rutherford, G., death reported, 31 ;
obituary, 66.

Salmones, British (Day), 28.

Salvia Grahami, cross-fertilization in
(Lynch), 23.

Sand-martin, new (Sharpe), 28.

Saunders, II., seconded motion re Al-
ston's death, 9.

Sawer, J. C, elected, 11.

Schlciden, M. J., death reported, 31 ;
obituary, 66.

Scor})ion8 (Lankcster), 35.

Scortecliini, B., elected, 25.

Scott, Sir A., elected, 8.

Scott, II., withdrawn, 15.

Scott, R., elected, 10.

Scrutineers, 5, (1881) 16, (Nov. 1881)

^ 22, (1882) 33.

Sellon, E. L., elected, 3.

Semper, C, new metliod of pre-serving
soft tissues shown, 6.

Senccio squalidus shown (Flower), 28.

Serpa Pinto's plants (Picalho and
Hiern), 20.

Sharpe, R. B., new Cotile, 28 ; Ornith.
New Guinea, VII. 27, VIII. 31.

Shattock, S. G., vegetable reparative
processes, 8.

Sliearer, Dr., withdrawn, 15.

Shells of Aden (Cockburn), 27 ; of Aus-
tralia (Smith), 12.

Ship-worms (Hanley), 36.

Shrojjshire, meres breaking in (Phillips),

. ^9-

Sikkim, quinine made at, shown, 1 9.

Silver, S. W., vote of thanks to Presi-
dent, 33.

Sladeu, W. P., 'Challenger' Asteroi-
dea, 25.

Sloth's hair, green colouring of (Sorby),
10.

Smell in Jc<mf« (Pollock and Romanes),

35-

Smith, Vet.-Surg., Guinea-worm ob-
tained by (Cobbold), 24.

Smith, C. A., shells of Australia, 12.

Smith, F. W., preparations shown by
(Gould), 6.

Smith, L., plants collected by, shown,
(Wickham), 7.

Smith, W. G., Australian fungi new to
Britain, 28.

Soane, H. A., elected, 35.

Soeiete Imperiale des Naturalistes de
Moscou, letter from, read, 25.

Solaniim tuheromm, staminiferous cor-
rolla of (Henslow), 25.

Solomon Islands, birds from (Ramsay),
22 ; ferns of (Baker), 36.

Somerville, A., elected, 20.

Sonsino, Dr., trematode found by (Cob-
bold), I.

Sorby, H. C, British anemones found
by, I ; green colouring of sloth's
hair, 10 ; nom. Scrutineer, 5.

Sorby, H. C, and W. A. Herdman,
Ascidians, 34.

Spticero^i/ga Carmichaelii (Phillips), 29,

Spider,parthenogenesisin (Campbell), 3 5.

Sponges (Ridley), 20.

Spongida (Duncan), 20.

Squirrel's nest shown (Berjeau), 6.

Stainton, H. T., nominated Auditor
(1881), 12; Auditor (1882), 30;
nom. Scrutineer, 5 ; presentiition of
Accounts by (1882), 31 ; relative to
Treasurer's death, 2.

79

Sfcphanotis-roois infested with Lcpto-

dera (Cobbold), 23.
Stephens, H. C, elected, 35.
Stephens, H. Gr. W., elected, 35.
Stewart, C, generative organs of Helix

hcEmastoma, 13 ; Monas tcrmo, 27 ;

ovule of Crocus, 27.
Stipules of Ilicinem (Christie), 6.
Stone, J. H., Lychnis Viscaria shown, 23.
Sfrongylus Douglasii (Cobbold), 23.
Sfrychnos from West Africa shown

(Holmes), 13.
Stubbs, S., elected, 11.
Sturges, T. R. H., elected, 23.
Suche, G., deceased, 13.
Sugar-cane, new varieties (Villa Franca

and Glass), 30.
Sur-anal plate (Bell), 8.
Sussex, some Austrahan fungi a pest in

(Smith), 28.
Swanage, monstrous Carex from (Rid-
ley)' 31-
Swinhoe, Lt.-Col., elected, 23.
Sydney, VaUisncria from (Ralph), 34.
Syrian figs shown (Castro), 5.

TaherntBJnontana crassa shown (Christy),
19.

Temnopleuridte (Duncan), 24.

Tepper, J. G. O., animal intelligence,
26 ; medicinal use of McJahmca unci-
nata, 26 ; Papilionidcs of S. Austra-
lia, 2.

Teredo utriculus (Hanley), 36.

Tetraspores of Helminthora (Holmes), j.

Thames-, Noctiluca obtained from
(Brook), 4.

Thomas, A. P., elected, 28.

Thomas, O., new Insectivora from Mada-
gascar, 28.

Thomson, A., presentation of St. G. J.
Mivart's portrait, 15.

Thomson, Sir C. W., com. by, 4 ; death
reported, 31 ; obituary, 67.

Tinder from Hernias gigantea (Angas), i.

Townsend, F., Erythraa new to Eng-
land, 4.

Traill, G. M., algse collected by, shown
(Holmes), 8.

Transylvania, Ascaris transfuga from
(Cobbold), 27.

Treasurer's report (1881). 13.

— statement (1881), 14; (1882), 32.

Trematode from horse (Cobbold), i.

Trichophora and antheridia in Calli-
thamnion (Holmes), i.

Trout, British (Day), 28.

Tunicata, British (Herdman), 4.

Turner, J., elected, 35.

Tusks incrusted with ova (Garston), 10.

Tyler, C, nom. Scrutineer (1882), 33.

Urostigma Vogclii, shown (Christy), 19.

ValHsneria from Australia (Ralph), 34.

Variation in Ascidians (Herdman), 12.

Vegetable-fibre extraction, Ekman's pro-
ees.s of (Christy), 25.

Vegetables, reparative processes (Shat-
tock), 8.

Verhascum nigrum, proliferous (Hens-
low), 2.

Veitch, A., deceased, 13.

Verde variety of 6'. Ccdisaya shown
(Holmes), 26.

Vertebrata, recent works on, 56,

Vihrissca (Phillips), 6.

Villa-Franca, sugar-cane varieties, 30.

Vipan, C, elected, 27.

Walker, A., elected, 10.

Wallflowers, monstrous (Henslow), 34,
(Fookes) 35.

Walton, G. S., elected, 23.

Ward, H. M., cofi'ee-leaf disease, 34.

Wasps, Bees, and Ants (Lubbock), VIII.
20, IX. 23.

Watson, R. B., Mollusca of ' Challenger,'
VII. 4, VIII. 8, IX. 12, X. 20,
XI. & XII. 22, XIII. 28, XIV. 29,
XV. 36.

Watt, G., flora of N.W. India, 2 ; In-
dian species of Frimida, 10; do. An-
drosacc, 13.

Webb, E. A., proliferous Bulnis, 1.

Weir, J., nominated Scrutineer (1881),
16.

West, W., new British moss gathered
by (Holmes), 8.

West indies, (Jordicepsiroxa (Smith), 28.

Weymouth, new British algae from
(Holmes), i.

white, C. F., drawings of pollen shown,
27.

Whitemere, breaking of (Phillips), 29.

Wickham,W., Arctic plants shown by, 7.

Wilkinson, C. S., elected. 23.

Wills, G. S. v., elected, 23.

WUmersdorficr, wood-sections by, 28.

Wilson, A., elected, 10.

Wilson, A. S., potato-disease, 27.

Wilson, G., elected, 23.

Wilson, J. B., elected, 28.

WoJffia arrhiza found in Ceylon (Fergu-
son), 20.

Wood-sections by Wilmersdorffer shown,
28.

Woods, sections shown (Murray), 6.

Woollcombe, W. G., elected, 8.

Worms, new method of preserving,
shown, 6.

Wright, J. T., elected, 20.

Wiu'th, L., preparations by, shown, 6.

8o

York, loan exiiibition by British Assoc.
at, 20.

Z;igazig, trematode found at(C()bbold),i.
Zanzibar, rubbcr-]ilant from (Kirk), 35.
Zoi'a crustaceans devoured by pilchards
(Day), 22.

Zonate tetraspores of Helminthora

(Holmes), i.
Zooglcea stage oiMonas termo (Stewart),

Zoophytes, British, shown (Gould), 6.
Zoology, report on (1881-82), 52.

Printed by Tayloe and FuANCii, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.

PEOCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(SESSION 1882-83.)

November 2nd, 1882.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in tlie Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Prof. J. C. Ewart, Greorge Fry, Esq., and Thomas de G-rey
Lord Walsingham were elected Fellows.

Mr. A. P. W. Thomas exhibited preparations showing the life-
history of the Liver-fluke (Fasciola hejjatica), the embryos as free
cercarise burrowing into and developing in the body of LimncBa
tnmcatula.

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer exhibited tlie plant producing
"Cassia lignea" and tbe implements used in its preparation m
Southern China.

Mr. C. T. Druery showed seedling proliferous forms of Athy-
rkivi FlUx-fcemina.

Mr. F. Crisp showed preparations sent by Drs. Loew and
Bokorny, of Munich, to illustrate the claimed discovery of a
specific chemical difterence between dead aud living protoplasm.

Prof. E. Eay Laukester exhibited marine organisms dredged
by him oft the coast of Norway, including a branch of Para-
gorgia arhorea three feet across.

Mr. T. Christy exhibited a living specimen of the Japanese
Peppermint plant, which yields the Menthol of commerce ; bota-
nically it was not found to difter from Mentha arveiisis.

Dr. F. Day showed specimens of American Brook-Trout, and a

LINN. SOO. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1882-83. ff

2 VEOCEEDINGS OF TUE

hybrid between the American and common Trout, in illustration
of hi 8 paper

Mr. J. G. Baker exhibited Lycopodittm complanahcm from the
Kew Herbarium, collected by Prof. Lawson, confirmatory of
Mr. Druce's remarks in the current number of the ' Journal of
Botany.'

The following papers were read :—

1. " Observations on Ants, Bees, and "Wasps." — Part X. By
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., P.K.S., Pres.L.S.

2. " Notes on certain Plants of North-western Queensland,
possessing valuable Medicinal Properties." By W. A. Armit,
F.L.S.

3. " Eemarkable Malformation of the Leaves of Beyeria opaca,
F. V. Muell., var. Jinearisr By J. G. Otto Tepper, F.L.S.

4. " Hybridization and Alteration in the External Characters
of Salmo fontinalis introduced into this Country." By Dr.
Francis Day, F.L.S.

5. " Teratological Notes on Plants." By Henry N. Eidley,
F.L.S.

November 16th, 1882.

Feank Ckisp, LL.B., Treas. and Yice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

O. T. Olsen, Esq., and J. Neesou Stone, Esq., were elected
Fellows.

A specimen of fasciated Asparagus was exhibited for the Rev.
Eichard Hooper.

Dr. W. C. Ondaatje exhibited some Ceylon plants, the fruit of
Sandia clumetornm used as a remedy in dysentery, the leaves of
SetJiifi acuminata as anthelmintic, and a black varnish obtained
from Temecarjpv.s Gardneri.

Mr. AV. T. Thiselton Dyer showed a cone of Cycas Beddomei,
a new species from Southern India.

Mr. F. P. Balkwill exhibited a specially mounted series of
British Foraminifera under the microscojje.

Mr. J. Hanbury showed a large fungus grown in a city wharf-
cellar, considered to be a species of Lentinus by Mr. G.
Murray.

Mr. C. Stewart exhibited specimens of Pilobohis, and a saucer
covered with its projected sporangia.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 3

The following papers were read :—

1. " Coutribvitious to the Flora of Madagascar. — I. Polype-
talje." By J. G. Baker, F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " The Passifloreae of Ecuador and IS'ew Grrauada collected by
M. Edouard Andi-e." By Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, E.E.S.,
F.L.S.

3. " Note on the Type Specimen of Finscli's Fruit-Pigeon." By
E. P. Eamsay, F.L.S'.

4. " On Cerebral Homologies in Vertebrates and Invertebrates."
By Prof E. Owen, C.B., F.E.S., F.L.S.

5.. "I^ote on the Origin of 'Cassia lignea: " By W. T.
Thiselton Dyer, F.E.S., F.L.S.

6. " The Mollusca of the ' Challenger ' Expedition."— Part
XVI. By the Eev. E. Boog Watson, F.L.S.

December 7tli, 1882.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Eev. Eichard Baron, Frederick Orpen Bowers, Esq.,
Thomas Hughes Corry, Esq., Oscar Louis Eraser, Esq., David
Houston, Esq., Alfred "William Howitt, Esq., H. Tattersall
Knowles Kempton, Esq., Hugh M'Callum, Esq., Edward Au-
gustus Petherick, Esq., Sloman Eous, Esq., and Henry Charles
Stone, Esq., were elected Fellows.

The Eev. A. P. Murray showed AWicea Mrsuta, Vicia Oroius,
and Plilomis fruticosa collected by him in Somersetshire. He
also gave an instance of cleistogamic flowers of Soya carnosa
producing fertile seed.

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer showed maps to display the progress
of the Phylloxera in Spain and Portugal. He also exhibited pho-
tographs of Cinchona-culture in Ceylon.

Mr. "W. P. Espeut exhibited Kola-nuts, stated to have sobering
effects after spirituous intoxication.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Notes on some little-known CoUembola, and on the British
Species of the Grenus Tomocerits." By Greorge Brook, F.L.S.

2. " Discovery of Tasmanian Plants near Adelaide, South Aus-
tralia." By J. G-. Otto Tepper, F.L.S.

3. " On a Collection of Exotic Lichens made by the late Dr. A.
C. Maingay in Eastern Asia." By Dr. "W. Nvlander and Eev.
J. M. Crombie, F.L.S.

4. " Eemarks on the Genera of the Subfamily Chalcidinse, with
Synonymic Notes and Descriptions of new Species of Leucospi-

4 pnOCEEDINGS OF THE

dinte and Chalcidinae." By W. F. Kirby. (Communicated by
Dr. GiJntber, F.E.S., F.L.S.)

December 21st, 1882.

Alfeed W. BENTfETT, Esq., in tbe Cbair.

The Minutes of tbe last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Prof. Adolpbus Ernst and Dr. "William Charles Ondaatje were
elected Fellows.

Mr. Christy made some remarks upon the effects of the Kola-
nut in clearing fermented liquors.

Dr. T. Spencer Cobbold exhibited specimens of Li(/ula ahdomi-
nalis from the Bream, L. leucisei from the Minnow, and L. mono-
gramma from the Grebe, for comparison with the human L. Man-
soni.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Development of the Polliuium of Asclepias Cor-
nufi, Decaisue." By Thomas H. Corry, F.L.S.

2. "Observations on the Marine Fauna of the East Coast of
Scotland (with Notes on Sponges and Bryozoa by S. O. Eidley,
F.L.S. ; and on the Echiuoderms, by F. J. Bell)." By Dr. Francis
Day, F.L.S.

3. Contributions to the Flora of Madagascar. — II. Gamope-
talse." By J. G. Baker, F.E.S., F.L.S.

4. " Eecent Additions to our Knowledge of the Flora of Fiji."
By J. G. Baker, F.E.S., F.L.S.

5. " Description of Licjula Mansoni, a new Human Cestode."
By Prof. T. Spencer Cobbold, F.E.S., F.L.S.

6. "Additions to the Lichens of the ' Challenger ' Expedition."
By the Eev. J. M. Crombie, F.L.S.

January 18th, 1883.

Sir JoH>' LiJBiiocK, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Edward Arthur Lionel Batters, Esq., Alfred Joe Burrows,
Esq., Edgar Franklin Cooper, Esq., Prof James Allen Harker,
and George Lewis, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. H. Groves showed a specimen of Banuncidus opiiioglossi-
folius obtained in Hampshire, and new to Britain.

A living specimen of Pieris rapco was exliibited on behalf of
Mr. James Eonianis ; it had been found fluttering in the window
of his house a few days previously.

LINNEA.N SOCIETr OF LONDOX. 5

The following papers were read : — •

1. " On the Fall of Brauchlets in the Aspen {Pojyulus tremula)."
Bj Samuel Gr. Shattock. (Commuuicated by Sir James Paget,
Bart., F.R.S., F.L.S.)

2. " Ou certain Points in the Anatomy of Polynoma, aad on
Polynoe clava, Montagu." By Alfred W. Bourne. (Communi-
cated by Prof. E. Ray Lankester, F.R.S., F.L.S.)

3. " On the Internal Hard Parts of the Fungidae. — I." By
Prof. P. M. Duncan, F.E.S., F.L.S.

February 1st, 1883.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Frederick William Burbidge, Esq., and Joseph Johnson, Esq.,
were elected Fellows.

Dr. "W. C. Ondaatje exhibited a peculiar Red Coral found by
him in Ceylon.

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer showed a model of the fruit of the
Double Cocoa-nut, Lodoicea seychellarum, Lab.

Microscopic sections of English Coal were shown for Mr. J.
Norman.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Structure, Development, and Life-history of a Tro-
pical Epiphyllous Lichen." By H. Marshall Ward. (Commu-
nicated by W. T. Thiselton Dyer, F.R.S., F.L.S.)

2. " On the Pairing of Tegenaria Guyonii, and Description of
certain Organs in the Male Abdominal Sexual Region." By
F. Maule Campbell, F.L.S.

February 15th, 1883.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. J. Jenner Weir exhibited a perfect hermaphrodite Ly-
ccena Icarus, with a blue male and brown female of the same species
for comparison. The hermaphrodite possessed two spotless blue
wings ou the left and two spotted brown wings on the right, thus
being intermediate in colour between the two sexes.

Dr.W. C. Ondaatje exhibited a collection of thirty Ceylon Corals,

Mr. T. Christy exhibited Carnauba Palm-leaves with wax in
sitti ; also a supposed hybrid of Primula japonica and P. sinensis
with double whorls of flowers.

6 PROOEEDTTTaS OT" THE

The following papers were read : —

1. " Contributions to tlie Plora of Madagascar. — III. Incom-
pleta? and Monocotyledons." By J. G. Baker, F.E.S. F.L.S.

2. " Onthe Outer Peridiumof^/'oowew." By George Murray,
F.L.S.

3. " The ' Manna ' or Lerp Insect." By J. G. Otto Tepper,
F.L.S.

4. " On the Synonymy of Didymoplexis, Griffith, and the
Elongation of the Pedicel after flowering in D. pallens." By W.
B. Hemsley, A.L.S.

March 1st, 1883.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

William Bowles Barrett, Esq., Lewis Jones Knight Brace, Esq.,
John Brooks Bridgman, Esq., William Oldham Chambers, Esq.,
William Eagle Clarke, Esq., Wilfred Golden, Esq., Dr. Francis
Henry Hill Guillemard, James Cory Havers, Esq., Dr. Thomas
Morland Hocken, Eev. Charles Henry Middleton-Wake, James
Stirling, Esq., and Eer. Paul Williams Wyatt were elected
Fellows.

Two pieces of TeUow Pine from Quebec were exhibited on
behalf of Mr. E.Morton Middleton, damaged by supposed insect-
perforation.

Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer showed leaves and fruit of Oranges
from the Bahamas infested with a scale insect {Mytilaspis
citricola, Packard).

Mr. E. F. Towndrow exhibited a new variety of JRosn stylosa
from Madresfield, near Malvern, obtained by Mr. A. D. Mellin,
it being evergreen and ripening fruit in the second year.

The following papers were read . —

1. " On the Constancy of Insects in their Visits to Flowers."
By A. W. Bennett, F.L.S.

2. " Ontiie Methodic Habits of Insects when visiting Flowers."
By E. M. Christy. (Communicated by A. W. Bennett, F.L.S.)

3. " Observations on Living Echinoderms." By G. J. Eomanes,
F.E.S., Sec. L.S.

4. "Mollusca of H.M.S. 'Challenger' Expedition."— Part
XVII. Pvramideliids. By the Eev. E. Boog AVatson, F.L.S.

LHWEAJN' SOCIETY OP LOXDON. 7

March IStli, 1883.
Fbajstk Obisp, LL.B., Treas. and Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Simondsia paradoxa, and its probable Affinity with
Sphcerularia homhi." By Dr. T. Spencer Cobbold, F.E.S.,
F.L.S.

2. " On the Moths of the Family Urapterygidse in the British
Museum." By A. G. Butler, F.L.S.

3. "On theMollusca of H.M.S. 'Challenger' Expedition."—
Part XVIII. By the Eev. R. Boog Watson, F.L.S.

April 5th, 1883.

Sir John Kiek, K.C.M.G-., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Eichard Manlifte Barrington, Esq., George Edward Comer-
ford-Casey, Esq., Frederick Victor Dickins, Esq., and Edward
Cambridge Phillips, Esq., were elected Fellows.

Mr. E. M. Holmes exhibited Birch-tree sap which had exuded
from a cut branch 1 inch in diameter at the rate of 4 oz. per
hour during the night and double during the day, before the
expansion of the leaf-buds. The sap had been analyzed by Dr.
Attfield and recorded in the ' Pharmaceutical Journal.'

Wood from the pier-piles of West Hartlepool was exhibited on
behalf of Mr. E. Morton Middleton, displaying the ravages of
Limnoria lignorum.

The following papers were read : —

1. " The India-rubber Tree, Landolpliia oivnriensis, of the Gold
Coast." By Alfred Moloney, Esq. (Communicated by B. Daydon
Jackson, Sec. L.S.)

2. " On a new Species of Infusoriau of, or allied to, the genus
Gerda. By F. W. Phillips, F.L.S.

3. " On the Genus Hemicarex and its Allies." By Charles
Baron Clarke, F.E.S., F.L.S.

April 19th, 1883.

Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Frederick Howard Collins, Esq., Thomas Walker Coffin, Esq.,

8 PKOCEEDTNGS OF THE

Charles De Laime Faunce De Laune, Esq., Daniel Morris, Esq.,
J. Jardine Murray, Esq., and the Hon. John Bates Thurston,
C.M.G., were elected Fellows.

The President announced that the following Auditors for
the examination of the Treasurer's Accounts had been nominated
by the Council : —

For the Fellows, Dr. John Millar and Mr. F. Maule Campbell ;
for the Council, Mr. A. W. Bennett and Mr. E. W. M^Lachlan ;
and, by show of hands, these were unanimously elected.

Mr. J. Britten exliibited specimens of Arum italicum from
Torquay; also A. macidatum, for comparison.

Mr. G. F. Angas showed vegetable produce from Dominica.

Mr. F. V. Dickins exhibited a Japanese work issued by the
University of Tokio, descriptive of plants grown in the Botanic
Garden of Koishikawa.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Sense of Color amongst some of the Lower Ani-
mals." By Sir John Lubbock, Bart., Pres. L.S.

2. " On the Diatoms collected during the Arctic ExjDedition of
Sir George Nares." By Prof . T. Cleve. (Communicated by Sir
J. D. Hooker, F.E.S., F.L.S.)

3. "Monograph of the Ephemeridse or Mayflies." By Eev.
A. E. Eaton. (Communicated by Sir John Lubbock, Bart.,
Pres. L.S.)

4. " On the Joint and Separate AVork of the Authors of Ben-
tham and Hooker's ' Genera Plautarum.' " By George Beutham,
F.E.S., F.L.S.

May 3rd, 1883.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Signer Odoardo Beccari and Prof. Johan Lange were elected
Foreign Members.

Colonel Beddome exhibited Asplennim resecUim, Sm., with allan-
todioid sori, and DipJazium travancoricum, a new species.

Mr. J. E. Howard showed living and dried plants and barks
in illustration of his paper. Mr. T. Christy also exhibited Boli-
vian Cinchona barks.

Mr. W. Galloway exhibited a series of the remains of the Great
Auk, Otter, and other animals from the mound of Caisteal-nan-
Gillean, island of Orons^ay, Argy]lt*hire ; referred to in Linn.
Soc. Journ. (Zool.) xvi. p. 479.

LIIWEA]!^ SOCIETY OP LOKDOi

Tlie following papers were read : —

1. ''On Cinchona CaUsai/a, var. Ledgeriana
Ledgerifina, Moens." By J. Eliot Howard, F.

2. " On the Asteroidea of the ' Cliallenger
Part IT. By W. Percy Sladen, F.L.S.

3. " On a new Species of Gycas from Southern
W. T. Thiselton Dyer, F.E.S., F.L.S.

4. " Revision of the Genus Entomolrya {=Defjeeria).
G. Brook, F.L.S.

5. " Mollusca of the ' Challeno-er ' Expedition."— Part XIX
By the Rev. E. Boog Watson, F.L.S.

By

May 24th, 1883.

Anniversary Meeting.

Sir John Lubbock:, Bart., President, in the Chair,

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. R. M'^Lachlan, on the jiart of the Audit Committee, read
the Annual Receipts and Payineuts as follows (see p. 11).

The Treasurer, Mr. Frank Crisp, then submitted a detailed
explanation of the various items in the foregoing statement.

The Secretary then read his Report of the deaths, withdrawals,
and elections of new Fellows for tlie past year as follows : —

Since the last Anniversary 11 Fellows have died, or their deaths
been ascertained, viz. : —

Prof. F. M. Balfour.

Prof G. Dickie.

W. A. Forbes.

Rev. J. S. Copley Greene

G. S. Gibson.

R. Hudson.

Fellows (11).

Dr. "W. Jameson.
J. D. Llewelyn.
M. Moggridge.
General H. Y. D. Scott.
Dr. G. H. K. Thwaites.

FOEEI&N MeMBEE (1).

Dr. W. C. H. Peters.

During the year 11 Fellows had withdrawn, viz. :

E. Adams.
J. Armstrong.
Prof T. W. Bridge.
Sir Victor Brooke, Bart.
Rev. J. E. Leefe.
Prof. A. Liversidge.

Capt. G. P. Moore.
W. G. Piper.
Dr. G. Sigerson.
J. B. Spence.
T. Charters White.

And 54 Fellows and 2 Foreign Members had been elected.

lO PROCEEDrNGS OT THE

During the past year there had been received as Donations to
the Library lOA volumes and 207 pamplilets and separate im-
pressions of memoirs. From the various scientific Societies there
had also been received 142 volumes and 118 detached parts ;
besides 25 volumes obtained by exchange and donation from the
Editors of independent periodicals. The Council, at the recom-
mendation of the Library Committee, had sanctioned the pur-
chase of 136 separate volumes and 54 parts of important works.
The total additions to the Library were therefore 407 volumes
and 379 separate parts.

The Secretary, on behalf of the President, having read the
Bye-Laws governing tbe elections —

The President then opened the business of the day, and the
Fellows present proceeded to ballot for the Council and OfiBcers.

The Ballot for the Council having closed, the President ap-
pointed Dr. Braithwaite, Mr. G. Busk, and Prof. Allen Thom-
son as Scrutineers. The votes having been counted and reported
to the President, he declared the following Members to be removed
from the Council, viz. : —

Mr. II. AV. Bates, Mr. G. Busk, Mr. C. B. Clarke, Sir John
Kirk, and Mr. R. M'Lachlan.

And the following to be elected into the Council, viz. : —
Mr. T. Christy, Mr. H. E. Dresser, Mr. G. E. M. Murray, Mr.
H. Saunders, and Mr. H. T. Stainton.

The Ballot for the Officers also having closed, the President
nominated the same Scrutineers. The votes having been counted
and reported to the President, he declared the result as follows,
viz. : — President, Sir John Lubbock, Bart. ; Treasicrer, Mr.
Frank Crisp ; Secretaries, Mr. B. Daydon Jackson and Mr. G.
J. Komanes.

The President then delivered his Addi'ess (see j). 14), fol-
lowed by Beports on the various botanical and zoological publi-
cations during the previous twelvemonth.

Prof. Allen Thomson then proposed the following resolution,
viz. : — " That the tlianks of the Society be given to the President
for his excellent Address, and that he be requested to allow it to
be printed."

This having been seconded by Mr. W. Carruthers, was car-
ried unanimously.

The Senior Secretary read the Obituary Notices of deceased
Fellows (see p. 39).

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12 PnOCF.EDTNOS OF THE

The following Ecsolution was read from the Chair: —

" The Fellows of the Linuean Society assembled in their
Anniversary Meetiiij^ desire to contrratulate Mr. Bentham
and 8ir Joseph Hooker on the completion of the great work on
which during more than twenty years they have been engaged,
and to express their sense of the immense value of the ' Genera
Plantarum ' as a philosophic and exhaustive exposition of the
known forms of flowering plants."

This Eesolution having been spoken to by Mr. Carruthers,
was carried unanimously.

June 7th, 1883.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Letters from Mr. Bentham and Sir Joseph Hooker in acknow-
ledgment of the Eesolution passed at the Anniversary Meeting
on the completion of their ' Genera Plantarum ' were read and
laid on the table.

The President nominated Sir Joseph Hooker, Prof. Duncan,
Mr. Crisp, and Mr. H. T. Staintou as Vice-Presidents for the
ensuing Session.

Eobert Ingham Clark, Esq., and Frank Matthews, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

Mr. "W. T. Thiselton Dyer showed a series of Copals, some
from Inhambanc, stated to be the product of Copaifcra Gors-
Iciana ; others from Lagos, obtained by Capt. Moloney, suj^posed
to be derived from a species of Daniellia, the native name being
"Ogea."

Mr. P. Hiern exhibited Qnerctis Ilecc, var. Fordii, from Barn-
staple, to show the alterations in the foliage produced after
pruning.

Mr. Stansfield E, Eake showed a Burdock-leaf with pitcher-
shaped excrescences, supposed to be the result of insect dej^re-
dation.

Mr. George Murray exhibited a specimen of Dace killed by
Saprolefftiia ferax, the result of inoculation, said to be the first
recorded experimental proof of Ihe communicability of the disease.

Dr. Cobbold exhibited Shrimps sent by Dr. Burge, of Shanghae,
containing immature Flukes, suggested as being the larval state
of one or other of the three S2:)ecies of human fluke known to
infest man in the East. He proposed to name the parasite Cer-
carta Burgei.

lhwean society of lokdoit. 13

The following papers were read : —

1. " Ou new and rare Monocotyledonous Plants from Mada-
gascar." By Henry N". Eidley, F.L.S.

2. " On some Japan Brenthidee, and Notes of their Habits."
By G-eorge Lewis, E.L.S.,

3. " On the Development and 'Pevtilizsition of Asclepias Cor-
nutir By Thomas H. Corry, F.L.S.

4. " On the Habits of the Termites of Eangoon." By Dr
Eobert Eomanis, F.L.S.

June 21st, 1883.
Prof. P. Maetin Duncan F.E.S., Vice-Pres., in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Edmund J. Baillie, Esq., John Borland, Esq., Kenneth
M'^Kean, Esq., Edward C. Malan, Esq., and Dr. Henry A. A.
Nicholls were elected Fellows.

A specimen of Polyporus sulphureiis was shown on behalf of
the Eev. A. A. Harland ; it was obtained from the stem of a
yew tree in the Cliveden woods, Bucks, 15th June, 1883.

Dr. C. E. Barnard showed a series of fossil fruits from Aus-
tralia.

Mr. "W. T. Thiselton Dyer exhibited wax extracted by Mr. D.
Morris from Myrica microcaifci. He also showed grey cam-
phor from Artemisia Moxci^ believed to be an ingredient in the
Indian Ink for the production of its characteristic odour ; also a
rosary made of the fruits of Trapa verhanensis, De Not. Lastly,
wax and candles from Rhus vernicifera of Japan, an industry now
said to be dying out on account of the rivalry of American rock-
oils.

Arnoseris pusilla and Hypoclioeris glahra, from Send, near Gruild-
ford, were shown by Mr. T. Howse.

Specimens of the Cheddar Pink (Dianthus ccesiiis), grown by Mr.
C. F. White on his garden- wall, were shown.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Structure of the Hard Parts of the Fungidfe. —
Part II. Lophoserin»." By Prof. P. M. Martin Duncan, F.E.S.,
Y.P.L.S.

2. " On the Selaginesa described by Linnseus, Bergius, Linnaeus
fil., and Thunberg." By E. A. Eolfe. (Communicated by
Prof. Oliver, F.E.S., F.L.S.)

3. " On the Malleus of Bhytina Stelleri" By Alban H. G.
Doran. (Communicated by Prof W. H. Flower, F.E.S., F.L.S.)

4. " Notes on some new Economic Products recently received

14 PEOCEEDINQS OF THE

at the Eoyal Gardens, Kew." By W. T. Thiselton Dyer, F.R.S.,
F.L.S.

5. " On the Testis of Limulusr By W. B. S. Benham. (Com-
mimicated hy Prof. E. Bay Ltmkester, F.E.S., T.L.S.)

G. " Ou the Mollusca of the ' Challenger' Expedition."— Part
XX. By the Eev. E. Boog Watson, E.L.S.

AnNIVERSAET AdDEESS of the PfiESIDENT.

Gentlemen, —
If we have no very striking event to record in commemoration of
the year which has just elapsed, nor any single discovery which
stands out above all others, we may nevertheless fairly say
that it is one in which Biology has made considerable advance,
and which as regards our Society in particular has been one of
progress and prosperity.

AVith reference to finance, I think we may fairly congratulate
ourselves on the report which has just been read by our Trea-
surer. "We have been able to invest something more than the
amount of the composition fees, besides spending a fiiir amount
on the improvement of the Library, the increase in our funds
amounting to something over £600.

Indeed, since the removal into the present apartments, the
Society has considerably improved its financial position, and the
investments now reach nearly £5000.

It is to be borne in mind that the actual property of the
Society hitherto has not figured in the Treasurer's annual state-
ments. Mr. Jackson and Dr. Murie consider that, as a rough
estimate, Linna^us's Library and collections may be taken, say,
at £5000; the Society's Library, say £15,000; stock of unsold
publications, £3000 ; Portraits, Busts, and other Furniture,
£2000 ; which, together with present investments, gives a total
of, say, £30,000.

We may also congratulate ourselves that 54 Fellows have
joined the Society during the past year, which is about 25 per
cent, increase on the average of former years.

The deaths have not been altogether high ; but u]:i fortunately
the withdrawals have been more numerous. A curious fact, how-
ever, is that some of those elected since last Anniversary were
formerly Fellows of the Societ}^ ; so that we may hope that some
of those who have lately I'esigued may later on join the Society
again.

The deaths and withdrawals together, nevertheless, amount
only to 24i, so that the total number of Fellows shows a marked
increase.

LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 15

As might be anticipated, the great bulk of our Fellows are
residents in Great Britain and Ireland. In our Foreign List,
India froiii early times has held a good place ; the old East-India
Company's service always contained many naturalists of distin-
guished eminence. Within later years the number of Colonial
Fellows has steadily increased. Thanks greatly to the untiring
zeal of that indefatigable worker in Botany, Baron von Mueller,
Australia and Tasmania come well to the front, even though,
or rather perhaps even because, Sydney, mainly through Mr.
W. .1. Mac Leay's exertions, has a Linnean Society of its own.

New Zealand is well represented also. This is the case
not only in mere numbers, but it may be said also in represen-
tative investigators in Botany and Zoology and the kindred palseon-
tological subjects. It is to be regretted that we have but few
members in South Africa, or in Canada, whicli I mention last in
order to express the hope that the approaching visit of the British
Association to that great Dominion may bring it into closer
association with our Society.

It is indeed very gratifying to watch the progress of Science in
our Colonies.

New Zealand is to be congratulated on the successful leadei'-
ship of Dr. Hector, who, besides his Greological Eeports and many
separate works of the Colonial Museum, has also edited the
important series of Transactions of the New-Zealand Institute.

In Australia, I may mention the Journal of the Eoyal Society,
and the now extensive series of the Proceedings of the Linnean
Society of New South Wales.

Besides Baron von Mueller's numerous botanical publications,
McCoy, with Dr. P. H. Macgillivray's assistance, iu the ' Prodro-
mus of the Zoology of Victoria ' is doing most useful labour to-
wards elucidating the Natural History of Victoria. South Aus-
tralia also shows signs of activity, through the exertions of, among
others, our own members J. Gr. Otto Tepper and Professor Tate.

During the past year there have been received as Donations to
our Library 104< volumes and 207 pamphlets and separate im-
pressions of memoirs. From the various Scientific Societies
there have also been received 142 volumes and 118 detaclied
jjarts ; besides 25 volumes obtained by exchange aud donation
from the editors of independent periodicals. The Council, at
the recommendation of the Library Committee, has sauctioned
the purchase of 136 separate volumes and 54) parts of important
works. The total additions to the Library were therefore 407
volumes and 379 separate parts. It will thus be seen that,
compared with former years, both in donations and purchase there
has been actual increase in additions to the Library.

Nine hundred and eighteen volumes aud parts have been bound
during the year ; and the Council has also made a special grant
for the rebiuding of certain of the volumes in Linuaeus's own

1 6 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

Library, as well as manuscripts and correspondence already men-
tioned.

I may take tliis o])portuiiity of mentioning that Fellows can
do a real service, in offering to the Society odd volnmes, or, it
may be, separate papers. If Fellows whose Libraries contain
good series of works or papers on special subjects would,
as opportunity occurs, offer any duplicate or odd pamphlet or
book to the Library, they would in many cases confer a lasting
benefit on our successors.

During the past year the Council has sanctioned and Dr.
Murie has carried out a useful piece of work, namely revision of
the stock of publications.

This proved more arduous than anticipated, as may best be
understood in the following quotation from the Librarian's
Report presented to the Council: — " Only after beginning did it
become apparent that the reputed contents ot the parcels were
in hopeless confusion ; and unless the errors were removed from
the beginning, there would be no end to the trouble. 3573 parcels
had to be carried up and down stairs, or backwards and forwards
— all undone and remade up and corded ; of loose sheets alone,
1G,G6G had to be separately counted. Each parcel as above had
to be separately labelled ; and each label on the average contains
at least G to 8 letters and figures. As the stock now stands,
every item is capable of inspection at a moment's notice." From
the state of the old stock list, it was at first supposed that
the Society possessed abundance both of the old and new
series of Transactions. On tlie detailed examination it was dis-
covered, however, that this was not the case ; for deficiencies here
and there destroyed the coiitinuity of parts and volumes. Again,
with regard to the Jourjials, both as first issued, and later as
divided into Botany and Zoology, only one or two comj^lete sets
could be made up. No complete set of the Proceedings was
possible. The Council, under these circumstances, decided that
such few complete sets of the Transactions as were available
should be put aside, and hereafter only disposed of in sets. The
odd duplicate parts in the Society's stock alone to be disjjosed of
separately. As to Journals, it was recommended that application
should be made to Fellows having odd numbers which might
supply gaps, and request these to be resold to the Society.

During the visit of Dr. Ewald Ahrling, of Arboga, Sweden, to
this country the summer before last, for the purpose of studying
certain manuscripts of Liuntious (a subject he has devoted himself
to for a long series of years), advantage was taken ot iiis extensive
and critical knowledge thereon, and both the Linuean Manu-
scripts and Correspondence were thoroughly inspected. The letters
both of Linuicus himself and of his very numerous eminent cor-
respondents of all nations and his own pupils are even yet of high
interest and literary value. Our founder Sir James E. Smith's

LINNEAJS" SOCIETY OP LONDON. 1 7

published volumes of Linnean correspondence have by no means
entirely exhausted the subject, though at this date their historical
outshadows their purely scientific wortli. The Council freely per-
mitted Dr. Ahrliug to transcribe, and afterwards publish in his
' Carl von Linne's Arbeten,' any of the Linnean letters or other
matter lie should deem desirable.

Commencing under Dr. Ahrling's supervision, our own Officers
have since during last year finally arranged alphabetically the
Linnean Correspondence, so that now any special writer's letters
can be laid hands on with ease. The Council have sanctioned
the binding of the letters ; but as these require special care,
time, and great attention, binding necessarily proceeds at a slovr
rate.

Later on (viz. last summer) the Council acceded to a request
made by the Swedish Academy of Sciences. The Council granted
that the original MS. of Linnjeus's ' Iter Lapponicum ' and a
set of electros of the old woodcuts from Linuajus's own rude
drawings made during his celebrated journey, should be trans-
mitted in a sealed case to Prof. Liudhagen, secretary o£ the
Stockholm Academy. These, under the Academy's surveillance,
Dr. Ahrling was to ti'anscribe and use, preparatory to his forth-
coming new edition in Swedish of his countryman's journey.

The MS. has, I may add, been safely returned, and is now
laid on tlie table.

As the Fellows will remember, the portrait of the late Mr.
Charles Darwin, painted from lite by Mr. Jolm Collier, though
finished before the last Anniversary, could not then be formally
presented to the Society, seeing that permission was given to
exhibit it publicly at the Royal Academy. Today, however, Mr.
Eomanes hands it over in due form ; and there can be no doubt
as to the valuable acquisition the Society receives in memory of
its distinguished and lamented Fellow.

Mr. Power's donation of the bust of the late Louis Agassiz,
our Foreign Member, is another valuable addition to the So-
ciety's mementos o£ her great departed. The original marble
bust by the celebrated American sculptor Hiram Power occupies
a niche in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge,
Mass., TJ. S. A. ; and our Society is indebted to the artist's son for
the duplicate cast now presented.

Among other acquisitions to the Society's series of portraits of
eminent Naturalists received within the last twelve months may-
be named : —

1. That of Thomas Pennant. The engraving was originally the
property of our late Secretary Mr. Edward E. Alston, and recently,
after his death, presented to tlie Society by his mother through
Mr. Howard Saunders, F.L.S.

2. An autotype of the original engraving of Samuel Dale,
(1738), presented by Mr. G. S. Boulger, F.L.S.

LINN. SOC. PKOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1882-83. C

l8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

3. Lithograph of the head of Dr. P. L. Sclater, P.R.S., Secre-
tary of the Zooh^gical Society.

The Council likewise have purchased at a very moderate sum
the portrait in oil of Jacob Bobart, Botanist, the first curator of
the famous phyt^ic garden at Oxford. He was born in 1598, and
died in 1679, afterwards being succeeded by his son as Curator
and Professor of Botany at Oxford.

Lastly, I have to mention a well-known portrait of Linnaeus,
taken from life by the Swedish artist Magnus Hallman. On
Linnanib's death this portrait does not seem to have been among
the eftVcts transmitted to Sir J. E. Smith ; and since then it seems
to have been lost sight of. The authenticity of this painting is
vouched for in documents accompanying it as under : —

" I do hereby certify that the portrait of the deceased Archiater
Carl von Liune painted in oil on parchment, of the size within
the frauie of about 8X6 French inches, and bearing on its back
the following inscription : —

" Carolus a Linnc ; Equ. Ord. Reg. Stella; Polaris, Regis Suecise Ar-
chiater, Medicina; ct Botanices Professor in I'liiversitate Regia Upsa-
liensi ; Acad. Reg. Scient. Stockholm, Upsala, Paris, Loudon, Petrop.,
Berol., Florent., Montpell., Toulous, Bern, Yien, Edinb., Triendh.,
Celle, Philadelph., Zeelantl, Soeius. Katus die 13 Maij 1707. De-
natus die 10 January 1778. — Deam luetus augit amissi Cybelen.
Magn. Hallman piuxit."

has during several years been in the possession of my late father,
the well known antiquarian and author, Arvid August Afzelius,
who considered it old, as it was already then such a rarity that he
did not permit it being touched up or cleaned ; not ouly did he
not let it hang in his room uncovered, but he even had a wooden
case made for it. My father used to say that this portiait had
come into his possession iroin the physician Dr. P. A. Martin,
who was a great-grandson of the Archiater v. Liune, and got this
heirloom from his mother's aunt Miss Louise v. Linne, unmarried
daughter of Carl v. Liune, who died in Upsala in the year 1839.
" Stockholm, in December 1879,
(signed) 0. O. Apzelius,

Eoyal Swedish Life Gruard."

" 1 do hereby certify that the above described portrait, whieli is
considered in the family as the best likeness, is the same which
formerly was in the possession of my lale husband Dr. P. A.
Martin, the son of the granddaugliter of Archiater v. Linne, and
before then belonged to Miss v. Lmne at Upsala, who was an
unmanied aunt of his mother, and who kept it hanging over her
bed until her death.

"Stockholm, March 15, 1880,

(signed) Am alia Alb MAiniK,

Widow of Dr. P. A. Martin."

LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. I9

" That the portrait in question is considered as the one which is
the best likeness of the Archiater v. Linne is hereby certified by
the undersigned liis great grandson.

" Ujisala, September 1880,

(signed) Maueitz Riddeebjelke."

"The two accompanying certificates issued by the Public Nota-
ries in Stockholm and Upsala do certify the signatures aud the
perfect respectability and reliability of Mr. O. O. Afzelius, of the
Dowager Mrs. Martin, and of Mr. Eidderbjelke.

" Legation of Sweden and Norway,
London, April 1883.
(signed) Edwaed Pipee."

I have been fortunate enough to secure this interesting portrait ;
and I hope I may be permitted to present it to the Society.

An ap]3lication from the Eoyal Horticultural Society for the
use of our apartments for a few evening meetings lias been
granted by the Council ; the first took place on Tuesday, 8th
of May *.

The Society's engagements with the Government as to perio-
dically painting the apartments, and their present condition,
must cause us (as our Treasurer has intimated) to prepare for
the necessary expenditure.

Through the good ofiices of our active Treasui'er, who presented
the objectives, the Society is now furnished with four service-
able microscopes, whose usefulness at the evening meetings will
be generally acknowledged, while they are likewise available to
members.

The transfer of the Biological collections to the new Natural
History Museum has made considerable progress during the past
year ; and the Keepers of the Zoological, Botanical, and Palaeonto-
logical departments have been good enough to furnish me with some
particulars, whicii I think may not be without interest to the
Fellows.

The energies of the Zoological Department have been directed
during the last twelve months chiefly to the work of removing
the collections to South Kensington and of arranging them in the
new galleries. The whole of the collection of Mammalia, all the
dry specimens of reptiles and fishes, the collections of shells,
corals, and sponges, and, finally, a great part of the animals
preserved in spirits, have already been removed.

In arranging these collections considerable and unexpected
obstacles were encountered. They arose chiefly from the deficient
system of ventilation and warming, which occasioned in several of
the galleries delays and changes in the plan of executing this

* The secoud meeting took place on Tuesday, June 12.

c2

20 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

work. However, the Osteological, Mammalian, Cetacean, Mollus-
can, Starfish, Eeptilian, and Fish Galleries hare their contents
now fairly arranged in a general manner, although many details
remain still to be worked out befoi'e these Gralleries can be made
accessible to the public and to students.

Tlie Osteological Gallery has been furnished with cases so
constructed that not only the Osteological preparations but also
the study series of skins of Mammalia could be lodged in it. It
will be most convenient for the student of tliis class of A'^erte-
brata, wlio will find particular facilities for his study in having
the exhibited collection in close proximity, namely in the gallery
directly beneath.

This latter gallery is (as indeed had been anticipated) none
too large for the exhibition of Mammalia, the length of cases
exceeding that in the old Museum only by some seventy feet ;
and although a great number of the deteriorated specimens
have been removed, they were almost immediately rej^laced by the
better -mounted specimens from more recent acquisitions. There
are therefore unmistakable signs of crowding in tiie gallery. In
consequence of this the plan of exhibiting in the same cases with
the stuflfed Mammalia a series of the skeletons of types of families
had to be abandoned ; and these skeletons will now be exhibited
in separate cases of suitable size placed in the bays between the
principal cases. This mode of exhibition will have the advantage
that tlie specimens will be much more accessible to study and
examination than if they were placed among the stufied speci-
mens in the main cases.

For the collection of Cetaceans a large part of the basement
has been partitioned off. This gallery, which is 138 feet long and
60 feet broad, affords room for the skeletons of seven of the
largest species of Cetaceans ; the spaces between them being
occupied by smaller mounted sjieeimeus and skeletons, together
with table-cases holding skulls and other prejjarations.

In the Eeptile as well as in the Fish Gallery, skeletons of the
principal types are placed among the mounted specimens ; and a
strictly systematic sequence is observed in the arrangement of
these classes. The Batrachians have been transferred from the
Reptiles, with which they had been associated in the old building,
to the Fish Gallery, where they occupy a table-case in close
proximity to the Dipnoi. In both these galleries the majority
of the bulky specimens, which in the old Museum were suspended
from the walls, occuj^y now places in the middle of the floor,
where they are accessible to close examination.

In the Starfish Gallery a complete set of all the genera of
Echinoderms is exhibited, supplemented by a series of drawings
and models illustrating the development of some of the priucijjal
types.

The mechanical work of arraugemeut of these great collections

LmNDATf aOCTETT OF T,OTST>ON. 2 1

will be followed by a uniform system of labelling, the labels being
descriptive whenever necessary, and by the preparation of an
instructive guide.

The ordinary work of the Department, although much hindered
by this transference of the collections, has not been allowed to be
interrupted. The acquisitions (which consisted of 5205 Yerte-
brates, 18-12 MoUusks, 9038 Annulosa, and 3817 Vermes,
Radiata, and Protozoa) had to be taken care of The greater
part were at once incorporated in the general collection, and
many of the most interesting novelties described. It is with
special satisfaction that I notice among the acquisitions impor-
tant collections made by officers on board some of Her Majesty's
ships, and presented by the Lords Commissioners of the Admi-
ralty. Chief among these are the collections made by Dr, Cop-
piuger during the progress of the suiwey of IT. M.S. 'Alert ' on the
coasts of Australia and in the western parts of the Indian Ocean,
which proved to be so numerous and rich in interesting novelties
that tliey will be made the subject of a separate Report to be
issued as one of the publications of the Museum. Of the ' Chal-
lenger ' collections the set of types of Ophiuridge were received ;
they are referable to 251 species, of which 176 were discovered
during that voyage.

Mention was made in the last Annual Address of Mr. Boulen-
ger's Catalogue of Batrachia Ecaudata. This has been followed
since by a second volume, containing an account of the Batrachia
Caudata and Apoda. Like the former, it offers an example of the
great increase of our knowledge in every branch of Zoology
within the last thirty years. In 1850, the year when the first
edition of this catalogue was published, the number of species
known was 72, represented in the Museum by 199 specimens ;
while in the present volume not less than 143 species are
described and 1137 specimens enumerated.

Of the Entomological catalogues, the first volume of the ' List
of Hymenoptera ' has been completed by Mr. "W". F. Kirby. In
this work it is intended to give a complete list of all the
species of Hymenoptera hitherto describecl, with references to
the literature, to enumerate the specimens in the collection of
the British Museum, and, finally, to describe and figure the
most important of them, viz. the types of specific descriptions,
many of which have been now publislied for the first time.

The Departmental Library has been growing apace, 1383
works having been added to it during the last twelve months.
It will be a matter of congratulation to working zoologists
that the Trustees have consented to transfer the very impor-
tant collections of Hardwicke's drawings of Indian animals and
of Abbott's drawings of North-American insects from the MS.
Department at Bloomsbury to the New Museum at South Ken-
sington.

22 PnOCKEDrPfOS OF THE

Tlio additions to the Herbarium during the past year have
been chiefly from Japan, Sumatra, India, Madagascar, and the
territories of the Uuited States. From Japan have been
obtained an extensive series collected by James Bissett, Esq., a
Fellow of this Society, during his residence in that country,
Mr. H. O. Forbes, now exploring in the East, has sent ex-
tensive collections from Sumatra, together with a fine series
of diftcrent species of Myrmecodia. Mr. C. B. Clarke also has
presented a large and valuable series of critically named plants
from his Indian herbarium; and other collections from the same
country have been received from Dr. Aitchison and Mr. Duthie.
The last collections from Madagascar made by the lamented Dr.
Hildebrandt have been received, forming with his earlier collec-
tions a very imjjortant addition to our knowledge of the flora of
that island, as well as of Eastern Tropical Africa, and giving
additional cause for deploring the early loss of that accurate
scientific explorer. The representation of the Flora of Mada-
gascar in the Herbarium lias been further increased by a set of
the plants collected by the Eev. E. Baron, and still more by the
recently received collections of the Eev. AV. Deans Cowan, which
are rendered the more valuable by original coloured drawings of
the Orcliidece. Several American botanists have, in recent years,
been exploring the new regions in the south-east of the United
States dominions ; and parcels of plants have been received from
Parry, Vasey, Suksdoi'f, Curtiss, and Lemori, besides specimens
from Pj'of Asa Gray of the new and remarkable species described
by him from these regions.

The British Herbarium has been increased by several local
collections, which have greatly added to the representation of
the geograj^hical distribution of our Flora. And the important
collections of Diatomaceai of the late Eev. E. O'Meara, containing
nearly 1200 specimens of these minute plants, with which he
was so intimately acquainted, have been acquired.

The collection of prints and drawings of plants lias been
greatly increased during the year — the principal additions being
an extensive scries of original drawings of Indian plants in thir-
teen folio volumes, formerly the property of Dr. J. Fleming, and
the original water-colour drawings of Maund's ' Botanic Grarden,'
comprising pictures of 1218 plants, presented by the JNIisses
Maund.

The Department of Geology and Palaeontology occupies
the ground-floor of the eastern half of the New Natural History
Museum, Cromwell Eoad, having a series of nine galleries set
apart for the display and conservation of its collections, and is
now quite separated from the " Mineralogical Collection," which
is placed in tlie Eastern Gallery on the first floor.

In the old Museum only a small proportion of the collection
of fossils could be seen by the ordinary visitor, and the portion

LINNBAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 23

displayed was not only crowded and ill-arranged, bnt was so
intermixed with the collection of minerals, that its usefulness
was in great measure destroyed. The present galleries afford to
the Greological Collection twice the exhibiting-space which thev
occupied conjointhj ivith Mlnemlor/y in the old building ; there
are also well-lighted studies, store-rooms, and workshops for
carrying on the practical work of the Department, and for the
convenience of students and artists.

The Geological collections were among the first to be trans-
ferred to the new building, their removal having occupied from
14th of June to 16th of October 18S0. The three principal
galleries, occupied by the Fossil Mammalia and Beptilia, were
opened to the public on the 18Lh April, 1881 ; and a penny guide
to those galleries was issued on that day to the public. Grallery
A (one of a series of top-lighted Galleries running north from
the Fossil Eeptile Gallery), 110 ieet in length and 40 feet in
breadth, has been set apart for the exhibition of t'le Fossil Fishes.
This group (always largely represented in the fossil state in
the British Museum) has lately received two splendid additions
by the acquisition of the famous collection of the Earl of Ennis-
killen, from Florence Court, Ireland, and that of the late Sir
Philip de Malpas Grey-Egerton, Bart., M.P., both obtained
within the last two years. The incorporation of these large col-
lections has necessitated the temporary closing of this Gallery
(the contents of which had been roughly arranged and ojDened
to the public in 1882). The acquisition of the " Egerton Col-
lection" added about 4300 specimens, whilst the "Enniskillen
Collection '" will add about 9600 more specimens to the national
Museum. Both collections are exceedingly rich in " types," espe-
cially those illustrating the works of Agassiz and the various
memoirs of Egerton, Traquair, Owen, Davis, Huxley, and others.

In a narrow Gallery (parallel to Gallery A) are placed the
fossil Ceplialopods, probably the best and largest collection of
this interesting group as yet brought togetlier in any museum.

And here it may be stated that the arrangement adopted for
the several classes of Eossil Organic remains has been in the first
instance Zoolof/ical, and subordinately strati graphical. Thus, in
the first cases of this gallery are placed the Dibranchiate (naked)
Cephalopods — Squids, Cuttles, Calamaries, &c., at once the latest
and most highly-organized division of the gi'oup ; whilst in the sub-
sequent cases (arranged in stratigraphicai order) follow the
Tetrabranchiate forms, such as Nautilus, Ammonites, Ceratites,
Goniatites, and OrfJioceras, representing the earlier and less-
specialized forms of shell-bearing Cephalopoda.

The next wide gallery (corresponding to Gallery A), Gallery
B, is devoted to the succeeding groups of Invertebrata. Here are
placed the Gasterojjoda and LameUihmnchiata, occupying the
wall- and table-cases on one side of the gallery, and the Mollus-

24 PROCEEDTNGS OF THE

coida, Arihropoda, Annnlosa, and Echinodermata on tbe other side.
[Each of the three wide galleries contains 32 table-cases (with
cabinets beneath) and 18 wall-cases. The narrow Cephalopod
Gallery has IG table-cases and 14 wall-cases ]

The narrow gallery between Galleries B and C is reserved as
a work-room for the use of students, and will also contain the
Geological Library.

The third wide gallery (C), which has just been fitted up with
table- and wall-cases, is devoted to the reception of: — (1) The
Coelenterata, comprising the Fossil Corals and Ilydrozoa, in which
latter are included the Graptolites. The arrangement of the
Fossil Corals is now nearly completed.

(2) The Protozoa {Spongida, Badiolaria, and Foraminiferd).
Dr. G. J. Hinde, P.G.S., has devoted the past three years to the
study of the Fossil Sponges in the British Museum, and has just
completed an exhaustive memoir thereon (now in the press), illus-
trated by 35 plates, which w^ill be issued in July next by the
Trustees.

A Catalogue of the Foraminifcra has been prepared by Prof.
T. E. Jones, F.E.8., and has been printed by order of the Trustees.

(3) The eastern half of Gallery C is devoted to the exhibition
of the Fossil Plants. Dr. Woodward ho])es to be able to open
this gallery to the public towards the end of tlie present year.

The fourth narrow gallery (next Gallery C) is designed to con-
tain — (1) a stratigraphical collection for the use of Students ;
(2) a series of special "type-collections," such as the "William-
Smith" Collection, the '"' Gilbertson," the " Sowerby," and the
"Edwards" Collections; (3) upon its eastern walls large
objects in frames are fixed, such as slabs of foot-prints from the
Potsdam Sandstone, the Trias of Connecticut, &c. &c.

The history of the extinct Avingless birds of New Zealand has
received fresh illustrations by the discovery of another entire
skeleton of a small but adult individual (named by Professor
Owen Dinornis parvus) from a fissure near Nelson, and by
parts of another example from a cave near Lake Wakatipu,
Queenstown, Otago, N. Z. (named D. didimts, Owen). In this
latter specimen the skin o£ the neck, the head, two legs, and feet
have been preserved in a dried state covering the bones, and
some few feathers of a reddish hue are still attached to the leg.
The tracheal rings of the windpipe may also still be seen in situ,
and the sclerotic plates of the eyes and the sheaths of the claws.
One foot also shows the hind claws (hallux) of the bird still
attached to the foot.

Prof O. C. Marsh has kindly presented casts of parts of the
skeleton oi Sesperornis rer/alis, a large wingless bird with teeth,
from the Cretaceous rocks of Kansas ; a cast of the very nearly
entire flying lizard from Solenhofen {Rhamphorhynchus phyllurus),
having the impression of the expanded membrane of the wings

lilNlSrEATT SOCIETY OJ? LOIS^DOK. 25

still preserved ; and he liaa just added the cast of the thigh-bone
of a huge Dinosaur from the Cretaceous formatiou of the Rocky
Mountains (named Atlanfosaurtts), measuring more than six feet
iu length, and rivalling in size the famous limb-bones of Cetio-
saurus in the Oxford Museum.

It is to be hoped that the Trustees may be able, ere long,
to secure actual specimens of the Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals
from this marvellously rich Cretaceous region of North America.

An entire bony dermal body-shield and restored tail-sheath of
a new species of extinct giant Armadillo ( Hojjlophorus ornatus)
has just been added to the already rich series of fossil Edentata
from the alluvial deposits of Buenos Ayres, rendered historical
by the researches of Burmeister and Owen.

The first " Illustrated GtUIDE " printed by tlie Trustees was
issued in October 1882, for the (geological Department. Dr.
Woodward is endeavouring, by coloured maps and tahJes, to show
in all cases the G-eographical and Geological range of each
genus ; diagrams and illustrations have also been introduced to
explain the anatomical details and the reconstruction (where
possible) of the fossil organism. Becent analogues have also been
introduced to add to the instructiveness of the collections. It is
hoped, b}' the judicious introduction of selected typical skeletons
of living Mammals, to be placed in the South-east Gallery in
juxtaposition to their allied fossil remains, that the student of
Comparative Anatomy may not only suffer no inconvenience by
the exhibition of the fossil Mammalia in a gallery of their own,
but will, on the contrary, find the arrangement conducive to a
better comprehension and illustration of the continuity of the
Life-history of the Earth, which, as Biologists, we must all desire
to see clearly displayed for the instruction of students and the
public at large.

During the past year our Meetings have been well attended ;
and I think that the members present will agree with me when
I say that they have been most instructive. "We have had a
number of very interesting exhibitions, for wliich our thanks are
especially due to the authorities of Kew and of the British
Museum.

In the past season 52 papers have been read before the
Society. Many of these have been printed ; but a few important
memoirs still are in the press, and tiiese it is hoped will be issued
at an early date.

As regards sales of Publications, this has been about an average.
It is noticeable, however, that the Journals have increased in their
sale.

It will be seen that the Society still keep in view the words of
our veteran President Mr. Bentham in his remarks in 1873, when
he stated that the three great objects of tlie Society should be

26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

" the endeaiwur to render our Meetings attractive, the extended
useful nrss of our Lihrarij, and the steady maintenance of our pub-
lirationsy

There have been issued during the year: —

Trausactions, Botany, 47 pages and 10 plates.
do. Zoology, 86 pages and 9 plates.
Journal, Botany, 429 pages and 32 plates,

do. Zoology, 408 pages and 13 plates.

Proceedings 164 pages.

In Zoology we hare had a vnluable series of papers on the Mol-
lusea o£ the 'Challenger ' Expedition by the Eev. E. Boog Watson.
To Prof. P. Martin Duncan we owe some important papers on
the morphology of Echiiiodcrmata, and the calcareous parts of
Corals, particularly of certain forms belonging to the Fungidte.

Mr. MacLaclilau has called our attention to the curious fact
that the larva of a New-Zealand species of Caddis-fly is marine
in its habits. Mr. Day has furnished several papers Avhich deal
respectively with the Britisli Salmones, with variations in the form
and hybridism of S.fontinalis, and the marine fauna of the East-
ern shores of Scotland. In tlie last-mentioned paper, besides
enumerating a large number of species dredged on H.M.8. ' Triton '
(in the identification of which he received the valuable assistance
of Prof. Jelfrey Bell and Mr. Eidlcy),he communicated a number
of observations on the natural history of the Herring.

The llcv. T. Powell has contributed a short paper on the
structure and habits of a Coral-reef Annelid ; and Mr. Phillips
has described a new cilinte Infusorian. Prof. E. Eay Lankester
has communicated some interesting observations on the habits
of Scorpions.

Mr. Eomanes, our Zoological Secretary, in ctmjunction with Mr.
AV. H. Pollock, has favoured us with some observations showing
the existence of the sense of smell in Sea-anemones. Mr.
Romanes has also read another paper proving that the same sense
also occurs in Starfish, and otherwise dealing with the physiology
of the Echinodermata.

Mr. A. Gr. Butler has described some species of Butterflies col-
lected by Lord Walsingham during his recent tour in California ;
Mr. P. H. Carpenter has described certain new or little-known
Comatula) ; Messi's. Sorby and Herdman some Ascidiaus collected
duriug a cruise of the yacht ' Glimpse ; ' Mr. S. Hanley a new spe-
cies of Donax ; and Mr. W. Gr. Brook a new genus of Collemhola.

Mr. E. P. Eamsay has sent us a note on the type specimen of
Carpophaga Finschii ; Mr. W. F. Kirby some remarks on Chalci-
diua; ; and Prof. Cobbold an interesting dercription of a new
human Cestode. Dr. Gr. and Dr. F. E. Hoggan communicate
tlie results of a careful and interesting histological research on
cutaueous nerve-terminations.

LTSWEAK SOCIliTT 01" LONDON. 2^

Mr. S. Grieve records his discovery of remains of the G-reat
Auk in Ar2;yllshire ; and Mr. B. B. Shar|)e continues hia impor-
tant contributions to tlie Ornitliology of New Guinea.

I have myself continued my observations on the habits of the
Social Hymenoptera, and have also communicated some observa-
tions on the sense of color in the lower animals.

Lastly, we have been glad once more to receive a communication
from Prof. Owen, who has favoured us with his views on the
Cerebral Homologies in Yertebrates and Invertebrates.

In our Transactions we have published Mr. G. E. Dobson's
paper on the Digastric Muscle ; and an elaborate and beautiful
memoir by Mr. P. H. Gosse on the Clasping Organs ancillary to
generation in certain groups of the Lepidoptera.

The folloioinrj are the 'Botanical Vapers^ 'printed hy the lAnnean
Society during the year ending April 30, 1883.

Physiological etc. : —

1. Mr. Darwin's papers : — («) The action of Carbonate of

Ammonia on Chlorophyll-bodies.

2. (6) The action of Carbonate of Ammonia on the Roots of

certain Plants. These were alluded to in last Address
and botanical report.
8. Development of the Pollen-masses of Asclepias Cornuti,
by T. Corry. A continuation of these researches has
been submitted for reading since the former portion
was revised and printed.

4. The Connexion between Geotropism and Growth, by

Francis Darwin. Detailing experimi>nts on cut roots.

5. Negative Heliotropism in Fmnaria corymhosa observed
by M. Battandier of Algeria. (A note by the Secretary.)

6. Fertilization of Boscoea and a species of Salvia, by

E. I. Lynch.

7. Phyllotaxis of Buddleia auriculata, by Dr. Masters.

8. 9. Kev. G.Henslow, two papers on Teratology, regarding a

monstrous form of Mignonette, and cases of staminiferous
corollas in Foxglove and Potato.

10. Teratological notes by Mr. N. Eidley, of the Botanical
Department, British Museum.

1 1. Mr. Otto Topper's observation of the malformed leaves
of Beyeria opaca.

12. Occurrences of single detached florets on the collar of
the root of Catananche lutea, by M. Bat tandier, iu a
note by the Secretary.

New plants, and systematic work : — " .

Europe.

13. New British Orchid, Mr. C. B. Clarke.

28 rT?OrKT",DTXGi=! OF THE

1-1. Crocus, its distribution &c., by Mr. Maw. (Of course it
extends beyond Europe ; but the genus is essentially
Mediterranean.)
Asia.

15. The new genus Di/era, a rubber- yielding plant, by Sir
J. D. Hooker.

16. Himalayan Primulas and Androsace, by Dr. Watt, elabo-
rated by Sir J. D. Hooker.

17. The origin of the drug Cassia lignea, by Mr. Dyer.

18. On certain Indian Cyrtandrea>, by Mr. 11. 0. Forbes.

19. A list of Himalayan Alg£e collected by Dr. AVatt,
named by Dr. Dickie. (Dickie's last paper.)

19a. Himalayan Ferns, a correction of certain names made
by Mr. C B. Clarice.

20. Malayan and Chinese Licliens collected by Dr. Maingay,
by Rev. J. M. Crombic.

21. The CoflPee-leaf disease, Hemileia vastatrix, by H. Mar-
shall Ward. (A long paper, touching a very important
subject, involving the welfare of large estates in Ceylon.)

Africa.

22-3. Mr. Baker, Contributions to Malagasy Flora. (Five
new genera here established and figured.)

24. Dr. Masters, New Gossypium.

25. Mr. Bolus, Cajie Orchids. (Has a complete list of the
Cape species.)

America.

26. Abies Pattonii, by Prof. Mc Nab.

27. Passiflorere collected by INI. Andre in Ecuador and New
Grranada, by Dr. Masters.

A.ustralia, etc.

28. Australian Fungi, part ii., by Eev. M. J. Berkeley and
Mr. C. E. Broome {Trans.).

29. Lichens of N. S. Wales, by Mr. Knight {Trans.).

30. Medicinal plants of Queeuslaud, by Capt. Armit.

31. Tasmanian plants found near Adelaide, by Otto Tepper.

32. New Zealand, additions to the flora of, by T. Kirk.

33. Additional note on the ' Challenger ' Lichens, by Eev.
J. M. Crombie.

Mr. Jackson and Mr. Romanes have been so good as to prepare
some notes on the principal Botanical and Zoological results of
the year ; but before asking them to be so good as to read them,
I must say one word on the great event of the year, namely the
completion of the ' Genera Plantarum ' of Dr. Bentham and Sir
Joseph Ilookei'. I should, not venture to express an opinion in
the presence of many gentlemen much better fitted to speak on
such a subject, if I did not know that I was expressing their
view in congratulating our late President and bis illustrious

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 29

colleague ou the termination of tlieir great and invaluable work,
of wliicli it would be impossible to speak too highly. The first
part was published in 1862. The number of genera included are
about 8000, containing about 100,000 species ; but Mr. Jackson,
who has gone carefully over the whole work, informs me that
more than 26,000 genera are mentioned, the great majority oi
which are ranked as synonyms.

In conclusion I must express my thanks to the Fellows, and
especially to the Council and Officers, for their support during
the past year. I am well aware of my deficiencies as President,
especially in comparison with my eminent predecessors.

Report on tlie Chief Botanical Fublications issued during the
twelve months from May 1882 to April 1883. Prepared for
the Anniversary of the Linnean Society.

At the last Anniversary I attempted to lay before you a hasty
sketch of the more important Botanical publications which had
come under my notice during the previous twelve months. In
pursuance of the same object, I have now the honour to submit
to you a similar list for the Society's year vi'hich has just closed.
I cannot pretend to criticise the majority of the works or papers
cited, but must perforce content myself with little more than
indicating the productions of the various authors by name.

Proceeding on the same plan of arrangement as last year, I
would mention that Prof. Delpino has again issued his ' Rivista
di botanica ' for 1881. Dr. Just's ' Botanischer Jahresbericht '
has been issued with rather greater promptitude than heretofore,
to the great gratification of all working botanists. I am not
aware if Heeren Bohnenseig and Burck's ' Kepertorium ' has
been discontinued ; but I have not seen a copy. Drs. Uhlworm and
Beliren's ' Botanisches Centralblatt ' is even more appreciated
than before, and has become a most useful publication. Of other
bibliographic issues I may name : — the first part of Trautvetter's
" lucrementa florse phanerogamica3 Eossicae," in the 'Acta' of the
St. Petersburg Botanic Garden ; Dr. Bretschneider's Studies in
the early Western researches into Chinese Botany ; M. Deby's
Catalogue of Books on Diatomacete ; and the attempts towards a
bibliography of Applied Botany issued by tlie Index Society.

Of Palaeobotanical productions I may allude to Goppert and
Menge's ' Flora des Bernsteins,' vol. i. ; Dr. Paul lieinsch's
Mici-ophotographs of Coal ; the third volume of Renault's
' Cours de botanique fossile,' comprising the Ferns ; the third
part of the first volume of Mr. Gardner and Baron von Ettiugs-
hausen's ' British Eocene Flora ;' Prof. Lesquereux, ii.. Contribu-
tions to American Geology, contains " Fossil plants of the aurife-

3© rnOCEEDINGS OF THE

roua drift-travels of tlic Sierra Nevada ; " and Part i. of Heer's
' Flora fossilis Grcculaudica.'

Occupying a position by itself, I must next mention M. Alph.
de Candollc's ' L'Origine dcs Plautes cultiveea,' itself an cxpan-
siou of a portion of his ' Greographie botanique ' of nearly thirty
years before.

The i)roductions ostensibly arising from Botanical Gardens
are the following : — The s-econd volume of Prof. Eichler's ' Jahr-
bueh des K. bot. Gartens zu Berlin,' in continuation of the volume
I cited last year ; Signer Todaro's ' Hortus botanicus Panormi-
tauus ' has entered upon a second volume, two fasciculi having
ap2)eared since I last spoke of the book ; Heer Treub has brought
out vol. iii. of the ' Annales du jardin botanique de Buitenzorg ;'
and M. Lavallee has issued the fifth livraison of his exquisitely
illustrated ' Arboi'ctum Segrezianum.'

Turiiing to Vegetable Physiology, I would first remind you of
the publication of the second English edition of Sachs's ' Textbook
of Botany,' under the editorship of Dr. Vines. A portion of
Sachs's original work has been amplified by Dr. Goebel under the
title of ' Pfianzenmorphologie.' Sachs himself has edited Heft 4
of the second volume of ' Arbeiten des botanischen lustituts in
Wiirzburg ; ' and Pringshcim's ' Jahrbuch ' has continued to bring
papers of sterling value and interest before the botanical world.
Dr. E. Grassmann has brought out the second volume of the
boolv I mentioned at the last Anniversary, styling it ' Buch ii. Der
Lebeuslehre.'

Of particular interest I may specially allude here to Mr.
Gardener's paper in the Proc. Koyal Society on the continuity of
Protoplasm in the motile orgnns of plants ; and to Mr. Hill-
house's observation on the intercellular connection of Protoplasm
— the latter essay being in German in the ' Botanisches Central-
blatt.' Herr Vcichting has published a treatise, ' Die Bewegun-
gen der Bliithen und Priichte,' at Bonn ; and Prof. Strasburger
has issued his furchur researches on the origin and growth of
the merabraue of the ceil, and the processes which precede the
division of the cell-nucleus. Dr. Herman Mueller has produced
lurther researches on the Fertilization of Flowers by Insects —
a topic which has been also handled at one of our own meetings
by Mi\ A. W. Bennett. Count Solms-Laubach has devoted
much attention to the process of Caprification and its antiquity.
It may De of interest here to remark that the first Italian trans-
lation of Mr. Darwin's classical ' Fertilization of Orchids ' has
just a])peared. Dr. Schmitz on the chromatophores of Algae,
and J. Moller's ' Anatomie der Baumeriuden ' may probably be
fitly introduced here ; and Mr. Penhal Ion's ' Tables for Students
and Beginners in Vegetable Histology ' leads me to the subject
of elementary books.

Under this heading I may specify the fourth edition of Prof.

LERNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 3 1

Bentley's ' Manual of Botany,' the continuation of Prof. Scheuk's
'Haudbuch,' a second edition of Dr. Behrens's ' Methodisches
Lehrbuch,' a small y>rimer by Mr. Bettany, a compilation from
other textbooks by Mr. Jolinstone, Signer Calza's ' Elementi,'
and an Italian translation of De Bary under the title of 'Manuale
di botanica,' a Dutch ' Handleiding ' by Heer Salverda, and
M. Crie's ' Nouv. elements.' For field use we have the third
English edition of Nave's ' Collector's Handbook,' and Mr. W. P.
Mantoii's ' Field Botany, a Handbook for Collectors.'

Botanical diagrams are closely connected with the works last
mentioned. Of these we have Urs. Dodel-Port, a continuation,
and an English translation by MciVlpine entitled ' Botanical
Atlas ; ' the fifth section of Dr. Kny's diagrams ; and two parts of
Zippel and Bollmann's illustrations of German plants.

The most important achievement in systematic botany is un-
doubtedly the completion of Bentham and Hooker's ' Genera *
by the issue of the second part of vol. iii., containing the Mono-
cotyledons. This has been alluded to in the President's Address ;
I have therefore no need to dwell upon it here. The fourth
volume of De Candolle's ' Monographise ' has also reached us within
the last three weeks : the bulk of the volume is occupied by
monographs of the Burseracese and Anacardiacese by Dr. Eugler,
and Count Solms-Laubach contributes a revision of the small
order Pontederiaceae. The third part of the second volume of
Wilson Saunders's ' Eefugium ' has somewhat unexpectedly
come out ; it contains descriptions of certain Orchids by Prof.
Eeicheubach. Dr. Wawra has commenced to publish the botanical
re: ults of the travels of the Prince of Sax-Coburg Gotha, entitled
' Itinera principum S. Coburgi : ' Part i. contains the Mimosese,
Lobeliacese, and Bromeliacese.

Systematic 'works of less extensive scope are those by Mr.
Baker on the genus Cyclamen in the Gardeners' Chronicle, Mr.
Maw's Remarks on the distribution of Crocus in our Journal,
Baron von Mueller's continuation of his monograph of EucalypUis,
Prof. Crepin's contribution to a monograph of Bosa in the Bel-
gian ' Bulletin,' a monograph by Dr. Urban on Turneracese in
Eichler's Yearbook of the Berlin Gardens, and an essay by Prof.
Warming on Podostemma in the Copenhagen ' Transactions.'
There are two productions which may be cited here as splitting-
carried to an inordinate extreme. M. Gandoger has issued ac-
cording to his views a monograph of Polifgonum, and his ' Tabuho
ruodologicse : ' the latter contaius latin diagnoses of professedly
42G8 European species of Rosa. Mr. Baker considers that there
are about fifty good species of the genus within the limits of
Europe ; so that the species-making here indulged iu is of the
wildest kind.

Amongst Cryptogams, I may give Mr. Spruce's account of
CepTialogia amongst the Hepaticse ; an unfinished monograph of

32 PEOCEEDINQS OF THE

Characcfc by Alex. Jirauii, edited by Dr. Nordstedt ; aada volume
by Mr. 8andtbrd on Exotic Ferns and Sclagiuellas, lu Fungi we
have Signer Saccardo's important work, his ' Sylloge fungorum,'
the first volume devoted to a collection of diagnoses of the Pyreno-
mycctcs ; Prof. Fries has issued two new parts of his ' Icones
selecta^ hymcnomycetarum ; ' M. Lucand, ' Coloured figures of
Fungi,' 2G-50 ; the ' Grevillea Atlas ; ' 37 plates of Hymenomycetous
Bi-itish Fungi, issued by Dr. M. C. Cooke; the second part of Leon
Marchand's 'Botanique cryptogamique,' containing the Ferments;
Hcrr Zopf on tlie Schizomycetes, in the ' Botanisches Central-
blatt ; ' a popular work by Mr. T. Brittain on Microfungi; and three
papers byMr. Marshall Ward — on Hemileia in our Journal, and on
tropical epiphyllous fungi in the Quart. Journ. Micr. Science
and the Proceedings of the lioyal Society.

Local works may be fitly preceded by the fourth and conclu-
ding part of Nyman's ' Conspectus,' with an index to genera
only. A complete index has been compiled ; but issue of it has
been deferred for some time, until a Supplement can be prepared.
M. Husnot has published a brochure on European Sphagna, and
Hcrr Sydow on the European Characese hitherto known. Messrs.
Gronnermanu andRabenhorst's ' Mycologia europaea' has reached
the 9th part.

J3ritisli Botany is represented byMr. Townsend's 'Flora of
Hampshire,' Dr. Braithwaite's parts 5 and 6 of his ' Moss-Flora,'
Dr. M. C. Cooke's ' Illustrations of British Fungi,' part vii., a
new issue of Mr. Grattan's popular book on British Marine
Algse, and parts 3 and 4 of Dr. Cooke's ' Freshwater Alga?,' the
last part having some adverse criticism in the ' Botanische
Zeitung.'

Belgium. — Dr. Van Ileurck's ' Synopsis des Diatomees de Bel-
gique' has attained its fifth part. M. Layen has brought out
a first Supplement to the ' Cryptogamic Flora of Luxembourg ';
this contains fungi.

France. — M. C Pin's ' Flore elementaire de France ' has
reached its fourth edition ; whilst MM. Fonvert and Achintre's
' Flore d'Aix en Provence ' has reached a second edition. M.
Clavan has begun a Flora of the Gironde, his first fasciculus,
of more than 200 pages, embracing the Tlialamiflorae. M. H.
Olivier has started a Lichen-Flora of the Department of the Orne.
Cosson and Germain de St. Pierre's Atlas of the Parisian Flora
has been reissued ; and the eighteenth edition of M. Bautier's
' Tableau analytique de la fiore Parisienne ' has been announced
in the booksellers' catalogues.

Germany, South. — Dr. Pfister has begun to publish the Ferns
of Austria nature-printed ; and Herrcn Halacky and Braun a
Sup])lement to the Flora of Lower Austria.

Germany, Xorth. — Dr. Garcke's handy volume of the German
Flora has reached a fourteenth edition; and of liabenhorst's

LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. ^^

* Kryptogamenflora von Deutscliland,' the fungi, by Dr. Winter,
will be completed by the issue of the thirteenth part ; of Section 2,
Marine Alga^, by F. Hanck, two parts have appeared. Parts 8
and 9 of Waldner's ' German Ferns ' have seen the light within
the last twelvemonth. Dr. Karsten has brought out an addi-
tional portion of his Pharmaceutical Flora o£ Grermany.

The following local floras of Germany deserve passing men-
tion : — Krapelen's ' Excursionsflora des Nord- und Mitteldeutsch-
land,' ed. 2; Bottler's 'Excursions fl. von Unterfranken ; ' and
Erfurth's ' Flora von Weimar,' ed. 4.

Two publications devoted to the Alpine plants of Central
Europe have been continued this year : — Dalla Torre's, published
in Vienna, with a very useful Texteheft; and Seboth's; volume iii.
of the latter also in an English form. The Flora of Mont Blanc
lias also been attempted by V. Payot, of Chamounix.

The flora of Davos has been published by G. Geissler in a small
form.

Prof Oudemans, of Amsterdam, has brought out the second
part of his historical account of Botany in the Netherlands.

Prof. Kindberg has issued his views on the natural orders and
genera of Swedish Mosses.

Itali/.— The Compendium of the Italian Flora by Siguori
Cesati, Gilbelli, and Passerini has been continued, the text
haviiig reached Medicago, and the plates to Caprifoliacea?. Sac-
cardo has brought out fasc. 29-32 of his ' Fungi italici autogra-
phice delineati.'

Klinge's work on the Equiseta of Kurland is the only work
on Russian botany I am able to mention this year, besides Traut-
vetter's already referred to.

Spain. — Prof. Willkomm, of Prague, has prosecuted his ' Illus-
trations of Spanish Plants ' with fasc. 4 and 5. MM. Buruat and
Barbey have also promulgated the results of their journey to the
Balearic Islands.

I have only two productions relative to African botany to men-
tion here: — M. Cosson's 'lUustrationes florae Atlanticae;' and
some new species published by Franchet iu E/evoil's ' Somali-
land.'

In Asian botany we have the welcome first fasciculus of vol. v.
of Dr. Boissier's ' Flora Orientalis,' devoted to Monocotyledons.
The literature of Indian botany has also been enriched by
Sir J. D. Hooker's ninth part of his ' Flora of British India,'
extending from Vacciniacese to Apocyuacese ; and Dr. Watt's
paper on Primula and Androsace iu our Journal. Colonel Bed-
dome also informs me that his ' Manual of British Ferns ' is now
out ; whilst economic botnny is represented by Mr. Gamble's
' Manual of Indian Timbers.' Mr. Floyer has also noted seme of
the plants observed by him in Baluchistan in his record of that
journey. Dr. Pegel has published Latin diagnoses of new plants

LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINOS. — SESSION 1882-83. d

34 PUOCEEUINOS OF THE

in his account of Fedschcnko's travels in Turkestan. M. Pierre's
'Flore forestiere de la Cochincliine ' has reached its fourth fas-
ciculus. In Malayan botany we find Dr. Engler has described
Si<inor Beccari's Aracea; ; and Dr. Nylander and Eev. M. J.
Crombie have dealt with the Lichens collected by the late Dr.
Maingay.

In the New World, Dr. Asa Gray has given the results of his
recent studies in some of the most important European herbai-ia
(the Linnean herbarium amongst them) of Aster and Solidi/f/o.
Prof. Sereno Watson has also continued his remarks under a
similar title to Dr. Gray's, viz. ' Contributions to American Bo-
tany.' L. F. Ward has produced a Flora of Washington; Kellogg,
on the forest-trees of California.

Mr. Hemsley has completed his second volume, and entered upon
the thii'd, of the Botany of Godmau and Salvin's ' Biologia Cen-
tral!- Americana.'

Dr. Urban has published some remarks on South- American
Flora, besides the Brazilian, in 'Linnaea,' describing some of Dr.
Glaziou's plants. From Dr. P. Sagot we have also a Catalogue
of French-Guyana plants; and from Senior F. Philippi the first
part (nearly 400 pages) of his Catalogue of Vascular Plants of
Chili ; this part contains many newly described species. Dr.
Masters, in the pages of our own Journal, has described the
Passifloraceo) of Ecuador and New Granada collected by M. Andre.
Bresadola has continued his ' Fungi tridentini novi,' fasc. 2 & 3
haviug lately seen the light.

From Australia we have recently received a Systematic Census
of the plants occurring in that part of the world, drawn up by
the indefatigable Baron von Mueller. A contribution to our
knowledge of New-South-Walea Lichens has also been published
in our Transactions by Mr. C. Knight.

My last book on local botany comes from New Zealand, on the
Ferns and Fern-allies of that colony, and is by Mr. G. M.
Thomson.

The concluding section consists of work done in economic
botany. Prof. Fliickigcr has issued the second edition of his
* Pharmacognosis des Pflanzenreiches ; ' and a Danish book on
the same topic has been published by S. Eiitzon. Dr. Luerssen
has completed his admirable ' Medicinisch-pharmacographisches
Lehrbuch ' with the twenty-first number, and has begun a new
work dealing with German oflaciual plants. Prof. Fliickigcr has
written again on Cinchona barks ; wliilst the remarks of Heer
Van Gorkom have also been translated into English. Prof. Oude-
mans has published a book in Dutch on economic plants ; and
Heer Bischof Grevelink, likewise in Dutch, on the useful plants
of the Nethcrland East Indies.

Amonst sundry publications which are hard to classify, are the
tenth series of Noerdlinger's Sections of Woods, Mr. John Smith's

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 35

'Dictionary of Popular Names of Economic Plants,' Ilartig's
* Lelirbuch der Baumkranklieiten,' and the second volume of liis
Eeport on work done in the Forestry Institution of Munich.

It will be needless to repeat that much work has been omitted
from the foregoing summary, which I have condensed as much as
possible.

Heport on aoine of the more important Zoological Papers
piihlished ehewliere than at the Linnean Society.

Protozoa. — Mr. Brady describes a new type of Foraminifera,
which he names JLeramosphccra JShirrayi (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
[5] X. 242-245) ; and L. Oliver has a paper on Bacterium ruhe-
scens, in which he contends that Lankester (Quart. Journ. Micr.
Sc. svi.) is mistaken in regarding these organisms as bacteria.
The splendid Manual of the Infusoria whicli has for long been
publislied in successive parts by one of our Fellows, Mr. tSaville
Kent, has this year been completed; it contains full descriptions
and beautifully executed drawings of all the known species.
Prof. Engelraanu's researches on Perception of Light and Colour
by Infusoria should also be alluded to (Pfliiger's Arch. xxix.
387-400).

CcELENTEiiATA. — C. Chuu publishes a paper on the histology of
8i])honoj}hora (Zool. Anzeig. v. 400-40B) ; and G. von Koch con-
tributes some interesting results of investigations concerning
the morphology of the Coral-skeleton (Biol; Centralbl. ii. 1882,
583-593). Mr. J. W. Fewkes, who has already added consider-
ably to our knowledge of the New-world Acalephge, has published
another instalment of his results (Bull. Mus. Comj). Zool. Cam-
bridge, ix. 251-310) ; and an elaborate description of a new
species of Medusa from South Australia {Gi/anea Annaslcala), is
given by E. von Lendenfeld (Zeitschr. f . wiss. Zool. 1882, pp. 465-
553). Mr. W. Marshall, in his observations on Hydras (ibid.
664-702), agrees with Lankester that the green colouring-matter
of H. viridis is not due to symbiosis, but belongs to the organi-
zation of the polyp. W. Marshall, in conjunction with Prof. M.
Marshall, also gives an account of the Peunatulids collected by
the Oban Dredging Excursion of the Birmingham Nat. Hist. &
Micro. Soc. (this is in the form of a memoir).

EcHiNODERMATA. — M. Perricr, in two distinct papers, deals
with tlie morphology of two interesting and remarkable starfish
(viz. Brisingia and Caulaster pedunculatus) ; and in a third pa2:)er
he describes a new deep-sea stalked crinoid {Democrinus Parfaiti).
In yet another paper, written in conjunction with M. Poirier, he
treats of the circulatory apparatus of echiuoderms generally.
M. Jourdaiu has published a somewhat laborious research on the
genital passages oi Aster ias; and in subsequent papers has added
considerably to our knowledge of the anatomy of Holothurians,

d2

36 PEOCEEDINOS OF THE

describing among other tliinga a dense nervous plexus situated
iu the integument. E. Koeliler, continuing his researches into
the morphology of the Echinodermata, devotes a paper to the
structure of the Polian vesicle and the pedicellaria?. All the
above papers appear in ' Comptes Eendus,' 18S2-83. Prof. H.
Ludwig has published an elaborate paper on the development of
Asterina gihhosa (Zeitschr. f . wiss. Zool. xxxvii. 1-98), which is
marked by the high ability that he is so well known to possess.
M. N. Christo-Apostolides has published a valuable memoir on the
Ophiuroids (Arch. d. Zool. exper. x. 121-22i) ; and Uanielssen
and Keren have given a full description of the many new species
and genera of Holothuriaus collected in the Norwegian Arctic Ex-
pedition ; while Mr. 81aden, at a recent meeting of this Society,
has given us a full description of many species and genera of star-
fish collected by the ' Challenger' Expedition, not yet published.
Annelida. — The past year has been particularly rich in re-
earches on Annelida. Prof. W. Salensky has published a paper
on the Development of Annelids (Centralbl. ii. 198-208) ; and
J. W. Speugel has published another on the D.'Velopinent of
the Central Nervous System of Annelids (ibid. ii. 231-236) . The
Trematodes have been made the subject of one paper by Prof.
Ercolani, who deals with their changes in adaptation to their envi-
ronment (Arch. Ital. Biol. i. 439-453) ; and also of another paper
by Villot, who investigates the anatomy of their vascular system
(Zool. Anzeig. v. 505-508). The Cestodes have been investigated
by Dr. Zoltan von lioboz (Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. xxxvii. 2G3-
285), byM. Morriez (Compt. Eend. G61-G63), and by Kiessling
(Arch. f. Naturgesch. 241-280). E. van Beneden has published
an important paper on the Dicijemid(£ (Arch, de Biol. iii. 195-
228); and C Julin has published a no less important one (ni the
Orthonectida (ibid. 1-54). An enormous Eotifer (measuring y^
of an inch) has been discovered by Mr. Flood in Eifeshire, and
has been fully described by Dr. Hudson in the current number
of the Jouru. Micro. Sue. An interesting paper is supplied by
Kennel on Ctenodrilus pardalis (Arbeit, zool.-zoot. Inst. AViirz-
burg; 373-429) ; he regards the type as a " collective " one,
showing affinities on the one hand with the Olkjoclueta and on
the other with the Polychoita. Another intermediate type of
Annelid is described by Prof. Ray Lankester in Hambujia arctica
(Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. [5] xi. 37-43), which presents a com-
bination of the characters of Bonellia & Thalassema. Mention
must also be made of J. von Kennel's paper on the anatomy of
Frorhynchus (Arbeit, zool.-zoot. Inst. Wiirzburg, vi. 69-90), of
Korschelt's description of a new species of Turbellarian (Zeitschr.
f. wiss. Zool. 1882, 315-353), and of the interesting research
by Prof. Thomas concerning the life-history of the liver-fluke
(Quart Journ. Micro. Sc. 1883, 99-133). Hanson gives an
account of the Annelids collected by the Norwegian North-Sea

LIimEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 37

Expedition of 1876-78 ; and last, though not least, we must re-
member to greet with the highest npprobation the splendid
monograph on the Turbeliarians which has been published in
Leipzig by Dr. Ludwig von Graff.

MoLLUscA. — Vignol publishes a paper devoted to a careful
investigation of the nervous system of Mollusca, especially the
Gasteropoda (Compt. Eend. 244-251) ; M. Bouchon-Brandley
describes a unisexual sj^ecies of oyster (ibid. 256-259); Sarasin has
an elaborate paper on the development of Bithynia tentaculata
in Arbeit, zool.-zoot. Inst. Wiirzburg. Haller has been engaged
investigating the morphology of the Adriatic Chitons (Arbeit,
zool. Inst. Wien, 323-396) ; and Rabl has published an able
memoir on the development of tlie Prosohranchiata. The em-
bryology of the Bryozoa has been made the subject of a carefu
investigation by Barrois, who is led to regard the group as a
branch of the Yermes (Journ. Anat. et Physiol, xviii. 124-161) ;
and Friele gives in a memoir a full description of the Buccinidae
collected by the Norwegian Ai'ctic Expedition.

Mybiopoda. — The late Prof. F. M. Balfour's posthumous paper
on the Anatomy and Development of Peripatus : the material
which he left (MSS., drawings, and prej^arations) was worked up
by Prof. H. N. Moseley and W. A. Sedgwick, and published in
the Quart. Journ. Micro. Science.

Akacunida. — The mechanism and movements of respiration
of Arachnida have been investigated by M. Jules Macleod ; and,
as one result of his inquiries, he agrees with Lankester as to
the homologies between the lungs of arachnids and the gills of
Linmhis; but he thinks that their metamorphosis admits of
being explained in a more simple manner than that which has
been suggested by Lankester, and expounds his views on this in-
teresting subject by means of diagrams (Bull. Acad. E. Sci. Belg.
iii. 779-792). Lankester finds that a large pair of coxal glands
occur in Scorpions, which, botli in their structure and position,
are essentially the same as those whicb occur in Limuliis (Proc.
E. S. 95-101).

Insecta. — E. Plateau has investigated the respiratory move-
ments of insects (Bull. Acad. Sci. Belg. iii. 727-737) ; and G. Ulim
has published a paper on tbe Parthenogenesis of the Bee, which
is remarkable on account of its altogether denying the fact,
apparently on the ground of well-conducted experiments (Amer.
N^at. xvi. 680-1). Erom America we also receive a highly
interesting monograph by McCook on the Plouey-ants.

So much for the zoological and anatomii'al v\ork on the In-
vertebrata. As this Society is not so much concerned with the
Vertebrata, and as the past year has not been remarkable for its
production of researches on them, we need not travel into this
region of biological work, but may conclude by briefly considering
one or two of the more interesting researches bearing on general

38 phoceedtxos of the

principles of biology which have fallen within the limits of the
past year.

Prof. Moseley's lecture before the British Association is full
of interesting facts which serve to thi'ow much new light upon
the procet^ses of organic evolution ; and the same remark applies,
though in a lesser degree, to Prof. Forel's paper on Pelagic
Fauna; of Freshwater Lakes (Centralbl. ii. 299-305).

The curious question of Symbiosis continues to be discussed.
Prof. Lankestcr opposes the views of Brandt and Semper that the
green corpuscles in the cells of SpongiUa jluviaiilis and Hydra
viridis are parasitic unicellular alga^, but accepts their views on
this point (with some reservation) so far as the yellow cells of
Anthozoa and Eadiolarians are concerned (Quart. Journ. Micro.
Sc. xxii. 229-2.5-t). It is evident that an important field of
inquiry is opened up, should it be definitely proved that the
gi'een coloui'ing-matter in question is due, as Lankester believes,
to the presence of chlorophyll. Later in the year, 0. Hamann
published a paper supporting the view of symbiosis (Zeitschr.
f. wiss. Zool. xxxvii. 457-461), to which Lankester has replied in
'Nature' (xxvii. 87-8).

Metschnikoif has published a paper (Zool. Anzeig. v. 310-316)
describing certain physiological jjrocesses which he has observed
to take place under suitable experimental conditions in the endo-
dermnl cells of a hydroid parasite, and which he deems himself
justified in regarding as processes of intracellular digestion.
He also argues that similar processes are in all probability the
general rule among Turbellaria and Ccelenterata. This is clearly
a most promising field for further inquiry.

Finally, allusion may be made to the curious experiments which
were first made by Fouruier in 1878, and have been repeated
during the past year by Monnier, Vogt, and Yolin (Coinpt.
Kend.). These experiments consist in the production of so-
called " mineral organisms," or of structures artificially manu-
factured out of inorganic substances which not only present the
morphological appearance of organic structures, but even strangely
imitate the physiological processes of growth, repair, the for-
mation of cells, and protrusion of pseudopodia. It would certainly
be premature to express a hope that these interesting researches
are destined to throw any light upon the formation of living
out of non-living material ; but we ini:y at least saj that they
are the most promising researches in this direction which have
hitherto been made, seeing that they refer to the almost un-
explored department of chemistry which deals with colloids —
out of which life must have arisen if it has been evolved, and
that they have at any rate been successful in breaking down one
of the cliicf distinctions between organism and auorganism ; for, in
the words of Dr. Volin's paper, " we can no longer say that only
living things grow, unless we reckon these as living."

LINNEAIS' SOCIETY OF LONDON. 39

During the year three more volumes of Reports of H.M.S.
' Challenger ' Expedition have been published, comprising : —
the Keport on the Anatomy of Petrels, by the late W. A. Forbes ;
the Eejiort on the Deep-sea Medusae, by Prof. Hackel ; the Report
on the Holotliuroidea, by Hjalmar Theel ; the Report on the
Ophiuroidea, by Mr. Lyman ; the Report on the Marsupials, by
Dr. Cunningham; the Report on the Actiniaria, by Prof. R.
Hertwig ; and the Report on the Tunicata, by Dr. Herdman.

Obituaries.

Francis Maitland Balfour was born Nov. 10, 1851, at
WhittiiJghame, Haddiugtonshire, JN". B., entered Harrow School
in January 1805 ; and during the la^t three years he speut there
he eagerly availed himstlf of every opportunity of practical work
in biology, dissecting specimens of all the types he could meet
with. He neglected no part of comparative anatomy ; but in
so large a subject, much was necessarily derived from books.
He took great interest in the School Scientific Society ; and an
essay written by him then was esteemed so meritorious as to be
submitted to Prof. Huxley.

In October 1870 he entered at Ti-inity College, Cambridge ;
and in March 1871 he was elected Natural Science Scliolar.
Largely aided and directed by Dr. Michael Poster, Balfour at-
tached himself at once to the study of animal morphology ; and
having obtained his degree of B. A. in the Natural History Tripos
in December 1873, he proceeded to Naples, to work in the newly
e.-*tablished station. The results of these labours were apparent
in his Mouogi'aph on the Development of the Pins of Elasmo-
brauch Pishes in 1878, and in many detached papers.

In October 1874, Balfour was elected to a Natural Science
Pellowship at Trinity ; and in the following year he delivered a
short course of lectures on embryology. He contiiuied his lec-
tures in successive years to a constantly increasing number of
students. His great work, on Comparative Embryology, saw the
light in 1881, in two volumes 8vo ; and immediately the second
volume had passed through the press he started, at Christmas 1881,